Hypervigilance to pain and sleep quality are confounding variables in the infrared thermography examination of the temporomandibular joint and temporal and masseter muscles.

OBJECTIVES: Verify whether hypervigilance to pain (HP) and sleep quality (SQ) are confounding variables in the infrared thermography (IT) examination of the temporomandibular joint and temporal and masseter muscles. METHODS: A cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted, collecting HP and SQ data from 80 participants without temporomandibular disorders (TMD), performing their IT and another 40 participants with TMD. For the selection of participants with and without TMD, the TMD Pain Screener questionnaire and axis I of the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders were applied. SQ was verified using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. For the HP assessment the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ) was applied. And the IT was performed through a FLIR infrared sensor camera, model T650 Infrared. RESULTS: No significant correlations were found between SQ and the temperatures of the areas of interest (P > .05), and regarding HP, a statistically significant positive correlation was found with the dimensionless (ρ = 0.289) and non-dimensionless (ρ = 0.223) asymmetries of temporal muscle temperatures. In the temperature comparisons between the participants without TMD and the participants with TMD, significant differences were found (P < .05), also when the group without TMD was controlled according to both HP and SQ (P < .05), with higher temperatures found in the TMD group. CONCLUSIONS: HP and SQ can be considered confounding variables in IT examination of the temporomandibular region.

Artificial intelligence and infrared thermography as auxiliary tools in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To assess three machine learning (ML) attribute extraction methods: radiomic, semantic and radiomic-semantic association on temporomandibular disorder (TMD) detection using infrared thermography (IT); and to determine which ML classifier, KNN, SVM and MLP, is the most efficient for this purpose. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 78 patients were selected by applying the Fonseca questionnaire and RDC/TMD to categorize control patients (37) and TMD patients (41). IT lateral projections of each patient were acquired. The masseter and temporal muscles were selected as regions of interest (ROI) for attribute extraction. Three methods of extracting attributes were assessed: radiomic, semantic and radiomic-semantic association. For radiomic attribute extraction, 20 texture attributes were assessed using co-occurrence matrix in a standardized angulation of 0°. The semantic features were the ROI mean temperature and pain intensity data. For radiomic-semantic association, a single dataset composed of 28 features was assessed. The classification algorithms assessed were KNN, SVM and MLP. Hopkins's statistic, Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to assess data. The significance level was set at 5% (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Training and testing accuracy values differed statistically for the radiomic-semantic association (p = 0.003). MLP differed from the other classifiers for the radiomic-semantic association (p = 0.004). Accuracy, precision and sensitivity values of semantic and radiomic-semantic association differed statistically from radiomic features (p = 0.008, p = 0.016 and p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Semantic and radiomic-semantic-associated ML feature extraction methods and MLP classifier should be chosen for TMD detection using IT images and pain scale data. IT associated with ML presents promising results for TMD detection.

Efetividade da ação clareadora dos dentifrícios no clareamento dental: uma revisão Integrativa / Effectiveness of teeth whitening action in dental bleaching: an Integrative review

Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade dos dentifrícios categorizados como do tipo clareadores no clareamento dental, por meio de um levantamento da evidência científica. Métodos: Foram utilizadas as bases de dados eletrônicas Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science e Scopus para a busca dos estudos até o mês de agosto de 2021. Estudos clínicos que compararam os dentifrícios mencionados como clareadores com os dentifrícios não clareadores na mudança de cor dos dentes foram incluídos. As palavras-chaves utilizadas na estratégia de busca foram: "whiteningtoothpastes", "whiteningdentifrice", "toothpastes", "dentifrice", "color change", "colorationanalysis" e "toothbleaching". Os dados foram analisados por meio de uma síntese qualitativa, detalhando os principais resultados dos estudos incluídos. Após a etapa de leitura e seleção dos artigos, foram incluídos 5 artigos para essa revisão integrativa. Resultados: O creme dental mais utilizado foi o Close Up White Now (n = 3). A metodologia de cor mais utilizada foi a espectrofotometria, o tipo de estudo que predominou foi o ensaio clínico randomizado, avaliando o esmalte dental humano. No que se refere ao RDA (Relative Dentin Abrasitity), os dentifrícios clareadores apresentam um índice entre 60-100, por vezes superior à 100, sendo considerados abrasivos. Conclusão: Nos resultados de alguns estudos incluídos, os dentifrícios clareadores não apresentaram efeito de clareamento intrínseco, apenas o efeito de remoção de manchas extrínsecas foi observado.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of dentifrices categorized as whitening in tooth whitening, through a survey of scientific evidence. Methods: The Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus electronic databases were used to search for studies up to August 2021. Clinical studies that compared dentifrices mentioned as whitening with non-whitening dentifrices in the change of tooth color were also included. The keywords used in the search strategy were: "whiteningtoothpastes", "whiteningdentifrice", "toothpastes", "dentifrice", "color change", "colorationanalysis", and "toothbleaching". Data were analyzed using a qualitative synthesis, detailing the main results of the included studies. After reading and selecting the articles, five articles were included in this integrative review. Results: The most used widely toothpaste was Close Up White Now (n = 3). The most commonly used color methodology was spectrophotometry, while the predominant type of study was the randomized clinical trial, evaluating human dental enamel. Regarding the RDA (Relative Dentin Abrasitity), whitening toothpastes have an index between 60-100, sometimes higher than the 100, and are considered abrasive. Conclusion: In the results of some of the included studies, whitening dentifrices did not have an intrinsic whitening effect; only the effect of removing extrinsic stains was observed.

Termografia infravermelha na odontologia / Infrared thermography in dentistry

A termografia infravermelha consiste em um exame de imagem complementar aplicada na avaliação da temperatura corporal com base na emissão de radiação infravermelha através da pele, podendo auxiliar no diagnóstico ou monitoramento das intervenções terapêuticas. Trata-se de uma técnica não ionizante e não invasiva que capta e registra a distribuição térmica da superfície cutânea avaliada por meio das alterações na microcirculação dos pacientes frente a diferentes condições patológicas. Dentre as aplicações na Odontologia, a termografia pode complementar o exame físico anatômico, visto que apresenta em tempo real condições fisiológicas, de acordo com a temperatura. Esta técnica pode auxiliar no diagnóstico e planejamento do tratamento de alterações orofaciais, como processos inflamatórios e infecciosos na região orofacial, acompanhamento pós-cirúrgico e na avaliação de pacientes com desordens temporomandibulares (DTM). A termografia ainda é pouco utilizada na Odontologia, e protocolos para avaliação de alterações na região de cabeça e pescoço ainda devem ser testados e estabelecidos. Porém, já mostra ser um exame complementar de boa performance na detecção de pontos gatilho da dor, acompanhamento de pacientes de forma não invasiva e como documentação médico-legal.

Infrared thermography consists of a complementary imaging test applied to the assessment of body temperature based on the emission of infrared radiation through the skin, which may aid in the diagnosis or monitoring of therapeutic interventions. It is a non-ionizing and non-invasive technique that captures and records the thermal distribution of the cutaneous surface evaluated by means of the changes in the patients' microcirculation in face of different pathological conditions. Among the applications in Dentistry, thermography can complement the anatomical physical examination, since it presents in real time physiological conditions according to temperature. This technique can help in the diagnosis and planning of the treatment of orofacial alterations, such as inflammatory and infectious processes in the orofacial region, post-surgical follow-up and in the routine evaluation of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Thermography is still poorly used in Dentistry and protocols for the evaluation of head and neck disorders have yet to be tested and established. However, it already shows up as a good complementary examination for the detection of pain trigger points, follow-up of patients in a non-invasive way, and as medical-legal documentation.