Maternal Diabetes and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Infants Born Before 29 Weeks' Gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born at <29 weeks' gestation and exposed to diabetes in pregnancy with those unexposed. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study using the Canadian Neonatal Network and Canadian Neonatal Follow-Up Network databases. Infants born <29 weeks' gestation and admitted to a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit from 2009 through 2018 who had neurodevelopmental assessments at 18-24 months corrected age were eligible. The 2 primary outcomes were as follows: (1) Neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) (≥1 of Bayley-III scores < 85 in any domain, cerebral palsy, or vision or hearing impairment); and (2) significant NDI (sNDI) (≥1 of Bayley-III scores < 70 in any domain, cerebral palsy Gross Motor Function Classification System ≥ 3, bilateral blindness, or need for hearing aids or cochlear implants). Secondary outcomes were the individual components of NDI and sNDI. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% CIs were calculated to determine outcomes between groups. RESULTS: Of 13 988 eligible infants, 55% attended neurodevelopmental follow-up assessments. Infants exposed to diabetes had increased odds of NDI compared with those unexposed (aOR 1.09 (95% CI 1.08-1.54); there was no difference in sNDI (aOR 1.07 (95% CI 0.84-1.36). Language and motor delays were more common in those exposed to maternal diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Higher rates of NDI, language, or motor delays were present in infants born at <29 weeks' gestation exposed to diabetes in utero. Future research is needed to determine the etiology and clinical significance of these findings.

Early identification and communication in cerebral palsy: Navigating a collaborative approach for neonatal follow-up programmes.

AIM: This article will provide a clinical case demonstrating the implementation of early identification and review the tools and findings and the diagnostic approach. We will review highlighted literature on the subject of communicating a diagnosis. While improved function is a critical goal, the process of communicating the diagnosis of CP can be challenging for both parents and providers. It aims to provide insights on the evidence supporting early identification and discusses strategies for effective communication of crucial information. METHODS: The article reviews the literature on communication of a diagnosis. RESULTS: Thirteen articles were identified relating to the communication of a diagnosis of CP and parent experience. We examine this evidence, leveraging the knowledge of an interdisciplinary team and incorporating feedback from parents. CONCLUSION: Strategies for effective communication include engagement with families, community therapy teams and all medical providers. Consistent, individualised, collaborative communication is critical. Awareness of ableism and use of balanced, value-neutral terminology is recommended.

Neonatal and Early Childhood Outcomes of Twin and Singleton Infants Born Preterm.

OBJECTIVE: To compare neonatal and early-childhood outcomes of twins and singletons born preterm and explore the association of chorionicity with outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: This was a national retrospective cohort study of singleton and twin infants admitted at 230/7-286/7 weeks to level III neonatal intensive care units in Canada (2010-2020). The primary neonatal outcome was a composite of neonatal death or severe neonatal morbidities. The primary early-childhood outcome was a composite of death or significant neurodevelopmental impairment. RESULTS: The study cohort included 3554 twin and 12 815 singleton infants. Twin infants born at 230/7-256/7 weeks had a greater risk of the composite neonatal outcome (adjusted risk ratio 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07). However, these differences were limited to the subgroups of same-sex and monochorionic twin pregnancies. Twin infants of 230/7-256/7 weeks were also at an increased risk of the composite early-childhood outcome (adjusted risk ratio 1.22, 95% CI 1.09-1.37). Twin infants of 260/7-286/7 weeks were not at an increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes or the composite early-childhood outcome compared with singleton infants. CONCLUSIONS: Among infants born at 230/7-256/7 weeks, twins have a greater risk of adverse neonatal outcomes and the composite early-childhood outcome than singleton infants. However, the increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes is mostly limited to monochorionic twins and may thus be driven by complications related to monochorionic placentation.

Le suivi de l'extrême prématuré après le congé des soins intensifs néonatals.

La survie des extrêmes prématurés (moins de 28 semaines d'âge gestationnel) s'est améliorée au fil du temps. Bon nombre s'en sortent bien et ont une bonne qualité de vie. Ils demeurent toutefois vulnérables à des problèmes de santé, y compris des difficultés neurosensorielles et neurodéveloppementales, que les médecins de première ligne, les pédiatres et les cliniques spécialisées doivent surveiller. Le présent document de principes passe en revue les conséquences médicales et neurodéveloppementales potentielles pour les extrêmes prématurés dans les deux ans suivant leur congé et fournit des stratégies de counseling, de dépistage précoce et d'intervention. Parce qu'ils sont tous liés à l'extrême prématurité, la dysplasie bronchopulmonaire ou les troubles respiratoires, les problèmes d'alimentation et de croissance, le développement neurosensoriel (vision et audition), la paralysie cérébrale et le trouble du spectre de l'autisme doivent faire rapidement l'objet d'une évaluation. Pour évaluer la croissance et le développement, il faut corriger l'âge chronologique en fonction de l'âge gestationnel jusqu'à 36 mois de vie. Par ailleurs, l'attention au bien-être émotionnel des parents et des proches fait partie intégrante des soins de qualité de l'extrême prématuré.

Follow-up care of the extremely preterm infant after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit.

The survival of babies born extremely preterm (EP, <28 weeks gestation) has improved over time, and many have good outcomes and quality of life. They remain at risk for health issues, including neurosensory and neurodevelopmental difficulties requiring monitoring by primary physicians, paediatricians, and specialty clinics. This statement reviews potential medical and neurodevelopmental consequences for EP infants in the first 2 years after discharge and provides strategies for counselling, early detection, and intervention. EP-related conditions to assess for early include bronchopulmonary dysplasia or respiratory morbidity, feeding and growth concerns, neurosensory development (vision and hearing), cerebral palsy, and autism spectrum disorder. Correction for gestational age should be used for growth and development until 36 months of age. Integral to quality care of the child born EP is attention to the emotional well-being of parents and caregivers.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants conceived by assisted reproductive technology.

BACKGROUND: There have been concerns about the development of children conceived through assisted reproductive technology. Despite multiple studies investigating the outcomes of assisted conception, data focusing specifically on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants conceived through assisted reproductive technology and born preterm are limited. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants born at <29 weeks' gestation at 18 to 24 months' corrected age who were conceived through assisted reproductive technology and those who were conceived naturally. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study included inborn, nonanomalous infants, born at <29 weeks' gestation between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2016, who had a neurodevelopmental assessment at 18 to 24 months' corrected age at any of the 10 Canadian Neonatal Follow-Up Network clinics. The primary outcome was neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 24 months, defined as the presence of any of the following: cerebral palsy; Bayley-III cognitive, motor, or language composite score of <85; sensorineural or mixed hearing loss; and unilateral or bilateral visual impairment. Secondary outcomes included mortality, composite of mortality or neurodevelopmental impairment, significant neurodevelopmental impairment, and each component of the primary outcome. We compared outcomes between infants conceived through assisted reproductive technology and those conceived naturally, using bivariate and multivariable analyses after adjustment. RESULTS: Of the 4863 eligible neonates, 651 (13.4%) were conceived using assisted reproductive technology. Maternal age; education level; and rates of diabetes mellitus, receipt of antenatal corticosteroids, and cesarean delivery were higher in the assisted reproduction group than the natural conception group. Neonatal morbidity and death rates were similar except for intraventricular hemorrhage, which was lower in the assisted reproduction group (33% [181 of 546] vs 39% [1284 of 3318]; P=.01). Of the 4176 surviving infants, 3386 (81%) had a follow-up outcome at 18 to 24 months' corrected age. Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for gestational age, antenatal steroids, sex, small for gestational age, multiple gestations, mode of delivery, maternal age, maternal education, pregnancy-induced hypertension, maternal diabetes mellitus, and smoking showed that infants conceived through assisted reproduction was associated with lower odds of neurodevelopmental impairment (adjusted odds ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.86) and the composite of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (adjusted odds ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.54-0.84). Conception through assisted reproductive technology was associated with decreased odds of a Bayley-III composite cognitive score of <85 (adjusted odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.99) and composite language score of <85 (adjusted odds ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.88). CONCLUSION: Compared with natural conception, assisted conception was associated with lower odds of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, especially cognitive and language outcomes, at 18 to 24 months' corrected age among preterm infants born at <29 weeks' gestation. Long-term follow-up studies are required to assess the risks of learning disabilities and development of complex visual-spatial and processing skills in these children as they reach school age.

Coarctation of the Aorta in Adolescence: Significance of Detailed Cardiac Examination in Pediatric Hypertension.

ABSTRACT: Although coarctation of the aorta (CoAo) is a congenital anomaly, it can pose a diagnostic challenge in those presenting beyond neonatal period, as some patients can remain asymptomatic until complications of hypertension develop later in life. Careful physical examination can play an important role in timely diagnosis and prevention of complications.We present 2 cases of adolescents with undiagnosed CoAo who both presented with nonspecific headaches and hypertension. Both were initially misdiagnosed as essential hypertension until careful detailed physical examination later detected weak/absent femoral pulses and discrepancy in upper and lower limb blood pressures. These findings raised the clinical suspicion of CoAo, which was confirmed on further investigations.Our cases highlight the importance of considering CoAo in the differential diagnosis of hypertension in adolescents. These cases also stress the significance of detailed cardiac examination including 4-limb blood pressure and femoral pulses in a patient presenting to the emergency department with high blood pressure irrespective of the primary complaint.

Split-week gestational age model provides valuable information on outcomes in extremely preterm infants.

AIM: To compare composite outcomes of neonatal mortality or morbidity using a split-week gestational age (GA) model to completed weeks GA maturity at 23-26 weeks gestation. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of infants born at 23-26 weeks GA. Outcomes using a split-week GA model defined as early (X, 0-3) and late (X, 4-6) with X being 23-26 weeks GA were compared to outcomes using completed weeks GA, with a similar comparison between the late split of the preceding week (X, 4-6) and early split of the subsequent week (X + 1, 0-3). RESULTS: A total of 1345 infants were included in the study. Statistically significant differences were noted in outcomes between the early and late split of the gestational week at 24 (early vs late, 85.6% vs 73.0%), 25 (69.6% vs 56.6%) and 26 weeks (55.9% vs 37.4%), but not at 23 weeks GA (95.2% vs 94.5%). No statistically significant differences were noted between the late vs early part of the subsequent week (23, 4-6) vs (24, 0-3), and (24, 4-6) vs (25, 0-3) GA. CONCLUSION: Neonatal outcome estimates using a split week model differs from that based on the use of completed weeks of gestational maturity.

Association of low hemoglobin at birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm neonates ≤28 weeks' gestation: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18-24 months corrected age (CA) for preterm infants who had hemoglobin levels <120 g/l versus those with hemoglobin level ≥120 g/l at birth. METHODS: We included infants of ≤28 weeks gestational age (GA) born between January 2009 and June 2018. The primary outcome was neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 18-24 months. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to determine the association. RESULTS: Of the 2351 eligible neonates, 351 (14.9%) had hemoglobin levels <120 g/L at birth. Of the 2113 surviving infants, 1534 (72.5%) underwent developmental follow-up at 18-24 months CA. There was no statistically significant difference in ND outcomes between the two groups. The composite outcome of death or NDI was significantly higher in the low hemoglobin group. CONCLUSION: In preterm infants ≤28 weeks GA, initial hemoglobin <120 g/L at birth was not associated with neurodevelopmental impairment at 18-24 months CA among survivors.

Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Preterm Infants Born < 26 Weeks Gestation before and after Implementation of a Nutrition-Care Bundle.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the impact of a nutrition-care bundle on growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes of micro-preterm infants born in a level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) by two years corrected age. METHODS: A nutrition-care bundle emphasizing the prompt initiation of parenteral nutrition at birth, initiation of enteral feeds within 6 h after birth, and early addition of human milk fortifiers was implemented in 2015 for infants born < 26 weeks gestation. This before-and-after study evaluated growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants born between 2012-2013 (before-nutrition-bundle, BNB) and 2016-2017 (after-nutrition-bundle, ANB). RESULTS: A total of 145 infants were included in the study. Infants in the ANB group (n = 73) were smaller (birthweight and gestational age), and there were more male infants and multiples included compared to the BNB group (n = 72). Enteral feeds and fortifiers started earlier in the ANB group. Growth velocity and weight z-score changes were similar in both groups during NICU stay and post-discharge. Systemic steroid use, but not cohort, was linked to lower Bayley scores across all domains. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing a nutrition-care bundle was not consistently associated with improved weight gain and neurodevelopmental outcomes in the micro-preterm infant population, possibly due to ongoing high-quality nutritional care by the clinical team.

NICU Language, Everyday Ethics, and Giving Better News: Optimizing Discussions about Disability with Families.

The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) has a language and culture that is its own. For professionals, it is a place of intense and constant attention to microdetails and cautious optimism. For parents, it is a foreign place with a new and unique language and culture. It is also the setting in which they are introduced to their child and parenthood for this child. This combination has been referred to as an emotional cauldron. The neonatal ethics literature mainly examines complex ethical dilemmas about withholding/drawing life sustaining interventions for fragile children. Rarely are everyday ethics or mundane ethics discussed. Microethics describe the mundane, discrete moments that occur between patients/families and clinicians. A key piece of these microethics is the language used to discuss patient care. Perception of prognoses, particularly around long-term neurodevelopmental outcome, is shaped with the language used. Despite this, clinicians in the NICU often have no specific training in the long-term neurodevelopment outcomes that they discuss. This paper focuses on the microethics of language used to discuss long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes, the developmental neuroscience behind language processing, and offers recommendations for more accurate and improved communication around long-term outcomes with families with critically ill neonates.

The STEP Program-A Qualitative Study of the Supportive Therapeutic Excursion Program and Its Effect on Enabling Parental Self-Efficacy and Connectedness after the Stress-Experience of the NICU.

As a child is born, so are the parents with new roles assumed. Attachment is secured, and parents quickly become the experts in their child. With preterm birth, however, this quiet and essential period of discovery is interrupted. It is described as a traumatic and stressful experience. Programs that aim to address this focus on education and support. This qualitative study explores the effect on parents and staff of a novel and simple intervention of parents walking their baby in a stroller (Supportive Therapeutic Excursion Program, STEP). This study used a qualitative methodology that included 20 semi-structured interviews for content saturation to explore the experiences of parents and staff participating in the STEP program. We found an overall positive experience reported by both parents and nursing staff with STEP. Analysis revealed that as autonomy is fostered with parent education around transition to home, STEP brought a normalcy that was reported to bolster participating parents' self-efficacy and connectedness, two important elements for recovery from stressful situations. The potential impact of STEP can be far reaching because, although future research is needed, these data suggest that inexpensive programs that promote normalcy may enable self-efficacy and connectedness prior to hospital discharge.

Impact of Differing Language Background Exposures on Bayley-III Language Assessment in a National Cohort of Children Born Less than 29 Weeks' Gestation.

Preterm infants are at risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, especially language delay. Preterm infants < 29 weeks' gestational age, cared for in Canadian Neonatal Follow-Up Network affiliated hospitals, were assessed between 18 to 21 months corrected age using the Bayley-III. Bayley-III Language Composite Scores were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses for children in three primary language groups: English, French and other. 6146 children were included. The primary language at home was English, French or another language for 3708 children (60%), 1312 children (21%) and 1126 children (18%), respectively, and overall, 44% were exposed to two or more languages at home. Univariate analysis showed that primary language was associated with lower Bayley-III Language scores; however, multivariate analyses demonstrated that neither primary language nor language of administration were significantly associated with lower language scores when adjusted for gestational age, other developmental delays and sociodemographic factors, but multiple language exposure was. Sociodemographic and other factors are more important in determining language development than primary language at home. Further studies are needed to examine the association between exposure to multiple languages and lower Bayley-III language scores in preterm infants.

Neuroimaging at Term Equivalent Age: Is There Value for the Preterm Infant? A Narrative Summary.

Advances in neuroimaging of the preterm infant have enhanced the ability to detect brain injury. This added information has been a blessing and a curse. Neuroimaging, particularly with magnetic resonance imaging, has provided greater insight into the patterns of injury and specific vulnerabilities. It has also provided a better understanding of the microscopic and functional impacts of subtle and significant injuries. While the ability to detect injury is important and irresistible, the evidence for how these injuries link to specific long-term outcomes is less clear. In addition, the impact on parents can be profound. This narrative summary will review the history and current state of brain imaging, focusing on magnetic resonance imaging in the preterm population and the current state of the evidence for how these patterns relate to long-term outcomes.

A novel computational method for assigning weights of importance to symptoms of COVID-19 patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is considered a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). As of April 3, 2020, there were 1,009,625 reported confirmed cases, and 51,737 reported deaths. Doctors have been faced with a myriad of patients who present with many different symptoms. This raises two important questions. What are the common symptoms, and what are their relative importance? METHODS: A non-structured and incomplete COVID-19 dataset of 14,251 confirmed cases was preprocessed. This produced a complete and organized COVID-19 dataset of 738 confirmed cases. Six different feature selection algorithms were then applied to this new dataset. Five of these algorithms have been proposed earlier in the literature. The sixth is a novel algorithm being proposed by the authors, called Variance Based Feature Weighting (VBFW), which not only ranks the symptoms (based on their importance) but also assigns a quantitative importance measure to each symptom. RESULTS: For our COVID-19 dataset, the five different feature selection algorithms provided different rankings for the most important top-five symptoms. They even selected different symptoms for inclusion within the top five. This is because each of the five algorithms ranks the symptoms based on different data characteristics. Each of these algorithms has advantages and disadvantages. However, when all these five rankings were aggregated (using two different aggregating methods) they produced two identical rankings of the five most important COVID-19 symptoms. Starting from the most important to least important, they were: Fever/Cough, Fatigue, Sore Throat, and Shortness of Breath. (Fever and cough were ranked equally in both aggregations.) Meanwhile, the sixth novel Variance Based Feature Weighting algorithm, chose the same top five symptoms, but ranked fever much higher than cough, based on its quantitative importance measures for each of those symptoms (Fever - 75 %, Cough - 39.8 %, Fatigue - 16.5 %, Sore Throat - 10.8 %, and Shortness of Breath - 6.6 %). Moreover, the proposed VBFW method achieved an accuracy of 92.1 % when used to build a one-class SVM model, and an NDCG@5 of 100 %. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the dataset, and the feature selection algorithms employed here, symptoms of Fever, Cough, Fatigue, Sore Throat and Shortness of Breath are important symptoms of COVID-19. The VBFW algorithm also indicates that Fever and Cough symptoms were especially indicative of COVID-19, for the confirmed cases that are documented in our database.

The E-Nurture Project: A Hybrid Virtual Neonatal Follow Up Model for 2021.

Neonatal follow-up has long focused on a model of surveillance and identification of short-term outcomes. This model has long become outdated, with evidence documenting the need for longer follow-up with known school-based challenges and significant gaps in knowledge by educators. This article reviews the history of neonatal follow-up and demonstrates a novel approach to neonatal follow-up, built largely with a hybrid virtual platform, which then became essential with the declaration of the pandemic in 2020.

The assessment of general movements in term and late-preterm infants diagnosed with neonatal encephalopathy, as a predictive tool of cerebral palsy by 2 years of age-a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The General Movements Assessment is a non-invasive and cost-effective tool with demonstrated reliability for identifying infants at risk for cerebral palsy. Early detection of cerebral palsy allows for the implementation of early intervention and is associated with better functional outcomes. No review to date has summarized the utility of the General Movements Assessment to predict cerebral palsy in term and late-preterm infants diagnosed with neonatal encephalopathy. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review involving infants born greater than or equal to 34 weeks gestational age to identify all available evidence and delineate research gaps. We extracted data on sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values and described the strengths and limitations of the results. We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, Scopus, and CINAHL) and the General Movements Trust website. Two reviewers conducted all screening and data extraction independently. The articles were categorized according to key findings, and a critical appraisal was performed. RESULTS: Only three studies, a cohort and two case series, met all of the inclusion criteria. The total number of participants was 118. None of the final eligible studies included late-preterm neonates. All three studies reported on sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive and negative predictive values. An abnormal General Movement Assessment at 3-5 months has a high specificity (84.6-98%) for cerebral palsy with a similarly high negative predictive value (84.6-98%) when it was normal. Absent fidgety movements, in particular, are highly specific (96%) for moderate to severe cerebral palsy and carry a high negative predictive value (98%) when normal. In the time period between term and 4-5 months post-term, any cramped synchronized movements had results of 100% sensitivity and variable results for specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: A normal General Movements Assessment at 3 months in a term high-risk infant is likely associated with a low risk for moderate/severe cerebral palsy. The finding of cramped synchronized General Movements is a strong predictor for the diagnosis of cerebral palsy by 2 years of age in the term population with neonatal encephalopathy. The deficit of high-quality research limits the applicability, and so the General Movements Assessment should not be used in isolation when assessing this population. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: Title registration with Joanna Briggs Institute. URL: http://joannabriggswebdev.org/research/registered_titles.aspx .

Neonates with Maternal Colonization of Carbapenemase-Producing, Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: A Mini-Review and a Suggested Guide for Preventing Neonatal Infection.

Carbapenemase-producing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CP-CRE) are highly drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. They include New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase (NDM)-producing carbapenemase (50.4% of all species in Ontario). Antibiotic challenges for resistant bacteria in neonates pose challenges of unknown dosing and side effects. We report two antenatally diagnosed CP-CRE colonization scenarios with the NDM 1 gene. The case involves extreme preterm twins who had worsening respiratory distress at birth requiring ventilator support, with the first twin also having cardiovascular instability. They were screened for CP-CRE, and a polymyxin antibiotic commenced. In the delivery room, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and the follow-up clinic, in collaboration with the interdisciplinary group, contact precautions and isolation procedures were instituted. None of the infants exhibited infection with CP-CRE. Consolidating knowledge with regard to CP-CRE and modifying human behavior associated with its spread can mitigate potential negative consequences. This relates to now and later, when travel and prolific human to human contact resumes, from endemic countries, after the current COVID-19 pandemic. Standardized efforts to curb the acquisition of this infection would be judicious given the challenges of treatment and continued emerging antibiotic resistance. Simple infection control measures involving contact precautions, staff education and parental cohorting can be useful and cost-effective in preventing transmission. Attention to NICU specific measures, including screening of at-risk mothers (invitro fertilization conception) and their probands, careful handling of breastmilk, judicious antibiotic choice and duration of treatment, is warranted. What does this study add? CP-CRE is a nosocomial infection with increasing incidence globally, and a serious threat to public health, making it likely that these cases will present with greater frequency to the NICU team. Only a few similar cases have been reported in the neonatal literature. Current published guidelines provide a framework for general hospital management. Still, they are not specific to the NICU experience and the need to manage the parents' exposure and the infants. This article provides a holistic framework for managing confirmed or suspected cases of CP-CRE from the antenatal care through the NICU and into the follow-up clinic targeted at preventing or containing the spread of CP-CRE.