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1.
J Biosoc Sci ; 55(2): 306-325, 2023 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35022107

RESUMO

Schistosomiasis japonica remains a public health concern in many areas of the Philippines. Periodic Mass Drug Administration (MDA) to at-risk populations is the main strategy for morbidity control of schistosomiasis. Attaining MDA coverage targets is important for the reduction of morbidity and prevention of complications due to the disease, and towards achieving Universal Health Care. The study employed a qualitative case study design. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to provide in-depth and situated descriptions of the contexts surrounding the implementation of MDA in two selected villages in known schistosomiasis-endemic provinces in Mindanao in the Philippines. Data analysis was done using the Critical Ecology for Medical Anthropology (CEMA) model coupled with the intersectionality approach. It was found that within various areas in the CEMA model, enabling as well as constraining factors have been encountered in MDA in the study settings. The interplay of income class, geographical location, gender norms and faith-based beliefs may have led to key populations being missed during the conduct of MDA in the study sites. The constraints faced by the target beneficiaries of MDA, as well as programme implementers, must be addressed to enhance service delivery and to control morbidity due to schistosomiasis. Improving compliance with MDA also requires a holistic, integrated approach to addressing barriers to participation, which are shaped by wider socio-political and power structures.


Assuntos
Enquadramento Interseccional , Esquistossomose , Humanos , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Esquistossomose/epidemiologia , Esquistossomose/prevenção & controle , Esquistossomose/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Massiva de Medicamentos , Saúde Pública
2.
Yale J Biol Med ; 87(3): 299-306, 2014 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25191145

RESUMO

Due to a USAID-funded study on blood banks, a national policy was instituted in 1994 that set standards for Philippine blood services, promoted voluntary donation, and led to a ban on commercial blood banks. In this follow-up study, we assess the safety of the supply by determining the residual risk for transfusion-transmitted infections (syphilis, hepatitis B and C, HIV). We also identified unsafe facility practices and generated policy recommendations. A 1992 study found that transfusion-ready blood was not safe using the LQAS method (P > 0.05). We found that the 2012 residual risk became 0 to 0.9 percent attributable to the national policy. We noted poor to fair adherence to this policy. We identified unsafe practices such as use of rapid tests and lack of random blood retesting. Training and use of regional networks may improve safety. Despite improvement in safety, facilities complain of funding and logistical issues regarding compliance with the policy.


Assuntos
Bancos de Sangue , Doenças Transmissíveis/etiologia , Reação Transfusional , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Humanos , Filipinas , Fatores de Risco
3.
Acta Med Philipp ; 58(1): 25-33, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38939852

RESUMO

Background: Indigenous peoples (IPs) remain vulnerable to soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) due to limited access to sanitary toilets, clean water, quality health education, and services. The World Health Organization recommends periodic mass drug administration (MDA) of anthelminthics, health education, and improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as control strategies to reduce morbidities caused by STH in target populations such as school-age children (SAC).This paper complements the published results of the parasitological survey (prevalence and intensity of STH) conducted in selected Aeta and Ata-Manobo communities. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the accessibility of STH control strategies to respond to the needs of SAC in IP communities in Pampanga and Davao del Norte, the Philippines. It likewise intended to describe access of these IP communities to STH control strategies. Methods: Data on accessibility of and access to STH control strategies were collected using key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Eleven officials and workers from the departments of health and education, local government units, and two IP leaders were interviewed on the existing STH burden in SAC, implementation of STH control strategies, particularly of MDA, health education campaigns, and improvements in WASH including good practices and challenges in program implementation.Three FGDs with parents, elementary school teachers of IP schools, and rural health midwives were conducted separately. Guide questions focused on accessibility of and access to STH prevention and control strategies for SAC in IP communities. Informed consent to conduct and record KIIs and FGDs were obtained from participants prior to participation.Analysis of a multi-disciplinary team was based on the accessibility framework for IPs accessing indigenous primary health care services by Davy et al. (2016). Results: The characteristics of the STH control strategies and the target populations are interrelated factors that influence accessibility. Challenges in the availability of the MDA program, particularly, inadequate staffing, drug shortages, and delays in delivery affect accessibility of and access to the free STH control strategies. Perceived harm, adverse events, stigma, beliefs, and practices likewise affect access. Lack of information on the similarity of treatment through community- and school-based MDA programs also affected engagement of SAC.IP communities are special settings where geographic isolation, peace and order situation as well as water supply need to be considered to help ensure access to STH control strategies, high MDA coverage, and improvements in WASH leading to desired outcomes. Conclusions: Considering the context of IP communities and addressing the challenges in the accessibility of and access to STH control strategies are necessary to ensure successful implementation of an integrated approach in STH prevention and control strategies. Challenges in the accessibility of STH control strategies are inadequate staffing, poor inventory, and delays in the delivery of drugs, as well as poor sanitation and hygiene. Access of SAC is likewise affected by misconceptions on safety and efficacy of anthelminthics, including stigma and cultural practices. The similarity of the MDA programs based in school or community need to be disseminated.

4.
Parasitol Int ; 102: 102901, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38754812

RESUMO

Parasitic neglected tropical diseases, such as schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH), remain as significant public health concerns in developing countries such as the Philippines. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis and STH among school-age children (SAC) and adults in two co-endemic provinces in Mindanao in southern Philippines as part of monitoring of national control programs. Stool samples were collected, processed using Kato-Katz technique, and examined microscopically for presence of intestinal helminth ova. A total of 776 SAC and 526 adults participated in the study. Low schistosomiasis prevalence was generally observed in SAC (0.8%) and adults (0.4%). Generally low STH prevalence was reported in both SAC (3.9%) and adults (3.4%). Only three SAC had heavy intensity STH, which was not seen in adults. Results indicate a state of good morbidity control, which may be a result of effective implementation of mass drug administration (MDA) strategy for schistosomiasis, STH, and lymphatic filariasis in the last several years. The low prevalence and intensities of infections may also be partly attributed to the low diagnostic sensitivity of Kato-Katz technique in detecting low intensity intestinal helminth infections. While results of this study also indicate similarly low levels of both these infections in previous studies, sustaining high MDA coverage rates and addressing remaining challenges related to intensified case finding and treatment, improvements in safe water, sanitation, and hygiene, veterinary public health, and vector ecology and management will be necessary to interrupt transmission in these areas.


Assuntos
Fezes , Helmintíase , Esquistossomose , Solo , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Humanos , Prevalência , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Helmintíase/transmissão , Criança , Esquistossomose/epidemiologia , Esquistossomose/transmissão , Adulto , Solo/parasitologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adolescente , Fezes/parasitologia , Adulto Jovem , Animais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Administração Massiva de Medicamentos
5.
Parasit Vectors ; 17(1): 225, 2024 May 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38755679

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The giant roundworm Ascaris is an intestinal nematode, causing ascariasis by infecting humans and pigs worldwide. Recent estimates suggest that Ascaris infects over half a billion people, with chronic infections leading to reduced growth and cognitive ability. Ascariasis affects innumerable pigs worldwide and is known to reduce production yields via decreased growth and condemnation of livers. The predominant anthelminthic drugs used to treat ascariasis are the benzimidazoles. Benzimidazoles interact with ß-tubulins and block their function, and several benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations have been described in the ß-tubulins of ruminant nematodes. Recent research on ascarids has shown that these canonical benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations are likely not present in the ß-tubulins of Ascaris, Ascaridia or Parascaris, even in phenotypically resistant populations. METHODS: To further determine the putative absence of key ß-tubulin polymorphisms, we screened two ß-tubulin isotypes of Ascaris, highly expressed in adult worms. Using adult and egg samples of Ascaris obtained from pigs and humans worldwide, we performed deep amplicon sequencing to look for canonical resistance-associated mutations in Ascaris ß-tubulins. Subsequently, we examined these data in closer detail to study the population dynamics of Ascaris and genetic diversity within the two isotypes and tested whether genotypes appeared to partition across human and pig hosts. RESULTS: In the 187 isolates, 69 genotypes were found, made up of eight haplotypes of ß-tubulin isotype A and 20 haplotypes of isotype B. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were seen at 14 and 37 positions for ß-tubulin isotype A and isotype B, respectively. No evidence of any canonical benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations was found in either human- or pig-derived Ascaris isolates. There was, however, a difference in the genetic diversity of each isotype and distribution of ß-tubulin genotypes between human- and pig-derived Ascaris. Statistical tests of population differentiation show significant differences (p < 0.001) between pig- and human-derived worms; however, more diversity was seen between worms from different populations than worms from different hosts. CONCLUSIONS: Our work suggests an absence of canonical ß-tubulin mutations within Ascaris, but alternative modes of anthelminthic resistance may emerge necessitating continued genetic scrutiny alongside monitoring of drug efficacy.


Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos , Ascaríase , Ascaris , Benzimidazóis , Resistência a Medicamentos , Mutação , Tubulina (Proteína) , Tubulina (Proteína)/genética , Animais , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Ascaríase/veterinária , Ascaríase/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Suínos , Ascaris/genética , Ascaris/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Suínos/tratamento farmacológico
6.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24437309

RESUMO

We determined the attitudes toward and practices regarding soil-transmitted helminthes (STH) control among parents and school teachers to identify reasons behind attitudes and practices that do not promote STH control. Written knowledge, attitudes and practices surveys were distributed to parents (N = 531) and teachers (N = 105) of students at 11 elementary schools in Guimaras Province, the Philippines. The survey addressed attitudes about mass drug administration (MDA), knowledge about STH control, hygienic practices, and acceptability of distributing deworming tablets among teachers. More than 90% of parents and teachers held favorable attitudes towards MDA. Sixty-nine percent of parents and 75.5% of teachers believed stool exams were necessary before MDA. Thirty-seven percent of parents stated they would not allow teachers to administer deworming tablets and 91.5% of parents feared teachers would not detect side effects of the medication. Forty-eight percent of teachers felt they could safely give deworming tablets and 81.4% of teachers were afraid of managing the side effects of deworming tablets. Forty-seven point eight percent of parents and 42.2% of teachers stated defecation in the open occured in their community. Although attitudes toward STH control were largely favorable, misconceptions about the MDA strategy, lack of support for teachers giving deworming tablets, and the practice of open defecation still exist as barriers to STH control efforts. The next step to achieve effective STH control will be to clarify misconceptions in education campaigns, to train teachers about medication administration, campaign to improve sanitation and hygiene and begin targeted mass treatment in Guimaras, the Philippines.


Assuntos
Docentes , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Helmintíase/etiologia , Helmintíase/prevenção & controle , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Pais , Adulto , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Informação de Saúde ao Consumidor/métodos , Feminino , Helmintíase/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Higiene , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filipinas , Solo/parasitologia
7.
Trop Med Infect Dis ; 8(2)2023 Jan 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36828509

RESUMO

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease that remains to be a primary health concern globally. The Philippines is among the top TB-burdened countries. Workplace TB prevention and control programs are essential to ensure the health and safety of workers and economic security. There remains a knowledge gap regarding the Philippine workplace TB prevention and control program implementation. This qualitative study involving key informant interviews reviewed the implementation of the workplace TB program in selected companies in a high TB burden region in Eastern Philippines. Results were presented under four themes in accordance with the components of the workplace TB policy: preventive strategies, medical management, data recording and reporting, and social policy. Various good practices, opportunities, and challenges in the implementation of the workplace TB program were identified. There is a need to strengthen the enforcement of policy across different components. Compliance with guidelines on preventive strategies and recording and reporting schemes needs to be intensified. Coordination across different levels and agencies may also be enhanced to allow more efficient implementation. Increased awareness of corporate decision-makers may improve company ownership of the program leading to improved implementation while increased awareness of employees on their rights and entitlements may likewise enhance compliance.

8.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health ; 43(3): 589-600, 2012 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23077838

RESUMO

We evaluated the War on Worms in the Western Visayas (WOW-V) school-based mass treatment strategy in Capiz, the Philippines by assessing potential determinants of program acceptance among parents, teachers, and local health and education officials involved. Written surveys were distributed to parents and teachers assessing knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections. Associations between data were examined using the Fisher's exact test (alpha = 0.05). Descriptive statistics and t-tests were employed to analyze teacher survey results. Local health and education officials participated in key-informant interviews (KIs) to evaluate their attitudes and practices regarding WOW-V; data was qualitatively analyzed and grouped. A strong association was observed between parental consent during the first two rounds of treatment and willingness to do so again. Most parents gave consent for their child to receive treatment at least once and demonstrated a high level of knowledge regarding STH infections. The majority of teachers had positive attitudes toward their role in the program. Many identified lack of training and a fear of side effects as barriers to higher coverage. Lack of funding, program monitoring difficulties and insufficient parental education were identified by local officials as barriers. Proper planning and design is important to achieve high initial consent for program acceptance. The results correlate with studies showing relationships between health education and treatment acceptance. The implementation of health education and monitoring measures has the potential to greatly improve both treatment coverage and program infrastructure.


Assuntos
Antinematódeos/uso terapêutico , Helmintíase/tratamento farmacológico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/tratamento farmacológico , Mebendazol/uso terapêutico , Pais/psicologia , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/organização & administração , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Educação em Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Helmintíase/diagnóstico , Helmintíase/etiologia , Helmintíase/transmissão , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/etiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/transmissão , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Fatores Socioeconômicos
9.
Acta Trop ; 228: 106306, 2022 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35038427

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the prevalence and seroprevalence of schistosomiasis in Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte and to compare the performance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody test (ELISA Ab) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP) for diagnosis of schistosomiasis. METHODS: The study was conducted in selected barangays (villages) in five municipalities in Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte and included school-age children (SAC) who submitted stool and blood samples. Stool samples were examined using the Kato-Katz technique. Blood samples were collected through venipuncture. The stool samples and the blood samples collected were tested using LAMP assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The blood samples were examined using ELISA Ab. Diagnostic performance of LAMP assay using stool specimen was evaluated using Kato-Katz technique and PCR assay as the composite reference standard, while PCR assay was used as the reference standard to evaluate LAMP assay and ELISA Ab using blood specimens. RESULTS: A total of 417 stool samples from SAC were examined. The prevalence of schistosomiasis and moderate-heavy intensity (MHI) schistosomiasis were 3.8% and 1.4%, respectively. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) coinfection prevalence were 2.6%. A total of 425 blood samples were examined using ELISA Ab. Seroprevalence was 61.6%. The municipality of San Isidro had the highest seroprevalence at 84.8%, while Burgos had the lowest seroprevalence at 48.5%.LAMP assay had higher sensitivity and positive predictive value but lower specificity when using stool than when using blood samples. Its negative predictive value was similar regardless of the specimen used. ELISA Ab has higher sensitivity and negative predictive value than LAMP assay although it has lower specificity and positive predictive value. This may be due to ELISA Ab measuring Schistosoma exposure and is thus unable to distinguish past from active infection. CONCLUSIONS: Schistosomiasis remains a public health concern in Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte. The locally developed LAMP assay offers a simpler diagnostic test for schistosomiasis compared with PCR, while minimizing the risk of misdiagnosis compared with Kato-Katz technique. It could serve as a point of care diagnostics for schistosomiasis. ELISA Ab is more useful in surveillance particularly in low-endemicity areas where determination of exposure is more important than differentiating past from active infection. ELISA Ab may be helpful in the clinical setting when coupled with the expertise of a physician who is familiar with schistosomiasis.


Assuntos
Schistosoma japonicum , Animais , Criança , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Fezes , Humanos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Schistosoma japonicum/genética , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos
10.
R Soc Open Sci ; 8(6): 201965, 2021 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34234950

RESUMO

Despite being one of the first countries to implement mass drug administration (MDA) for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in 2001 after a pilot study in 2000, the Philippines is yet to eliminate the disease as a public health problem with 6 out of the 46 endemic provinces still implementing MDA for LF as of 2018. In this work, we propose a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of LF in the Philippines and a control strategy for its elimination using MDA. Sensitivity analysis using the Latin hypercube sampling and partial rank correlation coefficient methods suggests that the infected human population is most sensitive to the treatment parameters. Using the available LF data in Caraga Region from the Philippine Department of Health, we estimate the treatment rates r 1 and r 2 using the least-squares parameter estimation technique. Parameter bootstrapping showed small variability in the parameter estimates. Finally, we apply optimal control theory with the objective of minimizing the infected human population and the corresponding implementation cost of MDA, using the treatment coverage γ as the control parameter. Simulation results highlight the importance of maintaining a high MDA coverage per year to effectively minimize the infected population by the year 2030.

11.
Disaster Med Public Health Prep ; 15(4): 416-420, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32279688

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: In the Philippines, morbidity control of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections is done through mass drug administration (MDA) of anthelmintics to school-age children (SAC). In 2013, the Philippines was devastated by the deadliest cyclone ever recorded, Typhoon Haiyan. The study aimed to understand the impact of Typhoon Haiyan on the MDA of anthelmintics to SAC in the provinces of Capiz and Iloilo in the Philippines from the perspectives of local health and education officials. METHODS: The study was conducted in the municipalities of Panay and Pilar in Capiz and the municipalities of Estancia and Sara in Iloilo, areas that were devastated by Typhoon Haiyan. Qualitative, semi-structured key informant interviews were conducted with 16 total participants, which included officials of the Department of Health, Department of Education, and concerned local government units. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded in an open, iterative manner. Codes were reviewed to identify patterns and themes. RESULTS: Participants described the following themes: (1) their perception that the typhoon had no effect on the MDA program or on resources necessary to complete the program; (2) the program's simple design allowed for 1-time administration to a pre-assembled population; (3) the program allowed a sense of community cohesiveness; (4) the program served as a vehicle for altruism, particularly regarding helping needy children, in this time of calamity. CONCLUSIONS: Our informants perceived that the MDA program in Region VI was not affected by Typhoon Haiyan. They attributed the resilience to the program's simple procedure, attitudes of altruism, program importance, and community cohesiveness. Despite Typhoon Haiyan's mass destruction of infrastructure and livelihood leading to incredible challenges, mobilization of the community allowed for the continuation and successful implementation of the MDA program. The experience of Region VI may serve as a model for other low- and middle-income countries prone to natural disasters.


Assuntos
Tempestades Ciclônicas , Helmintíase , Administração Massiva de Medicamentos , Solo , Animais , Criança , Helmintíase/prevenção & controle , Helmintíase/transmissão , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Filipinas , Solo/parasitologia
12.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 15(9): e0009782, 2021 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34516554

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are parasitic nematodes that inhabit the human intestine. They affect more than 1.5 billion people worldwide, causing physical and cognitive impairment in children. The global strategy to control STH infection includes periodic mass drug administration (MDA) based on the results of diagnostic testing among populations at risk, but the current microscopy method for detecting infection has diminished sensitivity as the intensity of infection decreases. Thus, improved diagnostic tools are needed to support decision-making for STH control programs. METHODOLOGY: We developed a nucleic acid amplification test based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technology to detect STH in stool. We designed primers and probes for each of the four STH species, optimized the assay, and then verified its performance using clinical stool samples. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Each RPA assay was as sensitive as a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in detecting copies of cloned target DNA sequences. The RPA assay amplified the target in DNA extracted from human stool samples that were positive for STH based on the Kato-Katz method, with no cross-reactivity of the non-target genomic DNA. When tested with clinical stool samples from patients with infections of light, moderate, and heavy intensity, the RPA assays demonstrated performance comparable to that of real-time PCR, with better results than Kato-Katz. This new rapid, sensitive and field-deployable method for detecting STH infections can help STH control programs achieve their goals. CONCLUSIONS: Semi-quantitation of target by RPA assay is possible and is comparable to real-time PCR. With proper instrumentation, RPA assays can provide robust, semi-quantification of STH DNA targets as an alternative field-deployable indicator to counts of helminth eggs for assessing infection intensity.


Assuntos
Fezes/parasitologia , Helmintíase/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/normas , Recombinases/metabolismo , Solo/parasitologia , DNA de Helmintos/genética , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Helmintíase/transmissão , Humanos , Recombinases/química , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
13.
Geospat Health ; 16(1)2021 05 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34000789

RESUMO

This study aimed to demonstrate the use of geographic information systems (GIS) in identifying factors contributing to schistosomiasis endemicity and identifying high-risk areas in a schistosomiasis- endemic municipality in the Philippines, which was devastated by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Data on schistosomiasis determinants, obtained through literature review, the Philippine Department of Health, and concerned local government units, were standardized and incorporated into a GIS map using ArcGIS. Data gathered included modifiable [agriculture, poverty, sanitation, presence of intermediate and reservoir hosts, disease prevalence and mass drug administration (MDA) coverage] and nonmodifiable (geography and climate) determinants for schistosomiasis. Results showed that most barangays (villages) are characterized by favourable conditions for schistosomiasis transmission which include being located in flood-prone areas, presence of vegetation, low sanitary toilet coverage, presence of snail intermediate host, high carabao (water buffalo) population density, previously reported ≥1% prevalence using Kato-Katz technique, and low MDA coverage. Similarly, barangays not known to be endemic for schistosomiasis but also characterized by the same favourable conditions for schistosomiasis as listed above and may therefore be considered as potentially endemic, even if not being high-risk areas. This study demonstrated the importance of GIS technology in characterizing schistosomiasis transmission. Maps generated through application of GIS technology are useful in guiding program policy and planning at the local level for an effective and sustainable schistosomiasis control and prevention.


Assuntos
Sistemas de Informação Geográfica , Esquistossomose , Agricultura , Clima , Humanos , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Esquistossomose/epidemiologia
14.
Pathog Glob Health ; 114(3): 127-135, 2020 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32191613

RESUMO

Improving paragonimiasis surveillance, which is crucial for disease control, requires adopting new tools and techniques useful in mapping endemic areas. This study aimed to (1) develop a questionnaire to identify suspected paragonimiasis-endemic foci, (2) describe the epidemiology of paragonimiasis, and (3) evaluate Ziehl-Nielsen Staining technique (ZNS) in detecting Paragonimus ova. The questionnaire, which municipal health officers filled out, was based on proposed site inclusion criteria utilized in the integrated tuberculosis (TB)-paragonimiasis surveillance and control project. Newly deployed medical technologists in Zamboanga Region underwent training, which included laboratory diagnosis of paragonimiasis using preserved and fresh specimens and an integrated tuberculosis-paragonimiasis survey in nine selected barangays (villages). Paragonimiasis cases were found in seven out of the nine barangays identified by the questionnaire. Of the 373 patients, three (0.80%) were TB-positive, and 29 (7.77%) were paragonimiasis-positive. The highest paragonimiasis prevalence (27%) was found in Barangay Libato. Ziehl-Neelsen Staining technique (ZNS) correctly detected 8 out of the 29 samples positive (sensitivity - 27.59%; 95% CI: 12.73-47.24%) and all the 334 samples negative (specificity - 100%; 95% CI: 98.90-100%) for Paragonimus ova. The questionnaire may be improved by refining the inclusion criteria. In paragonimiasis-endemic areas, the ZNS and the NaOH concentration technique may be used for detecting Paragonimus ova. Modifying the ZNS, for instance by including a concentration step, may improve its sensitivity. The model for the integrated capacity building of health workers and surveillance and research demonstrated in this project may contribute to improving surveillance and control of paragonimiasis and other neglected tropical diseases.


Assuntos
Paragonimíase , Paragonimus , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paragonimíase/diagnóstico , Paragonimus/isolamento & purificação , Filipinas , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
15.
Adv Parasitol ; 108: 47-131, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32291086

RESUMO

Intestinal helminths are extremely widespread and highly prevalent infections of humans, particularly in rural and poor urban areas of low and middle-income countries. These parasites have chronic and often insidious effects on human health and child development including abdominal problems, anaemia, stunting and wasting. Certain animals play a fundamental role in the transmission of many intestinal helminths to humans. However, the contribution of zoonotic transmission to the overall burden of human intestinal helminth infection and the relative importance of different animal reservoirs remains incomplete. Moreover, control programmes and transmission models for intestinal helminths often do not consider the role of zoonotic reservoirs of infection. Such reservoirs will become increasingly important as control is scaled up and there is a move towards interruption and even elimination of parasite transmission. With a focus on southeast Asia, and the Philippines in particular, this review summarises the major zoonotic intestinal helminths, risk factors for infection and highlights knowledge gaps related to their epidemiology and transmission. Various methodologies are discussed, including parasite genomics, mathematical modelling and socio-economic analysis, that could be employed to improve understanding of intestinal helminth spread, reservoir attribution and the burden associated with infection, as well as assess effectiveness of interventions. For sustainable control and ultimately elimination of intestinal helminths, there is a need to move beyond scheduled mass deworming and to consider animal and environmental reservoirs. A One Health approach to control of intestinal helminths is proposed, integrating interventions targeting humans, animals and the environment, including improved access to water, hygiene and sanitation. This will require coordination and collaboration across different sectors to achieve best health outcomes for all.


Assuntos
Helmintíase/prevenção & controle , Helmintíase/transmissão , Enteropatias Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Enteropatias Parasitárias/transmissão , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses/transmissão , Animais , Sudeste Asiático , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Helmintos/fisiologia , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Fatores de Risco , Zoonoses/parasitologia
16.
Asia Pac J Public Health ; 21(1): 26-42, 2009 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19124334

RESUMO

This study describes baseline prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections as well as baseline anthropometric and school performance data among public elementary school children in 6 sentinel provinces in the Philippines. Stratified cluster sampling was used to select 6 provinces, where grade 3 elementary school pupils were surveyed. Secondary anthropometric data and achievement test results of the immediate past academic year were examined. Overall cumulative prevalence and proportion of heavy intensity infections for the 6 selected provinces were 54.0% and 23.1%, respectively. These recent findings further support the need for mass treatment to be given at least twice a year. The findings of the study also demonstrate the relationship that exists between worm burden and nutritional status. Strategies focusing on mass treatment integration, environmental sanitation, personal hygiene, and health education should be developed to control soil-transmitted helminth infections and their detrimental effects.


Assuntos
Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Helmintíase/prevenção & controle , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela , Solo/parasitologia , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaríase/prevenção & controle , Escolaridade , Helmintíase/transmissão , Infecções por Uncinaria/epidemiologia , Infecções por Uncinaria/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Esquistossomose Japônica/epidemiologia , Esquistossomose Japônica/prevenção & controle , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Tricuríase/prevenção & controle
17.
Acta Trop ; 194: 100-105, 2019 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30914241

RESUMO

Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) remains a public health concern in developing countries, such as the Philippines. Preschool-age children (PSAC) are among the high-risk groups for STH. Data on the status of STH in PSAC are needed to help guide policy formulation and program implementation; however, in the usual setting, such data may remain limited. This study aimed to describe the parasitologic status of PSAC in selected local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines through sentinel surveillance methodology in a child-development center (CDC)-based setting. This cross-sectional study, which included 1732 PSAC in selected barangays (a village or the smallest administrative unit in the country) in the provinces of Cavite, Guimaras, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, and Davao del Norte and cities of Iloilo and Lapu-Lapu in the Philippines, utilized Kato-Katz technique to determine parasitologic status. A single Kato-Katz smear was prepared from the adult-thumb sized stool sample submitted by each participant. Ten percent of Kato-Katz slides examined by field microscopists were re-examined by a reference microscopist as part of quality control. Results showed a prevalence of any STH infection and a moderate-heavy ((M-H)) intensity prevalence of 24.9% and 10.3%, respectively. Five cases of schistosomiasis were found in Lapu-Lapu City and Davao del Norte. While the Philippines' Department of Health (DOH) - Integrated Helminth Control Program (IHCP) target for prevalence of any STH of less than 50% was attained, none of the barangays or villages met the World Health Organization (WHO) target for (M-H) intensity STH prevalence of less than 1%, despite the program being implemented for almost a decade. Sentinel surveillance in PSAC, possibly adopting a CDC-based approach, may be implemented biannually in the Philippines and other countries where a similar early child care development system exist to generate data needed to guide policy formulation and program implementation. Preventive chemotherapy through facility-based mass drug administration (MDA), such as CDC-based MDA, may be explored to improve the mode of MDA delivery and coverage in PSAC.


Assuntos
Creches/normas , Helmintíase/transmissão , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela , Solo/parasitologia , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Governo Local , Masculino , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Prevalência
18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30766740

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: In July 2015, the Philippines conducted a school-based mass drug administration using albendazole for soil-transmitted helminths infection. Reports of adverse events were subsequently made through the event-based surveillance system, mostly from the Zamboanga Peninsula on the island of Mindanao. A team from the Epidemiology Bureau investigated the reports of adverse events following mass drug administration (AEFMDA). METHODS: Five schools were identified for the investigation which comprised an unmatched case-control study, key informant interviews and laboratory examinations. AEFMDA cases were students who had sudden onset of abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of consciousness, headache or dizziness within 24 hours after intake of deworming tablet; controls were healthy students who did not develop signs and symptoms after deworming. RESULTS: Most (85%) of the 7313 AEFMDA cases reported nationwide were from Zamboanga Peninsula. Most reports were made after rumours of deaths following deworming and of the use of expired drug were spread through the region. Many parents sent their children to hospital, even if asymptomatic. The case-control study found that being an AEFMDA case was associated with no history of previous deworming (odds ratio = 4.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.77-9.42). DISCUSSION: The investigation concluded that epidemic hysteria was the cause of the increased number of AEFMDA cases in the Zamboanga Peninsula. The false information, aggravated by social media, caused panic and an increase in reporting. Some cases had no history of deworming, and they may not have been aware that albendazole is safe and that side-effects are expected. Risk communication before, during and after future national deworming programmes are recommended to prevent unnecessary reporting of AEFMDA.


Assuntos
Albendazol/efeitos adversos , Anti-Helmínticos/efeitos adversos , Histeria/epidemiologia , Administração Massiva de Medicamentos/psicologia , Adolescente , Sistemas de Notificação de Reações Adversas a Medicamentos , Albendazol/administração & dosagem , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Epidemias , Feminino , Helmintíase/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Masculino , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Instituições Acadêmicas
19.
Geospat Health ; 12(2): 540, 2017 11 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29239552

RESUMO

Schistosomiasis (SCH) in The Philippines is caused by Schistosoma japonicum and remains endemic in 28 provinces in 12 regions. Effective SCH control requires describing areas at risk where control efforts may be focused. This study aims at demonstrating the utility of geographical information system (GIS) as a tool for SCH surveillance in the province of Davao del Norte. Qualitative and quantitative data on SCH determinants, obtained from local government offices, partner agencies and institutions, were standardised, formatted and incorporated into a GIS map. Atrisk areas are described in terms of determinants and (variables), which included geography and climate (topography, temperature and flood-prone areas), agriculture (irrigation and land use), poverty (percentage of households with income below the poverty threshold), sanitation level (percentage of households with sanitary toilets), intermediate and reservoir hosts (presence of snail colonies and reservoir hosts) as well as prevalence and treatment coverage. Endemic villages (barangays) were generally found to be located in flood-prone areas in the lowlands near major rivers. New Corella has the highest poverty index among the SCH-endemic areas studied as well as the highest number of confirmed snail colonies. Among known endemic localities in Davao del Norte, Tagum City was found to be the only city meeting the poverty index target of <16.6%. Clustering of SCH cases were reported in six barangays ranging from 0.48% (8 out of 1,655) in Braulio Dujali to 2% (25 out of 1,405) in Asuncion. This study demonstrates the utility of GIS in predicting and assessing SCH risk, which allows prioritisation and allocation of control resources and delivery of services in areas at the highest risk for SCH.


Assuntos
Sistemas de Informação Geográfica/estatística & dados numéricos , Vigilância da População/métodos , Esquistossomose/epidemiologia , Agricultura , Animais , Clima , Reservatórios de Doenças/parasitologia , Doenças Endêmicas , Humanos , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Pobreza , Fatores de Risco , Caramujos/parasitologia
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