Red cell distribution width: A new parameter for predicting the risk of exacerbation in COPD patients.

BACKGROUND: Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a numerical measurement of the size variability of erythrocytes and is routinely reported as a component of complete blood count in the differential diagnosis of anemia. In recent years, researchers have reported high mortality and poor prognosis associated with higher RDW in populations with cardiovascular disease, cancer, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of the study is to evaluate the role of RDW in predicting the risk of COPD exacerbations and the impact of symptoms. METHODS: We designed an observational retrospective study based on patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of COPD, between January 2015 and December 2018. RESULTS: We included 169 patients, 120 at GOLD four stage. RDW was significantly higher in COPD patients vs controls (P = .014). We found a positive correlation with c-reactive protein (r  = 0.375, P < .01), COPD assessment test (CAT) Score (R2 = 0.658, sy.x = 2.226; P < .01), number of exacerbations (R2=0.289; sy.x = 0.86; P = .002), and GOLD score (r = 0.30; P = .05). In ROC curve analysis, the area under the curve of RDW for the identification of frequent exacerbator was 1.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.0; P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Our data show that elevated RDW may be a useful tool in predicting the risk of exacerbation in COPD patients and may be a good indicator of the impact of symptoms.

Continuous positive airways pressure and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty improves pulmonary hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.

OBJECTIVE: Data are sparse regarding the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients without COPD and clinically manifest cardiac diseases and the role of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) in normalizing this parameter. PATIENTS/METHODS: We studied 75 consecutive OSA patients, 55 of them men, using transthoracic echocardiography. A mild PH [pulmonary artery pressure (PAPs) 38.2 ± 6.8] was found in 25 subjects (prevalence 33%). These patients were divided into two groups: group 1A (n = 17), those treated with CPAP, and group 1B (n = 8), those who have the indication for a UPPP. We scheduled a follow-up at 3, 6 and 9 months. During follow-up, we performed echocardiography, measurement of anthropometric parameters (BMI, neck and waist-hip circumference), and of biochemical parameters (uric acid, fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides) and blood pressure. RESULTS: Patients with PH had a higher BMI: 32 ± 6 versus 29 ± 4 (p < 0.001) and NC: 39.8 ± 4.76 versus 37.14 ± 3.49 (p = 0.003), were predominantly men (72%) and older: 64 ± 20 versus 55 ± 16 (p = 0.025) and had a significantly higher value of uric acid: 7.91 ± 2.35 versus 6.56 ± 1.31 (p = 0.003). We found a positive correlation between PH and BMI (r = 0.456; p < 0.001) and between uric acidic and PH (r = 0.636; p < 0.001). PAPs significantly changed, from 39.8 ± 4.1 to 27.1 ± 4, to 25.2 ± 3.1 and to 22.2 ± 3 mmHg (CI 95%; 15.09-20.11; p < 0.001) in group 1A and from 39.5 ± 5.1 to 23.4 ± 3.2, to 23.0 ± 3.1 and to 21.9 ± 2.9 mmHg (CI 95%; 13.15-22.05; p < 0.001) in group 1B (difference between the groups p = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: PH was frequent in OSA patients and normalized after 6 months with both CPAP and UPPP. A similar trend was noted in diastolic blood pressure.

[Osteoporosis associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory diseases]. / Osteoporosi associata a broncopneumopatia cronica ostruttiva e ad altre patologie respiratorie.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and osteoporosis are associated because of common risk factors. In addition, COPD enhance systemic inflammation, vitamin D deficiency, and above all the use of systemic steroids induce bone destruction. Early prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is useful in COPD and in other chronic lung diseases.

First report on clinical and radiological features of COVID-19 pneumonitis in a Caucasian population: Factors predicting fibrotic evolution.

BACKGROUND: At the end of February, the Lombardy region (Northern Italy) was involved in the pandemic spread of the new COVID-19. We here summarize the clinical and radiological characteristics of 90 confirmed cases and analyze their role in predicting the evolution of fibrosis. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and radiological data of 90 patients with COVID-19 pneumonitis. All subjects underwent an HRCT study on the day of admission and eight weeks later, and were treated with lopinavir + ritonavir (Kaletra) 400/100 mg two times a day or darunavir + ritonavir two times a day, and Hydroxychloroquine 200 mg two times a day. Pulmonary fibrosis was defined according to the Fleischner Society glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients developed pulmonary fibrosis (25.5%): 15 were males, whose mean age was 75 ± 15. The majority were active smokers (60.8%) and had comorbidities (78.2%), above all, hypertension (47.8%), and diabetes (34.7%). Interestingly, in our series of cases, the "reversed halo sign" is frequent (63%) and seems to be a typical COVID-19 pneumonitis pattern. The patients showing fibrosis had a higher grade of systemic inflammation (ESR and PCR) and appeared to have bone marrow inhibition with a significant reduction in platelets, leukocytes, and hemoglobin. CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, our data showed that the reversed halo sign associated with a ground-glass pattern may be a typical HRCT pattern of COVID-19 pneumonitis. The evolution to pulmonary fibrosis is frequent in older males and patients with comorbidities and bone marrow involvement.

Coronavirus disease 2019 infection in patients with recent cardiac surgery: does chronic anticoagulant therapy have a protective effect?

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical course of COVID-19 in patients who had recently undergone a cardiac procedure and were inpatients in a cardiac rehabilitation department. METHODS: All patients hospitalized from 1 February to 15 March 2020 were included in the study (n = 35; 16 men; mean age 78 years). The overall population was divided into two groups: group 1 included 10 patients who presented with a clinical picture of COVID-19 infection and were isolated, and group 2 included 25 patients who were COVID-19-negative. In group 1, nine patients were on chronic oral anticoagulant therapy and one patient was on acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel. A chest computed tomography scan revealed interstitial pneumonia in all 10 patients. RESULTS: During hospitalization, COVID-19 patients received azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine in addition to their ongoing therapy. Only the patient on ASA with clopidogrel therapy was transferred to the ICU for mechanical ventilation because of worsening respiratory failure, and subsequently died from cardiorespiratory arrest. All other patients on chronic anticoagulant therapy recovered and were discharged. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that COVID-19 patients on chronic anticoagulant therapy may have a more favorable and less complicated clinical course. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm this preliminary observation.

A "Crazy Paving" Pattern on CT Scan in a Patient Treated with Pembrolizumab.

BACKGROUND: Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, have shown great promise in clinical practice and have been incorporated into standard management of NSCLC. Pneumonitis is a serious autoimmune toxicity associated with the use of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We described the case of a 73-year-old woman with no history of smoking developing exertional dyspnea four months after taking Pembrolizumab. RESULTS: High resolution contrast CT scan (HRCT) presented a unilateral "crazy paving" pattern, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) an important lymphocytosis (20% of total cell count). The patient reached clinical stability after the administration of systemic steroids (2mg\Kg\die) and was discharged with long term oxygen therapy. DISCUSSION: Pulmonary toxicity is frequent when using PD-1 inhibitors, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality, often leading to the discontinuation of therapy. Clinical presentation is usually protean and HRCT pattern is nonspecific. This is the first case presenting a "crazy paving" pattern associated with BAL lymphocytosis. CONCLUSION: Oncologists, pulmonologists, radiologists and general practitioners have to consider PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitor pneumonitis as a potentially disabling and fatal event.

Subclinical Nasal and Lung Lymphocytosis in Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND: Extraintestinal manifestations are common in ulcerative colitis (UC). Data regarding pulmonary and nasal mucosa involvement are sparse. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate, by using induced sputum (IS) and nasal cytology (NC), the cytological pattern of the lung and nose in patients with UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 15 consecutive subjects from the outpatient department with a recent diagnosis of UC. On the same day of enrollment, we performed a global spirometry, including a lung diffusing capacity test, IS analysis, and evaluation of NC. RESULTS: IS analysis showed an increase in lymphocytes in UC patients when compared to those of controls (2.8 ± 0.9 vs. 0.2 ± 0.4%; p < 0.01). NC showed a similar increase in lymphocytes (12.5 ± 5.30 vs. 3.5 ± 4.0%; p < 0.01). We found a positive correlation between lymphocyte counts in IS and NC (r = 0.775; p < 0.001) and between lymphocytes in IS and NC and grade of intestinal inflammation (r = 0.603, p = 0.015; r = 0.60, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that UC patients may have a subclinical nasal and lung lymphocytosis.

Prevalence of filariasis in symptomatic patients in Moyen Chari district, south of Chad.

Filarial parasites infect an estimated 140 million people worldwide. Wuchereria bancrofti, Onchocerca volvulus, Loa loa and Mansonella perstans are responsible for most filarial infections in sub-Saharan Africa. We describe the prevalence and the clinical characteristics of filariasis in symptomatic patients in Goundi Sanitary district:167 patients were enrolled (99 men, 68 women). M. perstans microfilariae were isolated in peripheral blood in 164 cases, while Loa loa and Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis were diagnosed in only six and three cases, respectively. The most frequent filariasis observed in our study were due to M. perstans and L. loa, while the few cases of W. bancrofti filariasis seem to have been acquired abroad. No cases of O. volvulus were observed. Microfilarial burden was not related to symptoms, but a correlation between eosinophilia and pruritus was evident. No relationship was observed between eosinophils and symptoms. The prevalence observed in symptomatic patients could reflect the real prevalence of filariasis.

African Burkitt lymphoma successfully treated with CEOP polychemotherapy.

A 6-year-old male child was consulted in our ambulatory in Goundi missionary hospital in South Chad, in September 2001. He complained of a long lasting abdominal mass and weakness. African Burkitt lymphoma with abdominal "bulky" involvement was strongly suspected. As a little amount of some antiblastic drugs were available, the patient was treated according to CEOP regime as salvage treatment. A week later no lymph nodes were detectable, spleen and liver enlargement reverted to normal dimensions and the abdominal mass disappeared almost completely. Clinical general conditions improved. He was treated with further three cycles of the same therapy with 3 weeks interval with complete clinical remission after the second dose. After the first four cycles, a consolidating treatment was performed with cyclophosphamide. The child performed other two cycles of therapy with cyclophosphamide remaining in complete remission and then escaped further follow-up visit. Nevertheless, the good response achieved after the four initial cycles suggests that the CEOP combination could be effective in this kind of tumour and well tolerated. CHOP nor CEOP regime have never been employed in the treatment of African Burkitt lymphoma. This case report suggest the possibility of good responses in more critical or "bulky" Burkitt lymphoma of this combination.

A fatal case of acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) in a woman affected by glioblastoma.

This report presents the case of a 67-year-old woman affected by glioblastoma. After a few days of adjuvant therapy with temozolomide and prophylaxis with trimetrophin-sulfamethoxazolo to prevent Pneumocystis Jiroveci, she had progressive and rapid worsening of symptoms with weakness, dyspnea and orthopnea. She had peripheral edema and proximal hyposthenia of the lower limbs. Chest CT showed bilateral ground-glass opacities and laboratory exams revealed hypoxemia and hypocapnia, an initial reduction in platelet and white blood cells, and an elevation of LDH, AST, ALT, and active urinary sediment. Blood cultures, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) data and transbronchial biopsy showed no infections, and in particular no evidence of Pneumocystis Jiroveci pneumonia. Histological examination revealed a typical pattern of AIP. She was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and high-dose steroids. The symptoms worsened and respiratory failure required mechanical ventilation. The pneumonia was not responsive to medical or invasive care. She died after ten days of hospitalization. At present very little can be found in the literature about lung toxicity caused by temozolomide. This case can be added as a new report describing this risk. The combination therapy with temozolamide and trimetophin-sulfamethoxazolo could have a synergistic action inducing various forms of pulmonary toxicity. ESTABLISHED FACTS: Acute interstitial pneumonia is a common manifestation of lung toxicity caused by drugs. The clinical course is favorable with a good response to corticosteroids. NOVEL INSIGHT: This is the first fatal case of lung toxicity caused by Temozolomide. Clinicians must be aware that a combination therapy including trimetophin-sulfamethoxazolo could have a synergistic action in inducing pulmonary toxicity.