Autoimmunity and long-term safety and efficacy of alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis: Benefit/risk following review of trial and post-marketing data.

Does preexisting or treatment-emergent autoimmunity increase the risk of subsequent autoimmune disease in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) after alemtuzumab? In the extended phase 2/3 trials, 34/96 (35.4%) patients with and 395/1120 (35.3%) without preexisting autoimmunity developed non-MS autoimmunity. Thyroid autoimmunity after alemtuzumab courses 1 or 2 did not increase subsequent non-thyroid autoimmune adverse events. Therefore, autoimmune disease before or after alemtuzumab treatment does not predict autoimmunity after further courses, so should not preclude adequate alemtuzumab dosing to control MS. Finally, post-marketing safety data contribute toward a full record of the alemtuzumab benefit/risk profile for the MS field.

Immune thrombocytopenia in alemtuzumab-treated MS patients: Incidence, detection, and management.

BACKGROUND: Alemtuzumab is a highly effective therapy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) has been identified as a risk. OBJECTIVE: To examine ITP incidence, treatment, and outcomes during the clinical development of alemtuzumab for RRMS and discuss postmarketing experience outside clinical trials. METHODS: CAMMS223 and Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif® Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis (CARE-MS) I and II investigated two annual courses of alemtuzumab 12 mg (or 24 mg in CAMMS223/CARE-MS II) versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a three times per week. Patients completing core studies could enroll in an extension. Monthly monitoring for ITP continued until 48 months after the last alemtuzumab infusion. RESULTS: Of 1485 alemtuzumab-treated MS patients in the clinical development program, 33 (2.2%) developed ITP (alemtuzumab 12 mg, 24 [2.0%]; alemtuzumab 24 mg, 9 [3.3%]) over median 6.1 years of follow-up after the first infusion; most had a sustained response to first-line ITP therapy with corticosteroids, platelets, and/or intravenous immunoglobulin. All cases occurred within 48 months of the last alemtuzumab infusion. Postmarketing surveillance data suggest that the ITP incidence is not higher in clinical practice than in clinical trials. CONCLUSION: Alemtuzumab-associated ITP occurs in approximately 2% of patients and is responsive to therapy. Careful monitoring is key for detection and favorable outcomes.

Efficacy of alemtuzumab in relapsing-remitting MS patients who received additional courses after the initial two courses: Pooled analysis of the CARE-MS, extension, and TOPAZ studies.

BACKGROUND: Alemtuzumab is given as two annual courses. Patients with continued disease activity may receive as-needed additional courses. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy and safety of additional alemtuzumab courses in the CARE-MS (Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif® Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis) studies and their extensions. METHODS: Subgroups were based on the number of additional alemtuzumab courses received. Exclusion criteria: other disease-modifying therapy (DMT); <12-month follow-up after last alemtuzumab course. RESULTS: In the additional-courses groups, Courses 3 and 4 reduced annualized relapse rate (12 months before: 0.73 and 0.74, respectively; 12 months after: 0.07 and 0.08). For 36 months after Courses 3 and 4, 89% and 92% of patients were free of 6-month confirmed disability worsening, respectively, with 20% and 26% achieving 6-month confirmed disability improvement. Freedom from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disease activity increased after Courses 3 and 4 (12 months before: 43% and 53%, respectively; 12 months after: 73% and 74%). Safety was similar across groups; serious events occurred irrespective of the number of courses. CONCLUSION: Additional alemtuzumab courses significantly improved outcomes, without increased safety risks, in CARE-MS patients with continued disease activity after Course 2. How this compares to outcomes if treatment is switched to another DMT instead remains unknown.

The sequential natalizumab - alemtuzumab therapy in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (SUPPRESS) trial - Part I: Rationale and objectives.

Background: Natalizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) against α4-integrin that is approved for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Natalizumab is associated with an increased risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and with disease reactivation after cessation of treatment that is likely mediated by an accumulation of pro-inflammatory lymphocytes in the blood during therapy. Alemtuzumab is a mAb against CD52 that reduces the number of peripheral lymphocytes. Rationale: To determine if treatment with alemtuzumab after natalizumab reduces disease activity in patients with relapsing forms of MS. This review article will outline the rationale and objectives of the sequential natalizumab - alemtuzumab therapy in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (SUPPRESS; ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03135249) trial in greater detail than would be feasible in a manuscript that summarizes the study results. Methods: The SUPPRESS trial is single arm, open-label, multicenter, efficacy pilot study that aims to establish a disease-free state over a 24-months period in patients who received the natalizumab- alemtuzumab sequential therapy. Participants will be recruited from four different sites. The primary endpoint is the annualized relapse rate (ARR) from the time of cessation of natalizumab treatment. Key secondary endpoint is freedom of relapse at 12-months, the number of new/enlarging T2 lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the number of gadolinium (Gd)-enhancing lesions on MRI. An exploratory endpoint is the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness assessment by optic coherence tomography (OCT) and assessment of quality of life (QoL) measures by a pre-defined, self-administered testing battery. To evaluate immunological effects, blood leukocytes will be collected and immunophenotyped by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Conclusion: The SUPPRESS trial will provide clinical, imaging, and biological data to determine whether sequential natalizumab to alemtuzumab combination therapy establish a disease-free state in patients with relapsing forms of MS.

CLICK-MS and MASTER-2 Phase IV trial design: cladribine tablets in suboptimally controlled relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Cladribine tablets 10 mg (3.5 mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) are approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), including relapsing-remitting MS and active secondary progressive MS. However, real-world data on cladribine tablets are limited. CLICK-MS and MASTER-2 are single arm, observational, 30-month, Phase IV studies in the US evaluating the effectiveness and safety of cladribine tablets 3.5 mg/kg in patients with relapsing-remitting MS or active secondary progressive MS who had suboptimal response to prior injectable (CLICK-MS), or infusion/oral (MASTER-2) disease-modifying therapy. The primary end point is 24-month annualized relapse rate. Key secondary end points include patient-reported outcomes on quality of life measures, treatment adherence and adverse events. Studies began in 2019 and are expected to be completed in 2023. Trial registration number • CLICK-MS: NCT03933215 (ClinicalTrials.gov) Full title; CLadribine tablets: observational evaluation of effectIveness and patient-reported outcomes in suboptimally Controlled patients previously taKing injectable disease-modifying drugs for relapsing forms of Multiple Sclerosis • MASTER-2: NCT03933202 (ClinicalTrials.gov) Full title; Cladribine tablets: observational evaluation of effectiveness and patient-reported outcomes in suboptiMAlly controlled patientS previously Taking oral or infusion disEase-modifying dRugs for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.

Efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab over 6 years: final results of the 4-year CARE-MS extension trial.

BACKGROUND: In the 2-year CARE-MS I and II trials, alemtuzumab 12 mg administered on 5 consecutive days at core study baseline and on 3 consecutive days 12 months later significantly improved outcomes versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a (SC IFNB-1a) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Here, we present the final 6-year CARE-MS extension trial results (CAMMS03409), and compare outcomes over 6 years in patients randomized to both treatment groups at core study baseline. METHODS: Over a 4-year extension, alemtuzumab patients (alemtuzumab-only) received as-needed additional alemtuzumab (⩾12 months apart) for disease activity after course 2. SC IFNB-1a patients who entered the extension discontinued SC IFNB-1a and received 2 alemtuzumab 12 mg courses (IFN-alemtuzumab), followed by additional, as-needed, alemtuzumab. RESULTS: Through year 6, 63% of CARE-MS I and 50% of CARE-MS II alemtuzumab-only patients received neither additional alemtuzumab nor other disease-modifying therapy, with lasting suppression of disease activity, improved disability, and slowing of brain volume loss (BVL). In CARE-MS I patients (treatment-naive; less disability; shorter disease duration), disease activity and BVL were significantly reduced in IFN-alemtuzumab patients, similar to alemtuzumab-only patients at year 6. Among CARE-MS II patients (inadequate response to prior treatment; more disability; longer disease duration), alemtuzumab significantly improved clinical and magnetic resonance imaging outcomes, including BVL, in IFN-alemtuzumab patients; however, disability outcomes were less favorable versus alemtuzumab-only patients. Safety profiles, including infections and autoimmunities, following alemtuzumab were similar between treatment groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the high efficacy of alemtuzumab over 6 years, with a similar safety profile between treatment groups. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIERS: NCT00530348; NCT00548405; NCT00930553.

Alemtuzumab outcomes by age: Post hoc analysis from the randomized CARE-MS studies over 8 years.

BACKGROUND: Alemtuzumab significantly improved clinical and MRI outcomes vs. subcutaneous interferon beta-1a (SC IFNB-1a) in the CARE-MS trials (NCT00530348, NCT00548405), with sustained efficacy in 2 consecutive extensions (NCT00930553, NCT02255656 [TOPAZ]). METHODS: Post hoc analysis of 8-year alemtuzumab efficacy and safety in pooled CARE-MS patients (N=811) stratified by baseline age (≥18 to ≤25, >25 to ≤35, >35 to ≤45, >45 to ≤55 years). RESULTS: Compared with SC IFNB-1a over 2 years across age cohorts, alemtuzumab lowered annualized relapse rates (ARR; 0.22-0.24 vs. 0.38-0.51), improved or stabilized disability (freedom from 6-month confirmed disability worsening [CDW]: 85%-92% vs. 62%-88%; achievement of 6-month confirmed disability improvement [CDI]: 20%-31% vs. 13%-25%), increased proportions free of MRI disease activity (70%-86% vs. 42%-63% per year), and slowed brain volume loss (BVL; -0.45% to -0.87% vs. -0.50% to -1.39%). Through Year 2, the treatment effect with alemtuzumab did not significantly differ among age groups for ARR (p-interaction=0.6325), 6-month CDW-free (p-interaction=0.4959), 6-month CDI (p-interaction=0.9268), MRI disease activity-free (p-interaction=0.6512), and BVL (p-interaction=0.4970). Alemtuzumab remained effective on outcomes through Year 8 across age groups. Age-related increases in malignancies (≤45 years: 0.9%-2.2% vs. >45 years: 8.1%) and deaths (0%-1.7% vs. 7.0%) were observed. Serious infections also increased from the youngest (5.1%) to oldest (12.8%) age cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Alemtuzumab had greater efficacy than SC IFNB-1a over 2 years across comparable age groups, with no significant differences between alemtuzumab-treated age groups. Efficacy on relapse, disability, and MRI outcomes continued through Year 8 across age groups. Age-related increases in serious infections, malignancies, and deaths were observed.

Effect of Multiple Sclerosis on Daily Activities, Emotional Well-being, and Relationships: The Global vsMS Survey.

BACKGROUND: The vsMS survey was conducted to better understand the negative effects of fatigue, cognitive impairment, emotional burden, and decreased physical functioning on the personal, professional, and social lives of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: The vsMS survey was an online survey conducted in Australia, Canada, France, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States that assessed the impact of MS on individuals' daily activities, emotional well-being, relationships, and employment. RESULTS: The survey included 1075 participants with relapsing-remitting MS. Almost 42% of participants reported that their ability to perform and manage daily activities had worsened during the previous 2 years. More than 50% reported limitations in daily activities due to fatigue, physical weakness, problems with balance/coordination, heat/cold sensitivity, memory problems, numbness/tingling, trouble concentrating, impaired movement/muscle stiffness, and impaired sleeping. Participants also reported a negative effect on emotional and social factors, including self-esteem, general outlook, well-being, maintaining/starting relationships, ability to progress in their career/keep their job, and ability to cope with life roles. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight the importance of addressing the impact of MS and the social and emotional disease burdens on daily activities when planning the care of patients with MS.

Long-term efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab in patients with RRMS: 12-year follow-up of CAMMS223.

BACKGROUND: In the phase 2 CAMMS223 trial (NCT00050778), alemtuzumab significantly improved clinical and MRI outcomes versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a over 3 years in treatment-naive patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Here, we assess efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab over 12 years in CAMMS223 patients who enrolled in the CAMMS03409 extension (NCT00930553), with available follow-up through the subsequent TOPAZ extension (NCT02255656). METHODS: In CAMMS223, patients received 2 alemtuzumab courses (12 mg/day; baseline: 5 days; 12 months later: 3 days); 22% received a third course. In the open-label, nonrandomized extensions, patients could receive as-needed additional alemtuzumab or other disease-modifying therapies. RESULTS: Of 108 alemtuzumab-treated patients in CAMMS223, 60 entered the CAMMS03409 extension; 33% received a total of 2 alemtuzumab courses, and 73% received no more than 3 courses through Year 12. Over 12 years, annualized relapse rate was 0.09, 71% of patients had stable or improved Expanded Disability Status Scale scores, and 69% were free of 6-month confirmed disability worsening. In Year 12, 73% of patients were free of MRI disease activity. Cumulatively throughout the extensions (Years 7-12), 34% of patients had no evidence of disease activity. Adverse event (AE) incidence declined through Year 12. Infusion-associated reactions peaked at first course and declined thereafter. Cumulative thyroid AE incidence was 50%; one immune thrombocytopenia event occurred, and there were no autoimmune nephropathy cases. CONCLUSIONS: Alemtuzumab efficacy was maintained over 12 years in CAMMS223 patients, with 73% receiving no more than three courses. The safety profile in this cohort was consistent with other alemtuzumab clinical trials.

Efficacy and Safety of Alemtuzumab Through 9 Years of Follow-up in Patients with Highly Active Disease: Post Hoc Analysis of CARE-MS I and II Patients in the TOPAZ Extension Study.

BACKGROUND: Alemtuzumab efficacy versus subcutaneous interferon-ß-1a (SC IFNB-1a) was demonstrated over 2 years in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, with continued efficacy over 7 additional years. Alemtuzumab is included as a recommended treatment for patients with highly active disease (HAD) by the American Academy of Neurology Practice Guidelines, and the label indication in Europe was recently restricted to the treatment of HAD patients. There is currently no consensus definition for HAD, and alemtuzumab efficacy across various HAD definitions has not been explored previously. OBJECTIVES: In this post hoc analysis, we assess the efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab in Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif® Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis (CARE-MS) trial patients who met criteria for at least one of four separate definitions of HAD (one primary and three alternatives). Over 2 years, alemtuzumab-treated HAD patients were compared with SC IFNB-1a-treated HAD patients, with additional 7-year follow-up in patients from the alemtuzumab arm. METHODS: Patients in the CARE-MS studies received either alemtuzumab (baseline: 5 days; 12 months later: 3 days) or SC IFNB-1a (3 times weekly). Alemtuzumab-treated patients who enrolled in the extensions could receive additional courses ≥ 12 months apart. Four definitions of HAD were applied to assess alemtuzumab efficacy: the pre-specified primary definition (two or more relapses in the year prior to baseline and at least one gadolinium [Gd]-enhancing lesion at baseline) and three alternative definitions that focused on relapse, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or prior treatment response criteria. Efficacy outcomes were annualized relapse rate, change in Expanded Disability Status Scale score, 6-month confirmed disability worsening, 6-month confirmed disability improvement, MRI disease activity, and brain volume change. Adverse events were summarized for HAD patients meeting the primary definition. RESULTS: In the pooled CARE-MS population, 208 alemtuzumab-treated patients met the primary HAD definition. Annualized relapse rate was 0.27 in years 0-2 and 0.16 in years 3-9. Over 9 years, 62% of patients were free of 6-month confirmed disability worsening, 50% had 6-month confirmed disability improvement, and median cumulative change in brain volume was - 2.15%. During year 9, 62% had no evidence of disease activity, and 69% were free of MRI disease activity. Similar efficacy outcomes were observed using an alternative relapse-driven HAD definition. For patients meeting alternative HAD definitions focused on either higher MRI lesion counts or disease activity while on prior therapy, reduced efficacy for some endpoints was seen. Safety was consistent with the overall CARE-MS population through year 9. CONCLUSIONS: Over 9 years, alemtuzumab efficacy was maintained in CARE-MS HAD patients based on four HAD definitions. These results support intervention with alemtuzumab in patients with early indicators of HAD, including frequent relapse without high MRI activity. No safety signals were observed over 9 years that were unique to the HAD populations. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIERS: NCT00530348; NCT00548405; NCT00930553; NCT02255656.

Best Practices for Long-Term Monitoring and Follow-Up of Alemtuzumab-Treated MS Patients in Real-World Clinical Settings.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune neurological disease that typically affects young adults, causing irreversible physical disability and cognitive impairment. Alemtuzumab, administered intravenously as 2 initial courses of 12 mg/day (5 consecutive days at baseline, and 3 consecutive days 12 months later), resulted in significantly greater improvements in clinical and MRI outcomes vs. subcutaneous interferon beta-1a over 2 years in patients with active relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) who were either treatment-naive (CARE-MS I; NCT00530348) or had an inadequate response to prior therapy (CARE-MS II; NCT00548405). Efficacy with alemtuzumab was maintained over 7 years in subsequent extension studies (NCT00930553; NCT02255656), in the absence of continuous treatment and with a consistent safety profile. There is an increased incidence of autoimmune events in patients treated with alemtuzumab (mainly thyroid events, but also immune thrombocytopenia and nephropathy), which imparts a need for mandatory safety monitoring for 4 years following the last treatment. The risk management strategy for alemtuzumab-treated patients includes laboratory monitoring and a comprehensive patient education and support program that enables early detection and effective management of autoimmune events, yielding optimal outcomes for MS patients. Here we provide an overview of tools and techniques that have been implemented in real-world clinical settings to reduce the burden of monitoring for both patients and healthcare providers, including customized educational materials, the use of social media, and interactive online databases for managing healthcare data. Many practices are also enhancing patient outreach efforts through coordination with specialized nursing services and ancillary caregivers. The best practice recommendations for safety monitoring described in this article, based on experiences in real-world clinical settings, may enable early detection and management of autoimmune events, and help with implementation of monitoring requirements while maximizing the benefits of alemtuzumab treatment for MS patients.