The Brachiocephalic Vein as a Safe and Viable Alternative to Internal Jugular Vein for Central Venous Cannulation.

BACKGROUND: Although many studies have compared success and complication rates for central line insertion sites with and without ultrasound, few have examined the use of the brachiocephalic vein for central venous access. The aim of this study was to describe the brachiocephalic vein as an alternative site for elective ultrasound vascular cannulation in adults, and to compare it with the more commonly used internal jugular vein site in terms of procedural difficulties, first pass failure rate, overall failure rate, and safety. METHODS: In this single-center, retrospective cohort study, clinical data from consecutive adult patients undergoing elective ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization of upper body were retrieved from the department database. All of these central venous catheters were requested by department team, none was positioned for surgery. Seven hundred nine patients underwent central venous catheterization via the internal jugular approach and 285 patients via the brachiocephalic route. Patients catheterized via the brachiocephalic vein approach were then compared with those catheterized via the internal jugular vein in terms of ease of catheterization, success rate, and complications. Differences between approaches were assessed by univariate analyses and multivariable analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 994 patients underwent central venous catheterization. A total of 87% had a successful catheter implantation at the first attempt, 6.7% of insertions were difficult, 5.7% were complicated, and 3.4% failed. Procedural difficulty was more frequent with the internal jugular than with the brachiocephalic approach (odds ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-0.76; P = .007) after correction for potential confounders. Differences between groups in complication rate (6.3% vs 4.1%) or failure rate (3.4% vs 3.5%) were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Brachiocephalic cannulation is a reasonable alternative to ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein catheterization.

Two Different Endoscopic Procedures Made Feasible by the Janus Mask in a High-Risk Patient.

The Janus mask is a full face mask designed for providing noninvasive ventilation (NIV) during any kind of upper endoscopies (e.g., fiber-optic bronchoscopy, gastrointestinal endoscopy, and transesophageal echocardiography). Due to its unique conformation, its use can be considered for both elective and urgent endoscopic procedures in high-risk patients. In this case report, we present a patient with acute respiratory failure who underwent two consecutive different endoscopic procedures (fiber-optic bronchoscopy and gastrointestinal endoscopy) during continuous positive airway pressure support by means of this novel NIV mask, thus avoiding tracheal intubation and at the same time, improving his respiratory condition.

Mechanical Ventilation and Diaphragmatic Atrophy in Critically Ill Patients: An Ultrasound Study.

OBJECTIVE: Mechanical ventilation contributes to diaphragmatic atrophy and dysfunction, and few techniques exist to assess diaphragmatic function: the purpose of this study was to quantify diaphragm atrophy in a population of critically ill mechanically ventilated patients with ultrasound and to identify risk factors that can worsen diaphragmatic activity. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: ICU of a 1,200-bed university hospital. PATIENTS: Newly intubated adult critically ill patients. INTERVENTIONS: Diaphragm thickness in the zone of apposition was measured daily with ultrasound, from the first day of mechanical ventilation till discharge to the main ward. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Daily atrophy rate (ΔTdi/d) was calculated as the reduction in percentage from the previous measurement. To analyze the difference in atrophy rate (ΔTdi/d), ventilation was categorized into four classes: spontaneous breathing or continuous positive airway pressure; pressure support ventilation 5-12 cm H2O (low pressure support ventilation); pressure support ventilation greater than 12 cm H2O (high pressure support ventilation); and controlled mechanical ventilation. Multivariate analysis with ventilation support and other clinical variables was performed to identify risk factors for atrophy. Forty patients underwent a total of 153 ultrasonographic evaluations. Mean (SD) ΔTdi/d was -7.5% (12.3) during controlled mechanical ventilation, -5.3% (12.9) at high pressure support ventilation, -1.5% (10.9) at low pressure support ventilation, +2.3% (9.5) during spontaneous breathing or continuous positive airway pressure. At multivariate analysis, only the ventilation support was predictive of diaphragm atrophy rate. Pressure support predicted diaphragm thickness with coefficient -0.006 (95% CI, -0.010 to -0.002; p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill mechanically ventilated patients, there is a linear relationship between ventilator support and diaphragmatic atrophy rate.

Percutaneous tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients: a new apneic approach.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous dilation tracheostomy is an aerosol-generating procedure carrying a documented infectious risk during respiratory virus pandemics. For this reason, during the COVID-19 outbreak, surgical tracheostomy was preferred to the percutaneous one, despite the technique related complications increased risk. METHODS: We describe a new sequence for percutaneous dilation tracheostomy procedure that could be considered safe both for patients and healthcare personnel. A fiberscope was connected to a video unit to allow bronchoscopy. Guidewire positioning was performed as usual. While the established standard procedure continues with the creation of the stoma without any change in mechanical ventilation, we retracted the bronchoscope until immediately after the access valve in the mount tube, allowing normal ventilation. After 3 minutes of ventilation with 100% oxygen, mechanical ventilation was stopped without disconnecting the circuit. During apnea, the stoma was created by dilating the trachea and the tracheostomy cannula was inserted. Ventilation was then resumed. We evaluated the safeness of the procedure by recording any severe desaturation and by performing serological tests to all personnel. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients (38%) of 96 underwent tracheostomy; 22 (23%) percutaneous dilation tracheostomies with the new approach were performed without any desaturation. All personnel (150 operators) were evaluated for serological testing: 9 (6%) had positive serology but none of them had participated in tracheostomy procedures. CONCLUSION: This newly described percutaneous dilation tracheostomy technique was not related to severe desaturation events and we did not observe any positive serological test in health workers who performed the tracheostomies.

Angiotensin II infusion and markers of organ function in invasively ventilated COVID-19 patients.

Objective: The use of angiotensin II in invasively ventilated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is controversial. Its effect on organ function is unknown. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary academic hospital in Milan, Italy. Participants: Adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19. Interventions: Use angiotensin II either as rescue vasopressor agent or as low dose vasopressor support. Main outcome measures: Patients treated before angiotensin II was available or treated in an adjacent COVID-19 ICU served as controls. For data analysis, we applied Bayesian modelling as appropriate. We assessed the effects of angiotensin II on organ function. Results: We compared 46 patients receiving angiotensin II therapy with 53 controls. Compared with controls, angiotensin II increased the mean arterial pressure (median difference, 9.05 mmHg; 95% CI, 1.87-16.22; P = 0.013) and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio (median difference, 23.17; 95% CI, 3.46-42.88; P = 0.021), and decreased the odds ratio (OR) of liver dysfunction (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.09-0.94). However, angiotensin II had no effect on lactate, urinary output, serum creatinine, C-reactive protein, platelet count, or thromboembolic complications. In patients with abnormal baseline serum creatinine, Bayesian modelling showed that angiotensin II carried a 95.7% probability of reducing the use of renal replacement therapy (RRT). Conclusions: In ventilated patients with COVID-19, angiotensin II therapy increased blood pressure and PaO2/FiO2 ratios, decreased the OR of liver dysfunction, and appeared to decrease the risk of RRT use in patients with abnormal baseline serum creatinine. However, all of these findings are hypothesis-generating only. Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04318366.

COVID-19 second wave: appropriateness of admissions to the Emergency Department of a main metropolitan hospital in Milan.

BACKGROUND: In Europe, Italy and Lombardy, in autumn 2020, there was a steep increase in reported cases due to the second epidemic wave of SARS-Cov-2 infection. We aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of COVID-19 patients' admissions to the ED of the San Raffaele Hospital. METHODS: We compared data between the inter-wave period (IWP, from 1st to 30th September) and the second wave period (WP, 1st October to 15th November) focusing on the ED presentation, discharge priority colour code and outcomes. RESULTS: Out of 977 admissions with a SARS-Cov-2 positive swab, 6% were in the IWP and 94% in the WP. Red, yellow and white code increased (these latter from 1.8% to 5.4%) as well as self-presented in yellow and white code. Discharges home increased from 1.8% to 5.4%, while hospitalizations decreased from 63% to 51%. DISCUSSION: We found a rise in white codes (among self-presented patients), indicating inappropriateness of admissions. The increase in discharges suggests that several patients did not require hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic brought out the fundamental role of primary care to manage patients with low-intensity needs. The important increase in ED admissions of COVID-19 patients caused a reduction of NO-COVID-19 patients, with possible inadequate treatment.

Refractory anti-NMDAR encephalitis successfully treated with bortezomib and associated movements disorders controlled with tramadol: a case report with literature review.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a potentially fatal autoimmune disease, characterized by autoantibody-mediated neurotransmission impairment in multiple brain locations. The course of this condition often comprises altered mental status, autonomic dysfunctions, refractory seizures and hyperkinetic movement disorders. Available disease-modifying therapies include corticosteroids, i.v. immunoglobulins, plasma exchange, rituximab and cyclophosphamide. In a subgroup of patients not responding to B-cell depletion, bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, has shown promising evidence of efficacy. The time course of recovery from acute phase may be very slow (weeks/months), and only few data are available in literature about the concurrent management of encephalitis-associated movement disorders. We report a case of severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a 29-year-old woman, not responsive to first- and second-line treatments, with persistent involuntary motor manifestations. Starting three months after symptom onset, four cycles of bortezomib have been administered; subsequently we observed a progressive improvement of neurological status. Meanwhile, motor manifestations were controlled after the administration of tramadol, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist.

Impact of impedance threshold devices on cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.

OBJECTIVES: Vital organ hypoperfusion significantly contributes to the dismal survival rates observed with manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest. The impedance threshold device is a valve which reduces air entry into lungs during chest recoil between chest compressions, producing a potentially beneficial decrease in intrathoracic pressure and thus increasing venous return to the heart. This review provides an update on the impedance threshold device and underlines its effect on short-term survival. DATA SOURCE: MedCentral, CENTRAL, PubMed, and conference proceedings were searched (updated March 27, 2007). Authors and external experts were contacted. STUDY SELECTIONS: Three unblinded reviewers selected randomized trials using an impedance threshold device in cardiopulmonary resuscitation of nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Four reviewers independently abstracted patient, treatment and outcome data. DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 833 patients from five high quality randomized studies were included in the analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS: Pooled estimates showed that the impedance threshold device consistently and significantly improved return to spontaneous circulation (202/438 [46%] for impedance threshold device group vs. 159/445 [36%] for control, relative risk [RR] = 1.29 [1.10-1.51], p = .002), early survival (139/428 [32%] vs. 97/433 [22%], RR = 1.45 [1.16-1.80], p = .0009) and favorable neurologic outcome (39/307 [13%] vs. 18/293 [6%], RR = 2.35 [1.30-4.24], p = .004) with no effect on favorable neurologic outcome in survivors (39/60 [65%] vs. 18/44 [41%]) nor an improved survival at the longest available follow up (35/428 [8.2%] vs. 24/433 [5.5%]). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies suggests that the impedance threshold device improves early outcome in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction in the critically ill patient with ultrasound: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Diaphragmatic dysfunction (DD) has a high incidence in critically ill patients and is an under-recognized cause of respiratory failure and prolonged weaning from mechanical ventilation. Among different methods to assess diaphragmatic function, diaphragm ultrasonography (DU) is noninvasive, rapid, and easy to perform at the bedside. We systematically reviewed the current literature assessing the usefulness and accuracy of DU in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. METHODS: Pubmed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar Databases were searched for pertinent studies. We included all original, peer-reviewed studies about the use of DU in ICU patients. RESULTS: Twenty studies including 875 patients were included in the final analysis. DU was performed with different techniques to measure diaphragmatic inspiratory excursion, thickness of diaphragm (Tdi), and thickening fraction (TF). DU is feasible, highly reproducible, and allows one to detect diaphragmatic dysfunction in critically ill patients. During weaning from mechanical ventilation and spontaneous breathing trials, both diaphragmatic excursion and diaphragmatic thickening measurements have been used to predict extubation success or failure. Optimal cutoffs ranged from 10 to 14 mm for excursion and 30-36 % for thickening fraction. During assisted mechanical ventilation, diaphragmatic thickening has been found to be an accurate index of respiratory muscles workload. Observational studies suggest DU as a reliable method to assess diaphragm atrophy in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Current literature suggests that DU could be a useful and accurate tool to detect diaphragmatic dysfunction in critically ill patients, to predict extubation success or failure, to monitor respiratory workload, and to assess atrophy in patients who are mechanically ventilated.

Contributing factors for a late spontaneous peripherally inserted central catheter migration: a case report and review of literature.

PURPOSE: Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are associated with some adverse events, the most frequent are thrombosis, tip catheter malposition and spontaneous late migration. However, the cause of spontaneous late migration in most cases remains unknown. We carried out this study to add data to the literature on PICCs late spontaneous migration. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of all manuscripts describing PICC spontaneous late migration in adult populations and we also described two cases of late PICCs migration. RESULTS: We identified five studies for a total of 58 cases of PICC late migration. In our two cases, patients' activity is an important contributing factor for late spontaneous PICC migration. CONCLUSIONS: To avoid late catheter misplacement, initial malposition should be immediately identified and promptly corrected and a detailed patients training should be carried out.