Long-term repetitive transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with disorders of consciousness: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of long-term repetitive transcranial direct current stimulation on patients with DOC in the subacute phase. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, controlled study, 33 patients were randomly assigned to the active or sham group, and 28 patients completed the study. Patients in the active group received anodal stimulation over the DLPFC, while patients in the sham group received placebo stimulation (20 min/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks). The level of consciousness among patients was assessed with the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) at baseline and at the end of every week from the first to the fourth week. RESULTS: The CRS-R scores of both the active and sham groups showed a consistent increasing trend over time; however, the treatment effect of the active group was better than that of the sham group. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in the total CRS-R score between the two groups at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4. Moreover, 10 patients (71.4%) in the active group and 3 patients (21.4%) in the sham group were regarded as responders. CONCLUSION: Long-term tDCS could improve the level of consciousness of patients with DOC in the subacute stage.

[Study on alleviating neuroinflammatory injury in ischemic stroke rats by electrical stimulation with scalp acupuncture based on IFN-γ mediated JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the molecular mechanism of electrical stimulation with scalp acupuncture (ESA) in alleviating neuroinflammatory injury in ischemic stroke rats based on interferon γ (IFN-γ)-mediated Janus kinase/signal transduction and transcriptional activator 1 (JAK/STAT1) signaling pathway. METHODS: Fifty-six SD rats aged 7 weeks were randomly divided into normal, model, ESA and inhibitor groups, with 14 rats in each group. The middle cerebral artery embolization rat model was established by means of thread embolization. Rats in the inhibitor group were intraperitoneally injected with the inhibitor PJ34 (5 mg/mL, 25 mg/kg) once a day for 7 days. Rats in the ESA group were treated at bilateral anterior parietotemporal slash (MS6) with ESA (2 Hz/100 Hz, 1 mA), 30 min a day for 7 days. Before and after interventions, the neurological deficit score and neurobehavioral score were evaluated. The percentage of cerebral infarction volume was detected by TTC staining. The positive expressions of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 in cerebral cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression levels of IFN-γ, JAK1, JAK2 and phosphorylated (p)-STAT1 in rats cerebral cortex were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the neurological deficit score, neurobehavioral score, the percentage of cerebral infarction volume, the expression levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, JAK1, JAK2 and p-STAT1 in cerebral cortex were increased (P<0.01), while the expression level of IL-10 was decreased (P<0.01) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the neurological deficit score and neurobehavioral score after treatment were significantly decreased (P<0.01), the percentage of cerebral infarction volume was decreased (P<0.01), the expression levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, JAK1, JAK2 and p-STAT1 in cerebral cortex were decreased (P<0.01), while the expression level of IL-10 was increased (P<0.01) in the ESA and inhibitor groups. ESA was superior to inhibitors in improving neurological deficit score and down-regulating p-STAT1 expression (P<0.05, P<0.01), and was inferior to inhibitor in reducing the percentage of cerebral infarction volume as well as down-regulating IFN-γ and JAK1 (P<0.01, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Down-regulating the expression of IFN-γ and inhibiting the activity of JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway may be one of the mechanisms by which ESA alleviates neuroinflammatory injury in ischemic stroke rats.

[Comparative study of Hedysari Radix and Astragali Radix alternative classic tonification prescriptions on humoral immunity in immunosuppressed mice].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the regulating effects of Hedysari Radix and Astragali Radix alternative classic tonification prescriptions on humoral immunity in immunosuppressed mice. METHODS: The immunosuppressed mouse model was induced by cyclophosphamide. The mice were administered intragastically with same dose of Hedysari Radix and Astragali Radix alternative Buzhong Yiqi Yiqi Yangxue,Yupingfeng oral liquid and Fuqi Zhihan granules for antagonistic experiments in vivo. And spleen index, HC50, CD19+B lymphocyte subgroup and content of serum IL-4 were determined after treatment. RESULTS: Both groups of Hedyseri Radix and Astragali Radix could antagonize immunosuppressive action caused by cyclophosphamide. They both could significantly raise spleen index, HC50, CD19+ B lymphocyte subgroup and content of serum IL4 in different degree. And Yupingfeng aqueous extract of Hedysari Radix substitute Astragali Radix was better than Yupingfeng oral liquid in raising spleen index. There were no significant differences among the rest Hedysari Radix and Astragali Radix alternative groups. CONCLUSION: Hedysari Radix compatibility with other drugs compared with original prescription has similar role in humoral immunity regulation.

[Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture on promoting wake-up of vegetative state after brain injury].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effect of Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture on promoting wake-up of vegetative state after brain injury on the basis of comprehensive rehabilitation training. METHODS: A total of 100 patients with vegetative state after brain injury were randomly divided into an observation group (50 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (50 cases). Both groups were treated with routine clinical treatment. The patients in the control group were treated with rehabilitation and hyperbaric oxygen; on the basis of the control group treatment, the patients in the observation group were treated with Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6), Shuigou (GV 26), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Chize (LU 5), Weizhong (BL 40), Hegu (LI 4) and Taichong (LR 3). The acupuncture was given once a day, 5 days per week, for continuous 30 days. The Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R) scores were observed before treatment and 10, 20 and 30 days into treatment. The wake-up rate of the two groups was compared after treatment. RESULTS: On 10, 20 and 30 days into treatment, the GCS and CRS-R scores in the two groups were higher than those before treatment (P<0.01), and the scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, the wake-up rate was 16.7% (8/48) in the observation group, which was higher than 12.0% (6/50) in the control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: On the basis of comprehensive rehabilitation and wake-up promotion therapy, the Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture could promote the recovery of consciousness level in patients with vegetative state after brain injury.

[Midnight-noon ebb-flow acupuncture combined with rehabilitation therapy for severe craniocerebral trauma patients with vegetative state: a randomized controlled trial].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical therapeutic effect of midnight-noon ebb-flow acupuncture combined with rehabilitation therapy and simple rehabilitation therapy in severe craniocerebral trauma patients with vegetative state. METHODS: A total of 100 patients were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 50 cases in each one. Basic treatment of medication, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and specialized nursing were given in both groups. In the control group, rehabilitation therapy was adopted for 30 min each time, once a day. On the basis of the control group, midnight-noon ebb-flow acupuncture was applied in the observation group, the needles were sustained for 30 min, once a day, 5 times a week. The treatment was for 30 days in both groups. Before treatment and after 10, 20, 30 days of treatment, scores of Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R) were observed, and the conscious rate after treatment was calculated in both groups. RESULTS: Compared before treatment, the GCS and CRS-R scores after 10, 20, 30 days of treatment were increased in both groups (P<0.01), and the scores in the observation group were superior to those in the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, the conscious rate was 20.0% (10/50) in the observation group, which was superior to 12.0% (6/50) in the control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Midnight-noon ebb-flow acupuncture combined with rehabilitation therapy can effectively treat the severe craniocerebral trauma patients with vegetative state, improve the consciousness level, and have superior therapeutic effect compared with simple rehabilitation therapy.

[Scalp-acupuncture improves neurological function by regulating expression of IL-10 mRNA, IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α of parahippocampal gyrus in cerebral ischemic rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of scalp-acupuncture intervention on the expression of Interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA, IL-6 mRNA and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - α in the parahippocampal gyrus of cerebral ischemia (CI) rats, so as to explore its molecular mechanisms underlying improvement of CI. METHODS: A total of 64 male SD rats were randomized into normal control, model, medication and scalp-acupuncture groups (n＝16 rats in each group). The focal CI model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Intraperitoneal injection of Ammonium Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate (100 mg•kg－1•d－1) was administrated for rats in the medication group, once a day for 7 days. For rats of the scalp-acupuncture group, the acupuncture needles were rapidly inserted into bilateral Dingnieqianxiexian (MS6), followed by twirling the needles at 100 cycles/min for 1 min, once again every 10 min during 20 min' needle retention. The treatment was conducted once a day for 7 days. The neurologic deficit score (0－4 points, impaired consciousness, death, etc.) and neurological function score (motor, sensory and sensory tests, 0－10 points) were assessed according to Longa's (1989) and Schabitz's (2004) methods, respectively. The expression levels of IL-10 mRNA and IL-6 mRNA were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the expression of TNF-α was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: After modeling, the neurologic deficit and neurological function scores and the expression levels of IL-10 mRNA, IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α protein in the parahippocampus were significantly increased in the model group than in the normal control group (P<0.01). Following the intervention, the neurologic deficit and neurological function scores as well as IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α protein expression were significantly down-regulated in both scalp-acupuncture and medication groups (P<0.05), and the expression of IL-10 mRNA was obviously increased (P<0.05) relevant to the model group. CONCLUSION: Scalp-acupuncture can improve neurologic function in CI rats, which is related to its effects in up-regulating the expression of IL-10, then down-regulating the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α (reducing inflammatory response) in the parahippocampal gyrus.

[Scalp-acupuncture Improves Neurological Function by Regulating Expression of NF-κB p 65 mRNA, IκB mRNA and IL-1 ß and TNF-α in Parahippocampal Gyrus of Cerebral Ischemia Rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of scalp-acupuncture intervention on the expression of parahippocampal factor-κB p 65 mRNA (NF-κB p 65 mRNA), IκB mRNA, interleukin-1 ß (IL-1 ß) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in rats with cerebral ischemia (CI), so as to investigate its molecular mechanisms underlying improving CI by reducing inflammatory response. METHODS: A total of 64 SD rats were randomized into normal control, model, medication and scalp-acupuncture groups, with 16 rats in each group. The focal CI model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Intraperitoneal injection of Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate (100 mg•kg－1•d－1) was administrated for rats in the medication group, once a day for 7 days. For rats of the scalp-acupuncture group, the acupuncture needles were rapidly inserted into bilateral Dingnieqianxiexian (MS 6) and Dingniehouxiexian (MS 7), followed by twirling the needles at 200 cycles/min for 1 min, once again every 10 min during 30 min's needle retention. The treatment was conducted once a day for 7 days. The neurologic deficit score (0－5 points, impaired consciousness, death, etc.) and neurological function score (motor, sensory and sensory tests, 0－10 points) were assessed according to Longa's (1989) and Schäbitz's (2004) methods, respectively. The expression levels of NF-κB p 65 mRNA and IκB mRNA in the parahippocampus gyrus tissue were detected by fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and IL-1 ß and TNF-α proteins in the parahippocampus gyrus tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: After modeling, the neurologic deficit and neurological function scores and the expression levels of NF-κB p 65 mRNA, IL-1 ß and TNF-α in the parahip-pocampus were significantly increased in the model group than in the normal group (P<0.01), while the expression of IκB mRNA was considerably down-regulated (P<0.01). Following treatment intervention, the neurologic deficit and neurological function scores as well as NF-κB p 65 mRNA, and IL-1 ß and TNF-α protein expression were significantly decreased in both scalp-acupuncture and medication groups compared with the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the decreased expression of IκB mRNA was obviously increased (P<0.05)．. CONCLUSION: Scalp-acupuncture can improve neurologic function in cerebral ischemic rats, which is related with its effects in up-regulating the expression of IκB to inhibit the dissociation of NF-κB, then decreasing the expression of IL-1 ß and TNF-α (reducing inflammatory response) in the parahippocampal gyrus tissue.

[Effect of Scalp-acupuncture Treatment on Levels of Serum High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein, and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of scalp acupuncture on levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß levels in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACl), so as to investigate its mechanism underlying improvement of ACI. METHODS: A total of 61 patients with ACI were randomly allocated to scalp acupuncture group (n = 31) and control (medication) group (n = 30). The patients of the control group were routinely treated by administration of Aspirin, Danhong injection, Cytidine Diphosphate for neurotrophy, blood pressure-control and blood-fat lowering medicines, etc., while those of the scalp acupuncture group were treated by routine treatment with the medicines mentioned above plus daily scalp acupuncture stimulation of bilateral Dingnieqianxiexian [MS 6, penetrative needling from Qianding (GV 21) to Xuanli (GB 6)] and Dingniehouxiexian [MS 7, from Baihui (GV 20) to Qubin (GB 7)]. The treatment was conducted once daily for 7 days. Serum hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß contents were assayed by using enzyme linked immunosorbnent assay (ELISA). The therapeutic effects of scalp acupuncture were evaluated by using clinical neurological disfunction scale (NDS, 0-45 points for consciousness, gazing, facial palsy, speech, myodynamia, walking-ability). RESULTS: (1) Of the 30 and 31 cases in the control and scalp acupuncture groups, 5 (16.7%) and 8 (25.8%) were basically controlled, 9 (30.0%) and 16 (51.6%) experienced remarkable improvement in their symptoms, 12 (40.0%) and 6 (19.4%) were improved, 4 (13.3%) and 1(3.2%) failed, with the effective rates being 86.7% and 96.8%, respectively. The increased levels of serum hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß in ACl patients were reversed on the 3rd and 7th day after scalp acupuncture treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). (2) A positive correlation existed between the NDS score and the serum levels of hs-CRP (r = 0.497, P < 0.01). (3) NDS scores were obviously decreased in both groups on the 7th day after the treatment compared with their baseline data (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Scalp acupuncture treatment can improve the ACI patients' clinical symptoms, probably by reducing ACl induced inflammatory reactions.

[Effect of Scalp-acupuncture Stimulation on Neurological Function and Expression of ASIC 1 a and ASIC 2 b of Hippocampal CA 1 Region in Cerebral Ischemia Rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of scalp-acupuncture on the expression of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) 1 a and 2 b of hippocampal CA 1 region in cerebral ischemia (CI) rats, so as to investigate its mechanism underlying improvement of ischemic stroke. METHODS: Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly allocated to normal control, model, scalp-acupuncture and Amiloride group (n=8 in each group). The model of focal CI was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Scalp acupuncture stimulation was applied to bilateral Dingnieqianxiexian (MS 6) and Dingniehouxiexian (MS 7), once daily for 7 days. Rats of the Amiloride group were fed with Amiloride solution, twice a day for 7 days, and those of the normal control and model groups were grabbled and fixed in the same way with the acupuncture and Amiloride groups. The neurological deficit score was given according to Longa's method. The expression of hippocampal ASIC 1 a and ASIC 2 b was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the Ca2+ concentration in the hippocampal tissue assayed using flowing cytometry. RESULTS: After the intervention, the neurological deficit score of both the scalp-acupuncture and Amiloride groups were significantly decreased in comparison with pre-treatment (P<0.01), and the effect of scalp-acupuncture was markedly superior to that of Amiloride in reducing neurological deficit score (P<0.05). The expression of ASIC 1 a and ASIC 2 b in the hippocampal CA 1 region and hip-pocampal Ca2+ concentration were significantly up-regulated in the model group compared with the normal control group (P<0.01), and obviously down-regulated in both scalp-acupuncture and Amiloride groups (P<0.01, P<0.05),without significant differences between the two treatment groups in the ASIC 1 a and ASIC 2 b expression and Ca2+ concentration (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Scalp-acupuncture stimulation can improve neurological function in CI rats, which may be related to its effects in suppressing the increased expression of hippocampal ASIC 1 a and ASIC 2 b proteins and in reducing calcium overload in hip-pocampal neurocytes.

Proteomic analysis of the effect of triterpenes from Patrinia heterophylla on leukemia K562 cells.

For centuries, Patrinia heterophylla had been used in China to treat many diseases including tumor. Triterpenes has been identified as the major active constituents in Patrinia heterophylla. To elucidate the antitumor mechanism of triterpenes from Patrinia heterophylla1 (TPH), a proteomic analysis is carried out with TPH treatment in K562 cells. The total proteins extracted from TPH treated K562 cells are analyzed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and compared with those untreated K562 cells. Mass spectrometry is applied to identify the differentially expressed proteins. Twenty-three differentially expressed significant proteins are discovered. Eight proteins are later identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and Mascot software. Among them, four proteins are up-regulated (Aldolase A, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Flavin reductase and Hemoglobin subunit) and four proteins were down-regulated (Heat-shock protein 90 〈Alpha〉 (HSP90-〈Alpha〉), Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A, Moesin, tublin) by TPH treatment in K562 cells. The identified proteins are associated with energy metabolism, oxidative stress, apoptosis, signal transduction, differential induction, and protein biosynthesis. These findings might provide valuable insights into the antitumor mechanism of TPH in K562 cells.