The biofilm-associated bacterial infections unrelated to indwelling devices.

Biofilms are microbial communities established in the self-produced extracellular substances that include up to 80% of associated microbial infections. During biofilm formation, bacterial cells shift from the planktonic forms to aggregated forms surrounded by an extracellular polymeric substance. The bacterial biofilm shows resistance against immune reactions as well as antibiotics and is potentially able to cause disorders by both device-related and nondevice-related infections. The nondevice-related bacterial biofilm infections include dental plaque, urinary tract infections, cystic fibrosis, otitis media, infective endocarditis, tonsillitis, periodontitis, necrotizing fasciitis, osteomyelitis, infectious kidney stones, and chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will summarize and examine the literature about bacterial biofilm infections unrelated to indwelling devices.

Prevalence of KPC-producing bacteria in negative gram of clinical samples obtained from patients.

Objective: Carbapenems are beta-lactam antibiotics that can play an important role in infections with multiple and severe resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of carbapenem-producing bacteria in gram-negative isolates of clinical samples obtained from patients. Methods: 291 g-negative bacilli were isolated from the samples of hospitalized patients using gram staining method, conventional methods and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the agar disk diffusion method for 5 different antibiotics. Strains that were resistant to Meropenem antibiotic, KPC enzyme production was examined by the Modified Hodge test method. Results: Out of 291 g-negative bacilli, 14 isolates showed resistance to Meropenem by a disk agar diffusion method where 12 (85.8%) strains were producing KPC enzyme. The highest frequency of Gram-negative KPC-producing bacilli was related to Klebsiella pneumoniae and the most positive samples were urine. The prevalence of this type of bacteria was highest in NICU and the male internal ward, respectively. Conclusion: It was shown that carbapenem-resistant strains are considered as a growing problem in hospitals, especially in the intensive care unit for children and men.