Mental health and academic performance: a study on selection and causation effects from childhood to early adulthood.

PURPOSE: An inverse relationship between mental health and academic achievement is a well-known phenomenon in the scientific literature. However, how and when this association develops is not fully understood and there is a lack of longitudinal, population-based studies on young children. Early intervention is important if associations are to be found already during childhood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of the association between mental health and academic performance during different developmental periods of childhood and adolescence. METHODS: Data from a longitudinal birth cohort study of 1700 children were used. Child mental health was assessed through mother's reports at age 3, and self-reports at age 12 and 20. Academic performance was assessed through teacher reports on educational results at age 12 and final grades from compulsory school (age 15-16) and upper secondary school (age 18-19). The association between mental health and academic performance was assessed through regression models. RESULTS: The results indicate that social selection mechanisms are present in all three periods studied. Behavioral and emotional problems at age 3 were associated with performing below grade at age 12. Similarly, mental health problems at age 12 were associated with lack of complete final grades from compulsory school and non-eligibility to higher education. Academic performance at ages 15 and 19 did not increase the risk for mental health problems at age 20. CONCLUSION: Mental health problems in early childhood and adolescence increase the risk for poor academic performance, indicating the need for awareness and treatment to provide fair opportunities to education.

Social determinants of the sick building syndrome: exploring the interrelated effects of social position and psychosocial situation.

This paper examines the importance of various social factors for the prevalence of "sick building syndrome" (SBS) in residential buildings. A survey has been conducted in Malmö, Sweden, resulting in 1131 randomly selected residents participating in the study (response rate 57 %). Two clusters of social factors were examined: the socio-structural position of the individual and psychosocial aspects of the housing situation. The results show that country of birth, in particular, and also education and employment status are important predictors of "domestic SBS". "Housing satisfaction" turns out to be an important psychosocial predictor of SBS, explaining, for example, why immigrants report more symptoms than natives.