Small renal masses in Latin-American population: characteristics and prognostic factors for survival, recurrence and metastasis - a multi-institutional study from LARCG database.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate demographic, clinical and pathological characteristics of small renal masses (SRM) (≤ 4 cm) in a Latin-American population provided by LARCG (Latin-American Renal Cancer Group) and analyze predictors of survival, recurrence and metastasis. METHODS: A multi-institutional retrospective cohort study of 1523 patients submitted to surgical treatment for non-metastatic SRM from 1979 to 2016. Comparisons between radical (RN) or partial nephrectomy (PN) and young or elderly patients were performed. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests estimated 10-year overall survival. Predictors of local recurrence or metastasis were analyzed by a multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS: PN and RN were performed in 897 (66%) and 461 (34%) patients. A proportional increase of PN cases from 48.5% (1979-2009) to 75% (after 2009) was evidenced. Stratifying by age, elderly patients (≥ 65 years) had better 10-year OS rates when submitted to PN (83.5%), than RN (54.5%), p = 0.044. This disparity was not evidenced in younger patients. On multivariable model, bilaterality, extracapsular extension and ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification ≥3 were predictors of local recurrence. We did not identify significant predictors for distant metastasis in our series. CONCLUSIONS: PN is performed in Latin-America in a similar proportion to developed areas and it has been increasing in the last years. Even in elderly individuals, if good functional status, sufficiently fit to surgery, and favorable tumor characteristics, they should be encouraged to perform PN. Intending to an earlier diagnosis of recurrence or distant metastasis, SRM cases with unfavorable characteristics should have a more rigorous follow-up routine.

Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes in Very Elderly Patients (≥75 years) with Renal Cell Carcinoma: Data from the Latin American Renal Cancer Group.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing globally due to an aging population and widespread use of imaging studies. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and perioperative outcomes of RCC surgery in very elderly patients (VEP), ≥ 75 years of age. METHODS: This is a retrospective comparative study of 3656 patients who underwent the treatment for RCC from 1990 to 2015 in 28 centers from eight Latin American countries. We compared baseline characteristics as well as clinical and perioperative outcomes according to age groups (less than 75 vs. ≥75 years). Surgical complications were classified with the Clavien-Dindo score. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with perioperative complications. RESULTS: There were 410 VEP patients (11.2%). On bivariate analysis, VEP had a lower body mass index (p less than 0.01) and higher ASA score (ASA > 2 in 26.3% vs. 12.4%, p < 0.01). There was no difference in performance status and clinical stage between the study groups. There were no differences in surgical margins, estimated blood loss (EBL), complication, and mortality rates (1.3% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.17). On multivariate regression analysis, age ≥75 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.33, p less than 0.01), EBL ≥ 500 cc (OR 3.34, p less than 0.01), and > pT2 stage (OR 1.63, p = 0.04) were independently associated with perioperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection of RCC was safe and successful in VEP. Age ≥75 years was independently associated with 30-day perioperative complications. However, the vast majority were low-grade complications. Age alone should not guide decision-making in these patients, and treatment must be tailored according to performance status and severity of comorbidities.

[Urinary symptoms and urodynamic findings in argentinian patients with advanced pelvic organ prolapse (POP).] / Características clínicas urinarias y hallazgos urodinámicos en pacientes argentinas con prolapso de órganos pelvianos (POP) en estadío avanzado.

OBJECTIVE: To describe urinary symptoms and urodynamic findings in patients with advanced pelvic organ prolapse. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective evaluation with advanced POP referred for urodynamic test before surgical repair between 2015 and 2017 were included. All patients under went a urogynexam, physical examination, uroflow and urodynamics exam. Clinical features (filling and emptying symptoms, stress incontinence questionnaire (ISIQ-SF) and urodynamics (sensitivity, capacity and hyperactive detrusor, internal sphincter deficiency and voiding symptoms). RESULTS: A total of 170 patients with advanced PRP were evaluated. The most prevalent symptoms were urgency (63%), urinary stream disturbance (64%), incomplete voiding (63%). Mixt urinary incontinence wasthe most commonly reported (30%). Only 11% had anormal urodynamics exam. 36% had a hidden stress incontinence. 47% had voiding symptoms related to infravesical obstruction (30%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with advanced POP havea wide variety of urinary symptoms such as urgency, voiding dysfunction and mixt urinary incontinence. Urodynamics studies provide relevant information regardingat the bladder dysfunction that may decrease surgical outcomes.

OBJETIVO: Describir las características clínicas urinarias y los hallazgos urodinámicos en pacientes con Prolapso de Órganos Pelvianos (POP) deestadio III-IV. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo evaluando a todas las pacientes con POP avanzado (estadío 3-4) derivadas para estudio urodinámico previo a tratamiento quirúrgico entre 2015 y 2017. A todas las pacientes se les realizó un interrogatorio uroginecológico, examen físico, uroflujometría yurodinamia completa. Se evaluaron características clínicas (síntomas de llenado y de vaciado, IOE con cuestionario ISIQ-SF) y urodinámicas (sensibilidad, capacidad, presencia de detrusor hiperactivo, presencia de DEI y disfunción de vaciado). RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 170 pacientes con POP avanzado (estadio 3-4). Los síntomas más prevalentes fueron urgencia miccional (63,5%), alteración en el chorro miccional (64,7%) y sensación de vaciado incompleto (63,5%). Entre las formas de incontinencia urinaria, la IOM fue la más evidenciada (30%). Solo 11,3% tenían estudio urodinámico normal. Se evidenció 36,5% de IOE oculta y 47,6% de disfunción de vaciado principalmente asociado a obstrucción infravesical (30%). CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con POP avanzado presentan una gran variedad de síntomas urinarios principalmente urgencia miccional, trastornos de vaciado e IOM. El estudio urodinámico brinda información importante en la evaluación de la disfunción vesical que puede comprometer los resultados quirúrgicos.

External validation of the Gleason grade group system in Argentinian patients that underwent surgery for prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this article was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Gleason grade groups (GGG) system on a group of Argentinian patients with prostate cancer (PC) who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 262 patients who underwent RP between 1996 and 2014. To determine the performance and validity of the GGG system, a Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate analysis with Cox proportional method were performed to evaluate biochemical recurrence, distance metastases and specific cancer mortality. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to compare new groups of degrees of the GGG system with the classical scheme of stratification into 3 groups. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 84 months. As the groups ascend, there is less confined organ disease (p <0.001) and greater extraprostatic extension (p <0.001), greater invasion of seminal vesicles (p <0.001) and greater lymph node involvement (p <0.001). The biochemical recurrence-free survival at 5 years was 68%, 55%, 22%, 9%, 0% of the 1-5 groups, respectively. Ten-years cancer-specific survival was 96%, 95%, 78%, 64%, 25% for group 1-5, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the GGG system is presented as the only independent predictor of biochemical recurrence and specific cancer mortality. The AUC indicates that the GGG system has a higher prognostic discrimination compared to the classic 3-group system (6, 7, ≥8). CONCLUSIONS: The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) GGG system is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence and mortality from prostate cancer in patients treated with RP. The classification into 5 groups shows greater discrimination in the prognosis than the traditional Gleason classification.

Clinical score predictive of abdominal leak point pressure (ALPP) <60 cm H2O in the urodynamics study of women with stress urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform a score predictive of ALPP <60 cm H2O from clinical factors in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a descriptive and observational study of women referred for a urodynamic study for stress urinary incontinence. Patients were divided into three groups: ALPP: >90 cm H2O, between 60 and 90 cm H2O and <60 cm H2O. A logistic regression study was performed in order to complete clinical predictors of ALPP < 60 cm H2O. Variables that were significant in the multivariate analysis were included in the score. RESULTS: We studied 158 patients: 65 presented ALPP > 90 cm H2O, 64 between 60-90 cm H2O and 29 <60 cm H2O. In the multivariate analysis, were presented as independent predictors of ALPP < 60 cm H2O, the presence of a fixed urethra (p 0.01), empty bladder test positive (p 0.02) and presence of symptoms grade III in the classification of Stamey (p 0.03). The accuracy of the test was: score 0, 42%; score 1, 58%; score 2, 81%. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis for the overall cutoff points revealed an area under the curve of 0,75. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of a fixed urethra, positive empty bladder test and patients with a high degree of SUI symptoms according to the Stamey score are independent clinical predictors of intrinsic sphincter deficiency. This score could represent a useful clinical tool to predict the presence of ALPP <60 cm H2O based on clinical parameters.

[Impact of tumor diameter on prognosis in patients with renal cancer stage pT3a.] / Impacto pronóstico del diámetro tumoral en pacientes con cáncer renal estadío pT3a.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prognostic impact that tumor size has in patients with pathological renal cancer stage pT3a. METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive study evaluating 261 patients diagnosed with renal cancer pathological stage pT1-3aN0M0 between 1995 and 2013. Clinical and pathological characteristics were evaluated in each group. A ROC curve was used to determine the optimum cutting point of tumor size in relation to the death by cancer. Metastasis-free survival and cancer specific survival were evaluated by the Kaplan Meier method and the differences between the groups were evaluated by the Log Rank test. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship of tumor size and survival of these patients. RESULTS: 261 patients were studied, 166 of which (63.6%) were Stage pT1a-b, 49 (18.8%) pT2 and 46 (17.6%) pT3a. Patients with pT3a tumors had higher proportion of symptomatic tumors (56.5% vs 33.6% p 0.003), tumor size (7.1 cm vs 5.5 cm; 0.0007), Fuhrman grade 3-4 (52.2% vs 19.1% p 0.0001), coagulative necrosis (62.8% vs 28.8% p 0.0001), distance metastasis (39.1% vs 14.9%; p 0.0001) and death by cancer (23.9% vs 8.9%; p 0.003) when compared with localized tumors (pT1-2). The ROC curve demonstrated that a cut-off point of 7cm is the ideal tumor size to determine renal cancer mortality. Metastasis-free survival at 5 year was 90% for tumors pT1a-b, 71% for pT2, 83% for pT3a <7cm and 48% for pT3a >7cm, with significant statistical differences (Log-rank test <0.001). In the multivariate analysis, only pT3a >7cm stage was an independent predictor of death by renal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Although perirenal fat invasion and renal vein invasion (pT3a stage) are accepted as prognostic factors, to differentiate this category by tumor size could improve its predictive quality. The tumor diameter (7cm) should be applied to pT3a tumors in order to improve the accuracy of TNM system.

Evaluation of microvascular invasion as a prognostic factor in the progression of non-metastatic renal cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to describe the prognostic impact of microvascular invasion (MVI) in patients with non-metastatic renal cell cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study of patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma who had undergone a radical or partial nephrectomy. Patients were divided according to the presence of MVI. In each group, clinical and pathological characteristics were evaluated. Metastasis-free and cancer-specific survival was evaluated by the Kaplan Meier method. The multivariate analysis was performed with Cox proportional method in order to predict risk factors of metastasis and cancer-specific mortality. RESULTS: A total of 221 patients with a median of 40-month long follow-up were evaluated. Patients with MVI+ were 40 (18%) while those with MVI - were 181 (82%). In the univariate analysis, the presence of MVI had a strong correlation with symptomatic tumors (OR 3.56; p 0.0003), tumor size (OR 12.08; p <0.0001), nuclear grade (OR 6.99; p <0.0001), pathological stage (OR 35.8; p <0.0001), distance metastasis (OR 4.16; p 0.0001), and death by cancer (OR 4.7; p 0.0004). However, in the multivariate analysis it is not presented as an independent predictor of metastasis (HR 0.45; p 0.11) or cancer-specific mortality (HR 0.93; p 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: In our series, MVI is associated with unfavorable tumors characteristics. In spite of this, it does not seem to be an independent predictor for metastasis and death by non-metastatic renal cancer.

[Evaluation of the empty bladder stress test in supine position as a marker of severity and quality of life in women with stress urinary incontinence]. / Evaluación de la prueba de vejiga vacía en posición supina como marcador de severidad y calidad de vida en mujeres con incontinencia de orina de esfuerzo.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between empty bladder stress test and objective and subjective measures of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) severity. METHODS: Prospective, analytic and descriptive study of females with diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence referred for urodynamics study. Every patient underwent medical history (including number of daily pads) and physical examination, ISIQ-SF and short IIQ-7 questionnaires, and full urodynamic study, including the measurment of the abdominal leak pressure point (ALPP). Positive empty stress test was defined as stress urine leak on physical exam after uroflowmetry evacuation and in absence of significant post-void residual. To evaluate the relationship between empty bladder stress test and each one of the stress urinary incontinence severity measures, Stundent's t test was performed, considering a 〈0.05 value statistically significant. RESULTS: 107 patients were studied in the final analysis; of them 49 had empty bladder stress test (+) and 58 (-). Patients with positive test wet a greater number of protectors per day (3.9 vs 2.8; p 0.013), higher ICIQSF score (15.04 vs 12.22; p 0.0007), higher IIQ-7 score (52.2 vs 37.5; p 0.0049) and lower urodynamics ALPP (73 cm H2O vs 91 cm H2O; p 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SUI and positive empty bladder stress test had a strong association with the objective and subjective perception of urine incontinence severity with a negative impact in patients quality of life.

[Is CAPRA-S score a valid tool in our environment to predict biochemical recurrence, metastasis and death after radical prostatectomy?] / ?Es el Score CAPRA­S una herramienta válida en nuestro medio para predecir recurrencia bioquímica, metástasis y muerte posterior a prostatectomía radical?

OBJECTIVES: To perform an external validation of CAPRA-S Score to determine prediction of biochemical recurrence, metastasis and death by PCa after RP in Argentinian population. METHODS: 216 patients were studied. The probability of the score to predict biochemical recurrence after RP was analyzed by the Cox proportional method. Biochemical recurrence, metastasis and cancer specific free survivals were determined by Kaplan method. The accuracy of CAPRA-S score to predict biochemical recurrence, metastasis and death by PCa was made in accordance with Harrells concordance index. RESULTS: Median follow up was 74 months. Biochemical recurrence index increased proportionally with the increment of CAPRA-S score. In the stratification of patients in low, intermediate or high risk, biochemical recurrence free rates were 85%, 54% and 4% respectively. Concordance index (C-Index) for biochemical progression, metastasis and death by PCa were 0.85, 0.90 and 0.90 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CAPRA-S score is an easily applicable tool and has high predictive accuracy to determine biochemical recurrence, metastasis and death by PCa probabilities in our population. Concordance Index in these variables was higher than 0.85.

Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes in Very Elderly Patients (≥75 years) with Renal Cell Carcinoma: Data from the Latin American Renal Cancer Group

Background: The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing globally due to an aging population and widespread use of imaging studies. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and perioperative outcomes of RCC surgery in very elderly patients (VEP), ≥75 years of age. Methods: This is a retrospective comparative study of 3656 patients who underwent the treatment for RCC from 1990 to 2015 in 28 centers from eight Latin American countries. We compared baseline characteristics as well as clinical and perioperative outcomes according to age groups (<75 vs.≥ 75 years). Surgical complications were classified with the Clavien-Dindo score. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with perioperative complications. Results: There were 410 VEP patients (11.2%). On bivariate analysis, VEP had a lower body mass index (p < 0.01) and higher ASA score (ASA >2 in 26.3% vs. 12.4%, p < 0.01). There was no difference in performance status and clinical stage between the study groups. There were no differences in surgical margins, estimated blood loss (EBL), complication, and mortality rates (1.3% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.17). On multivariate regression analysis, age ≥75 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.33, p < 0.01), EBL ≥ 500 cc (OR 3.34, p < 0.01), and > pT2 stage (OR 1.63, p = 0.04) were independently associated with perioperative complications. Conclusions: Surgical resection of RCC was safe and successful in VEP. Age ≥75 years was independently associated with 30-day perioperative complications. However, the vast majority were low-grade complications. Age alone should not guide decision-making in these patients, and treatment must be tailored according to performance status and severity of comorbidities. (REV INVEST CLIN. 2020;72(5):308-15)

[Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate]. / Carcinoma neuroendocrino de próstata.

Small cell of undifferenciated tumors are present in almost all organs, and it impose the need of performing a differential diagnosis between undifferenciated tumors with residual differentiation according to the type of organ, and the carcinoma of small cells of neuroendocrine origin. The concept of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in the prostatic adenocarcinoma has reached considerable attention due to its prognostic and therapeutic implies. Here it is presented a new neuroendocrine prostatic carcinoma case taking care of its hystopathologic diagnosis and evolution.

Hallazgos patológicos y evolución en prostatectomía radical de pacientes candidatos para vigilancia activa / Pathological findings and follow-up of radical prostatectomy patients candidates for active surveillance

El APE ha derivado en el diagnóstico de CaP en etapas más tempranas de la enfermedad. Por otra parte, existen evidencias de que muchos pacientes son sobretratados. La vigilancia activa tiene como premisa reducir el sobre tratamiento y la morbilidad relacionada con el tratamiento primario. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características patológicas desfavorables en pacientes sometidos a PR que fueron estratificados pre-operatoriamente de bajo riesgo según 10 modalidades para definir pacientes posibles de seguimiento activo. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo y analítico de 230 pacientes con diagnóstico de CAP y tratados con PR, realizadas entre 1999 y 2011 en el Centro Urológico Profesor Bengió. Se evaluaron las características clínicas en 10 protocolos de seguimiento activo. Las variables anatomopatológicas evaluadas en la pieza de PR fueron el estadio patológico, SG de la pieza operatoria, la extensión extraprostática (EEP), invasión de vesículas seminales y compromiso de ganglios linfíticos regionales. El informe histopatológico fue realizado por un único uropatólogo (VB).En cada uno de los protocolos se evalúa el índice de recurrencia bioquímica. La población del estudio fue 198 pacientes. La media de edad fue 63 años. La media de APE 12,4/ml. Predominaron los estadíos clínicos T1c (48 por ciento) y T2 (48 por ciento). El índice de concordancia entre el SG de la biopsia y la PR en la serie se observó en 128 pacientes (64,6 por ciento). La extensión extraprostática, invasión de vesículas seminales e invasión ganglionar fue encontrada en 44 (22,2 por ciento), 38 (19,2 por ciento) y 3 (1,5 por ciento) pacientes respectivamente. La presencia de elementos patológicos desfavorables en pacientes candidatos a seguimiento activo oscila entre 12 por ciento y el 32 porciento. En nuestra serie de pacientes tratados con prostatectomía radical, los esquemas de vigilancia activa más estrictos, basados en APE <10ng/ml,...

The PSA has resulted in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in earlier stages of the disease. Moreover, there is evidence that many patients are over-treated. Active surveillance tries to prevent overtreatment and reduce the morbidity associated with primary treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse pathologic features in patients who underwent RP and were stratified preoperatively as potential candidate for active surveillance through 10 different protocols. A retrospective study of 230 patients diagnosed with CAP treated with PR, conducted between 1999 and 2011 in the Urological Center Professor Bengio. Clinical characteristics were evaluated in 10 active surveillance protocols. Pathologic variables evaluated in RP specimens were pathological stage, surgical specimen SG, extraprostatic extension (EEP), seminal vesicle invasion and regional lymph nodes. The histopathological report was done by a single uropathologist (VB). In each of the protocols biochemical recurrence rate was evaluated. The study population was 198 patients. The average age was 63. The mean PSA 12.4 / ml. Predominant clinical stages T1c (48 percent) and T2 (48 percent). The concordance rate between the SG biopsy and RP in the series was observed in 128 patients (64.6 percent). Extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node involvement was found in 44 (22.2 percent), 38 (19.2 percent) and 3 (1.5 percent) patients, respectively. The presence of unfavorable pathological elements in candidates for active surveillance patients ranges from 12 percent to 32 percent. In our series of patients treated with radical prostatectomy, stricter schemes of active surveillance based on PSA <10ng/ml, clinical stage T1c-T2a, biopsy Gleason score ¡Ü 6 and minimally invasive biopsy (<2 cylinders and <50 percent involvement) show better agreement with favorable histopathology findings in radical prostatectomy and correspond with greater biochemical recurrence-free survival...

Tumores renales en menores de 40 años: presentación, tratamiento y resultados / Renal tumours in people under 40 years old: presentation, treatment and results

En una revisión retrospectiva, de 8 años, se estudian 179 pacientes consecutivos, con carcinoma renal, que son tratados en nuestro servicio, de los cuales 18 pacientes, el 10,05 por ciento tenían una edad entre 16 y 40 años con una media de 32,6 años. Se analizan factores clínicos, localización, volumen, anatomía patológica, estadio, tratamiento y sobrevida. De los 18 pacientes, 6 fueron hallazgos incidentales y se dividieron en 11 hombres y 7 mujeres. En lo referente al tamaño, se presentaron con medidas que van de 1,5 a 22 cm con una media de 8,1 cm. Los tipos histológicos: 3 pacientes (16,18 y 21 años) presentaron nefroblastoma, otros 3 (23, 28 y 36 años) con carcinoma papilar, 11 pacientes (34 a 40 años) tuvieron carcinoma a células claras y finalmente 1 paciente de 35 años con oncocitoma. Por lo que tuvimos 61,1 por ciento de tumor de células claras y el 38,9 por ciento se repartió entre CCR papilar y tumor de Wilms siendo el 16,6 por ciento de los casos de estadios avanzados, no superando una sobrevida media de 9,6 meses. El CCR papilar se asoció a una mala sobrevida comportándose con mayor agresividad que el CCR de células claras en este grupo, señalando que la variedad de CCR papilar reportada en la literatura como de menor agresividad, en nuestra experiencia presentó un comportamiento anormalmente agresivo en pacientes jóvenes con volúmenes tumorales que incluso estaban muy por encima de la media de presentación analizada. El 90 por ciento de los CCR de células claras presentaron estadios bajos con buena sobrevida general. Los nefroblastomas reportados de estadio bajo no presentaron comportamiento agresivo, siendo un solo caso inoperable debido a lo avanzado de la enfermedad que histológicamente era de mal pronóstico. La incidencia de tumores renales en menores de 40 años en nuestra casuística, ha sido del 10,05 por ciento, un poco por encima de la media publicada (3,5 a 7,25 por ciento). La evolución desfavorable, estuvo en relación con estadios locales avanzados, tumores voluminosos (>10 cm de diámetro).

Lesiones ureterales en la cirugía ginecológica / Ureteral lesions in gynecological surgery

Se presentan 58 pacientes entre 24 y 65 años, con una edad media de 44,5 años, las que sufrieron lesiones ureterales, en cirugías ginecológicas. Presentaron fístulas ureterovaginales 50 pacientes, lo que significó el 86,2 por ciento. Hubo dos pacientes con fístulas bilaterales, 4 ligaduras de uréteres y 2 fístulas a cavidad. La etiología predominante fue histerectomía simple en casi 69 por ciento e histerectomía ampliada en 24 por ciento. No hubo por causas obstétricas. La soluciones se implementaron inmediatamente de hecho el diagnóstico y sin nefrostomías previas, salvo excepciones, en pacientes en mal estado general, derivadas de otros centros. Se realizó 28 ureteroneocistostomías con técnica de Leadbetter-Politano. A 24 pacientes se les hizo colgajo vesical con técnica de Boari Cassatti y además en un caso fue bilateral. Las otras soluciones fueron cateterismo, anastomosis término terminal y uretero anastomosis con conducto ileal en una paciente irradiada y con cistitis actínica. Los resultados fueron buenos con todas las medidas usadas, excepto la exclusión de un riñón en la Boari Cassatti bilateral y 2 leves ureterectasias, sin síntomas, al año de control, también con la técnica de reimplante con colgajo vesical.

Tamaño del pene en 106 hombres normales / Penis size in 106 normal men

El grupo en estudio comprendió 106 hombres sometidos al examen urológico prenupcial obligatorio. Se les realizó a los mismos la medición de la longitud y circunferencia en estado fláccido y posteriormente la longitud en estado estirado del pene. La edad de los individuos se encontraba entre los 19 y los 77 años de edad, con una media de 30,9 años. Se determinó al realizar la medición de los penes, que la longitud en estado fláccido estuvo en un rango comprendido entre 8-15 cm, con una media de 11,76 cm, estando 96 individuos comprendidos entre los 10 y 14 cm (90,5 por ciento). Luego se tomó las circunferencias en estado fláccido determinando un rango entre 8-13 cm, con una media de 10,2 cm, presentando 101 individuos (95,3 por ciento) medidas de entre 9 y 11 cm. Por último, se realizó la medición de la longitud con el pene estirado, encontrando medidas entre 10-19 cm, con una media de 14,35 cm, estando 85 individuos (80,2 por ciento) entre los 13 y 17 cm. La comparación de la longitud en estado fláccido, la diferencia encontrada fue no significativa (p >0,05), con una media en las publicaciones de 11,13 cm. La circunferencia medida nos da una diferencia poco significativa respecto de la media tabulada (9 cm), con una p <0,05. En tanto la longitud tomada con el pene estirado presenta una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, con una media publicada de 11,9 cm, estableciendo una p <0,005.