[The Feasibility of CT Attenuation Value to Predict the Composition of Upper Urinary Calculi and Success Rate of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of CT attenuation value (CTvalue) to predict the composition of upper urinary calculi and the number of shock waves (NSW) and success rate (SR) of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). METHODS: A total of 146 patients with upper urinary calculi treated by ESWL were included. CT scan was performed before ESWL. Upper urinary calculi with the maximum diameters of less than or equal to 2 cm were included. Infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the composition of calculi. The effect of ESWL was estimated at 1 month followup. The factors that influence NSW and SR of ESWL were analyzed by correlation analysis. RESULTS: The CTvalue of calcium calculi were larger than that of noncalcium calculi ( P<0.001). The differences of NSW,SR of ESWL and CTvalues of calculi between the patients with different ages,skintostone distances and genders were not statistically significant. The partial correlation analysis found that CTvalue and long diameter of calculi were positively correlated with the NSW ( P<0.05). This result was consistent in subgroup analysis (stone site: kidney or ureter). CTvalue and long diameter of calculi were negatively correlated with SR of ESWL ( P<0.05). However,the CTvalue of ureteral calculi was not correlated with SR of ESWL in subgroup analysis. CONCLUSION: The power of CTvalue to predict upper urinary calculi composition is insufficient. Higher CTvalue suggests more NSW in ESWL,but CTvalue is not suitable to predict SR of ESWL.

Current treatment for male infertility: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

This umbrella review aimed to summarize and provide a general evaluation of the effectiveness of current treatments for male infertility and assess the quality of evidence and possible biases. An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses available in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, covering studies published up to October 2023, was conducted. Sperm concentration, morphology, and motility were used as endpoints to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments. Of 2998 studies, 18 published meta-analyses were extracted, yielding 90 summary effects on sperm concentration (n = 36), sperm morphology (n = 26), and sperm motility (n = 28) on 28 interventions. None of the meta-analyses were classified as having low methodological quality, whereas 12 (66.7%) and 6 (33.3%) had high and moderate quality, respectively. Of the 90 summary effects, none were rated high-evidence quality, whereas 53.3% (n = 48), 25.6% (n = 23), and 21.1% (n = 19) were rated moderate, low, and very low, respectively. Significant improvements in sperm concentration, morphology, and motility were observed with pharmacological interventions (N-acetyl-cysteine, antioxidant therapy, aromatase inhibitors, selective estrogen receptor modulators, hormones, supplements, and alpha-lipoic acid) and nonpharmacological interventions (varicocele repair and redo varicocelectomy). In addition, vitamin supplementation had no significant positive effects on sperm concentration, motility, or morphology. Treatments for male infertility are increasingly diverse; however, the current evidence is poor because of the limited number of patients. Further well-designed studies on single treatment and high-quality meta-analysis of intertreatment comparisons are recommended.

A diagnostic test of three-dimensional magnetic resonance elastography imaging for preoperative prediction of microvascular invasion in patients with T1 stage clear cell renal carcinoma.

Background: Detection of microvascular invasion (MVI) of kidney tumors is important for selecting the optimal therapeutic strategy. Currently, the prediction of MVI lacks an accurate imaging biomarker. This study evaluated the performance of three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) imaging in predicting microvascular invasion (MVI) of T1 stage clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods: In this prospective study, we conducted pre-surgical imaging with a clinical 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. Firstly, 83 consecutive patients were enrolled in this study. A 3D MRE stiffness map was generated and transferred to a post-processing workstation. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) was conducted to calculate the tumor enhancement ratio. The presence of MVI was evaluated by histopathological analysis and graded according to the risk stratification based upon the number and distribution. The mean stiffness and CT tumor enhancement ratio was calculated for tumors with or without MVI. The diagnostic performance [sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, area under the curve (AUC)] and independent predicting factors for MVI were investigated. Results: Finally, A total of 80 patients (aged 46.7±13.2 years) were enrolled, including 22 cases of tumors with MVI. The mean MRE stiffness of kidney parenchyma and kidney tumors was 4.8±0.2 and 4.5±0.7 kPa, respectively. There was significant difference in the mean MRE stiffness between tumors with MVI (5.4±0.6 kPa) and tumors without MVI (4.1±0.3 kPa) (P<0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and the AUC for mean stiffness in the prediction of MVI were 100%, 75%, 63%, 96%, and 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72, 0.94], respectively. The corresponding values for the CT tumor enhancement ratio were 90%, 80%, 63%, 96%, and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.93), respectively. The odds ratio (OR) value for MRE tumor stiffness and CT kidney tumor enhancement ratio in the prediction of MVI was 2.9 (95% CI: 1.8, 3.7) and 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0, 1.7), respectively (P>0.05). Conclusions: 3D MRE imaging has promising diagnostic performance for predicting MVI in T1 stage ccRCC, which may improve the reliability of surgical strategy selection with T1 stage ccRCC.

The comparison of survival between active surveillance or watchful waiting and focal laser ablation in patients with low-risk prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second-most common cancer among men. Both active surveillance or watchful waiting (AS/WW) and focal laser ablation (FLA) can avoid the complications caused by radical treatment. How to make the choice between these options in clinical practice needs further study. Therefore, this study aims to compare and analyze their effects based on overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) to obtain better long-term benefits. We included patients with low-risk PCa from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database of 2010-2016. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses were conducted for OS and CSS in the two groups. To eliminate bias, this study applied a series of sensitivity analyses. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to obtain survival status. A total of 18 841 patients with low-risk PCa were included, with a median of 36-month follow-up. According to the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression, the FLA group presented inferior survival benefits in OS than the AS/WW group (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-3.33, P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, the result persisted (HR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.02-2.81, P < 0.05). According to the results of the sensitivity analysis, the inverse probability of the treatment weighing model indicated the same result in OS. In conclusion, AS/WW and FLA have the advantage of fewer side effects and the benefit of avoiding overtreatment compared with standard treatment. Our study suggested that AS/WW provides more survival benefits for patients with low-risk PCa. More relevant researches and data will be needed for further clarity.

Arterial Spin Labeling MRI for Predicting Microvascular Invasion of T1 Staging Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma Preoperatively.

BACKGROUND: Microvascular invasion (MVI) is a valuable factor for T1 staging renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) operation strategy decision, which is confirmed histopathologically post-operation. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the performance of arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI for predicting MVI of T1 staging ccRCC preoperatively. METHODS: 16 volunteers and 39 consecutive patients were enrolled. MRI examinations consisted of ASL (three post label delays separately) of the kidney, followed by T1 and T2-weighted imaging. Two sessions of ASL were used to evaluate the reproducibility on volunteers. Renal blood flow of renal cortex, medulla, the entire and solid part of the tumor were measured on ASL images. Conventional imaging features were extracted. MVI and WHO/ISUP classification were evaluated histopathologically. A paired t-test was used to compare the renal cortex and medulla between ASL 1 and ASL 2. The reproducibility was assessed using the intraclass correlation. Differences in mean perfusion between the entire and the solid parts of tumors with or without MVI were assessed separately using Student's t test. The diagnostic performance was assessed. Logistic regression analysis was used to indicate the independent prediction index for MVI. RESULTS: The two sessions of ASL showed no significant difference between the mean cortex values of RBF. The cortical RBF measurements demonstrated good agreement. 12 ccRCCs presented with MVI histopathologically. Mean perfusion of the solid part of tumors with MVI were 536.4 ± 154.8 ml/min/100 g (PLD1), 2912.5 ± 939.3 ml/min/100 g (PLD2), 3280.3 ± 901.2 ml/min/100 g (PLD3). Mean perfusion of the solid part of tumors without MVI were 453.5 ± 87.2 ml/min/100 g (PLD1), 1043.6 ± 695.8 ml/min/100 g (PLD2), 1577.6 ± 1085.8 ml/min/100 g (PLD3). These two groups have significant difference at all the PLDs (p < 0.05). The RBF of PLD1 of the solid part of tumor perfusion showed well diagnostic performance for predicting MVI: sensitivity 75%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 66.7%, and negative predictive value 95.7%. The maximum diameter of the tumor, ill-defined margin, and the solid part of tumor perfusion were the independent prediction index for MVI. CONCLUSION: ASL MR imaging has good reproducibility for renal cortex, and good diagnostic performance for predicting MVI for ccRCC.

Efficacy and safety of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for the treatment of distal ureteral calculi of 5 to 10 mm in size: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

To evaluate the Efficacy and safety of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors as a medical therapy for distal ureteral calculi by means of a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA). We searched the Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published before May, 2017. Stone passage rate as the primary outcome. We used random effects model for pairwise meta-analyses and Bayesian random effects model for NMA. We evaluated the quality of evidence by the GRADE framework for each network estimate. Five RCTs (861 patients) comparing four different interventions. The results of NMA showed that compared with tamsulosin alone, tamsulosin combined with tadalafil group was associated with significantly higher stone passage rate (odds radio [OR] 2.55, 95% credible intervals [Crl] 1.11 to 5.89). When considering stone expulsion rate, compared with tamsulosin, silodosin was ranked best (OR 3.58, 95% Crl 1.13 to 11.91), followed by tamsulosin combined with tadalafil (OR 2.55, 95% Crl 1.11 to 5.89) and tadalafil alone (OR 1.86, 95% Crl 0.95 to 4.25). No significant difference was found considering safety profiles between any interventions. This meta-analysis indicates that tamsulosin combined with tadalafil is an effective treatment option for ureteral stones with a low occurrence of side effects. Clinicians should take all known safety and compliance of patients into account when choosing an optimal strategy. Since sample size of included studies, further RCTs are strongly encouraged to address the clinical question.

[Cloning, expression and bioinformatic analysis of Rv3871 gene related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulent protein secretion].

OBJECTIVE: To clone and express the Rv3871 gene related to the virulent protein secretion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and analyze its molecular structure, function and homology using bioinformatic approach. METHODS: A pair of primers was designed to amplify the Rv3871 gene, which was subcloned into the prokaryotic plasmid pET32a(+). The recombinant plasmid was identified by sequence analysis and the expressed recombinant protein by SDS-PAGE. The structure, function and homology alignment of Rv3871 were analyzed comparatively against other mycobacteria. RESULTS: The restriction fragments through molecular cloning matched perfectly in size with our prediction. The gene sequence was consistent with the corresponding sequence in GenBank. The expression protein was detected by SDS-PAGE with a molecular weight of 84 kD. Two FtsK/SpoE III domains were found by bioinformatic analysis. The homology results showed distinct differences between Rv3871 of the pathogenic M. tuberculosis and its counterparts in non-pathogenic mycobacteria. CONCLUSION: Molecular cloning, expression and sequencing identify the structural and functional characteristics of Rv3871. The structural and functional differences of the gene between pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria identified by bioinformatics provide some evidence for the pathogenesis and drug targets of tuberculosis.