Ophthalmic Fluorescein Angiography.

Following its implementation in the 1960s, fluorescein angiography (FA) has become a widely used and reliable tool in the diagnosis of retinal and choroidal disorders. FA is an imaging modality utilized to examine the circulation of the retina and choroid. Here, we describe the process of obtaining fundus images with sodium fluorescein dye as a contrast agent. Using this methodology, ophthalmologists may examine the retinal and choroidal vasculature to diagnose a wide scope of retinal and choroidal diseases.

Protocol for Indocyanine Green Angiography.

Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration for human use in the 1956. Prior to its use in chorioretinal angiograms, ICG was used to measure blood flow and track cardiac output. It was only in 1969 when two researchers, Kyuga Kogure and Earl Choromokos from the University of Miami, first used ICG to create more accurate angiograms. In the following years, researchers were able to hone the underlying science of this new form of angiography. As time passed and technology advanced, the application of ICG in clinical practice became widespread. Today ICG is used to diagnose and monitor the progression of retinal and choroidal diseases affecting millions of individuals across the globe. ICG utilizes the injection of indocyanine green dye into a patient's bloodstream to visualize abnormalities of the choroid and retina by evaluating choroidal circulation. ICG angiography is useful in the diagnosis and management of occult choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration and may be used in other inflammatory conditions with central serous chorioretinopathy. ICG angiography offers advanced imaging for improved monitoring and treatment of a wide variety of choroidal and retinal diseases.