Disposition of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-COA reductase, in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey.

The physiological disposition of fluvastatin, a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and thus cholesterol synthesis, has been studied in the mouse, rat, dog, and monkey using 14C- or 3H-labeled drug. Oral doses of fluvastatin were absorbed at a moderate to rapid rate. The extent of absorption was dose-independent and was essentially complete in all four species studied. However, the drug was subject to extensive presystemic hepatic extraction followed by direct excretion via the bile, thus minimizing the systemic burden and yielding high liver/peripheral tissue concentration gradients for fluvastatin and its metabolites. Only at high doses far exceeding the intended human daily dose of ca 0.6 mg kg-1 did fluvastatin bioavailability approach unity, apparently due to saturation of the first-pass effect. Dose-normalized blood levels of fluvastatin and total radioactivity were higher in the dog than in the other species, suggesting a smaller distribution volume in the former. Fluvastatin was partially metabolized before excretion, the extent of metabolism being smallest in the dog and greatest in the mouse. The half-life of intact fluvastatin ranged from 1-2h in the monkey to 4-7h in the dog. Regardless of the dose or dose route, the administered radioactivity was recovered predominantly in feces, with the renal route accounting for less than 8 per cent of the dose. No tissue retention of radioactivity was observed, and material balance was essentially achieved within 96h after dosing.

Generalized phospholipidosis induced by an amphiphilic cationic psychotropic drug.

Numerous amphiphilic cationic drugs cause generalized phospholipidosis in animals; one of these drugs is the Sandoz compound 200-125, a psychotropic agent. During a 6-month toxicity study in Charles River CD rats, a dramatic increase in foamy macrophages was seen in the lungs. A follow-up experiment was done to study the pathologic basis of these changes including a reversibility phase. Generalized phospholipidosis was induced after 4 weeks of 500 mg/kg/day of 200-125 by gavage. Characteristic pulmonary lesions consisted of extensive accumulations of large pale foamy macrophages as well as granular eosinophilic extracellular material. Lipid analyses of lungs showed marked increases in phospholipids (144%) and cholesterol esters (110%) in rats treated with 200-125. Drug metabolism studies employing 14C-labeled 200-125 showed an affinity for the drug to concentrate in the lungs and lymphoreticular system (spleen, lymph nodes) as well as in the adrenals, liver, and kidney. Reversibility of the phospholipidosis was nearly complete 4 weeks after drug withdrawal. The tissue changes were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The potential pulmonary toxicity in humans with the amphiphiles is discussed.

Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 4-(p-chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) in the rat and dog.

4-(p-Chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) administered orally to rats and dogs is rapidly absorbed, metabolized and excreted. The only major biotransformation product found in blood was p-chlorophenylthioacetic acid (W-2683). No W-2719 or the intermediary p-chlorophenylthiobutyric acid (W-2718) could be found in plasma after oral administration of the drug. When W-2719 was given i.v. to dogs, both W-2719 and W-2718 appeared in plasma but each had a very short half-life of about 10 min. After an oral dose of W-2719 to dogs the plasma content of W-2683 peaked at 4-6 h, amounting to approximately 20% of the dose. More than 91% of the dose was excreted with 48 h, 83% in urine and 9% in feces. The predominant excretion product in urine was p-chlorothiophenol, most of which was excreted in a conjugated form. The other major urinary metabolite was W-2683, while smaller amounts of W-2718 and unchanged drug were also found. No significant effect of prolonged dosing of 14C-W-2719 to dogs was observed on plasma 14C levels, peak time, 14C half-life or excretion and composition patterns.

Biological properties of the antagonist SRI 63-441 in the PAF and endotoxin models of hypotension in the rat and dog.

Intravenous administration of platelet-activating factor (PAF) produces dose-dependent hypotension in several species. We have evaluated a recently developed PAF antagonist, SRI 63-441, for its ability to inhibit the hypotensive effect of PAF in the rat and dog. In the rat, 100 ng/kg PAF produced a 38.6 +/- 5.1% decrease in carotid mean arterial pressure (MAP), followed by a 3.2 +/- 0.7 min recovery period for MAP to return to baseline values. SRI 63-441 reduced the hypotension response in the rat, where the ED50 values for inhibition of MAP were 0.16 mg/kg i.v. and 0.19 mg/kg i.v. for the recovery period. Dogs challenged with 1.5 micrograms/kg PAF i.v. demonstrated a 52 +/- 8% decrease in MAP that persisted for at least 15 min. The ED50 for inhibition of MAP by SRI 63-441 was 0.20 mg/kg i.v. Following injection of tritium-labeled SRI 63-441, 56.8 +/- 2.4% of the dose was recovered in the urine and 43.2 +/- 8.9% in the feces in the rats while in dogs 38.7 +/- 5.6% and 60.9 +/- 23.5% of the dose was excreted in the urine and feces, respectively. In the rat model of endotoxin-induced hypotension, SRI 63-441 given 1 min after a 5 mg/kg endotoxin challenge (which produced a 52 +/- 7% decrease in MAP), reversed the systemic effects, with an ED50 of 0.18 mg/kg i.v. The ED50 for reversal 6 min after endotoxin injection was 0.01 mg/kg. These results of inhibition and reversal by SRI 63-441 strongly implicate PAF as a pivotal mediator of hypotension and shock.