Behçet's syndrome.

Behçet's syndrome is a rare, chronic multisystemic inflammatory disorder also known as the Silk Route disease due to its geographical distribution. Behçet's syndrome is a multifactorial disease and infectious, genetic, epigenetic, and immunological factors contribute to its pathogenesis. Its heterogeneous spectrum of clinical features include mucocutaneous, articular, ocular, vascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal manifestations that can present with a relapsing and remitting course. Differential diagnosis is often hampered by the non-specific clinical presentation and the absence of laboratory biomarkers or pathognomonic histological features. The therapeutic approach is tailored on the basis of patient-specific manifestations and relies on glucocorticoids, colchicine, and traditional and biological immunosuppressants. Despite progress in the knowledge and management of the disease, unmet needs in diagnostics, monitoring, prediction, and treatment personalisation challenge clinical practice, making Behçet's syndrome a complex disorder associated with an increased risk of morbidity.

Clinical phenotypes and long-term outcome of kidney involvement in Erdheim-Chester histiocytosis.

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis that frequently infiltrates the peri-kidney space ("hairy kidney" appearance), kidney pelvis and proximal ureters, leading to obstructive uropathy. Here, we analyzed the clinical characteristics, imaging findings and long-term kidney outcome of a large multicenter cohort comprising 195 consecutive patients with ECD. Retroperitoneal peri-kidney or peri-ureteral involvement was detected at diagnosis in 147 patients. Of them, 70 had hydronephrosis (bilateral in 47), and 16 with kidney atrophy (unilateral in 14). Kidney vascular peduncle infiltration was found in 60 patients, and kidney artery stenosis in 31. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at diagnosis was significantly lower in patients with than in those without peri-kidney involvement (median 74 vs. 98 mL/min/1.73 m2). Ureteral stenting often failed to achieve kidney function recovery. A total of 181 patients received medical therapies: first-line treatments included interferon-α (61%), BRAF-inhibitors (17%), mTOR-inhibitors (7%), or other drugs (15%). These therapies were efficacious for ECD but rarely induced kidney function improvement (one-year eGFR increase over 25% in under 10% of patients). After a median of 43 months, 19% of patients died and 5% developed kidney failure. Among patients with peri-kidney involvement, 44% developed chronic kidney disease (CKD) 3-5 at five years vs. 5% of those without. Unadjusted predictors of advanced CKD and kidney failure/death were age over 50 years, hypertension, BRAFV600E mutation, and baseline eGFR. At multivariable analysis, cardiovascular comorbidities were associated with advanced CKD, and age over 50 years with kidney failure/death. Thus, kidney involvement is common in ECD and can lead to CKD or kidney failure despite effective medical therapies or urological procedures.

Microbiome in Behcet's syndrome.

This review will discuss the current understanding of the role of microbiomes in Behcet's Syndrome, their influence on immune response and disease and potential future studies.

Behçet syndrome in children and adults: discovering similarities and differences by a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a rare disorder with a relapsing-remitting course. Clinical variance across geographical regions and different age groups has been observed. This study matched the demographic, clinical and treatment features of adult- and juvenile-onset BS in the Italian population. METHODS: Two clinical databases of BS patients were compared. The paediatric BS database was collected at the Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, while the adult BS database was collected at the Careggi University Hospital, Florence. RESULTS: A familiar predisposition for BS was significantly more frequent in the paediatric cohort (3/33 vs 1/165, P = 0.015). No difference emerged in terms of prevalence of HLA-B51 positivity. The proportion of patients meeting the revised ICBD and/or the ISG criteria at BS diagnosis was comparable in the two cohorts. No significant difference emerged between the two cohorts in terms of muco-cutaneous, ocular and neurological involvement, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Articular manifestations resulted as more common in the paediatric cohort, whereas venous vascular events were more frequent in the adult cohort. Regarding treatment strategy, paediatric patients more frequently received no treatment or corticosteroid monotherapy. Conversely, the use of DMARDs, both traditional and biologic, was significantly higher in the adult cohort. CONCLUSION: Remarkable differences between juvenile-onset and adult-onset BS, both in terms of gender, familiar predisposition and clinical manifestations have been observed and a different therapeutic approach in the real clinical practice of the two settings emerged. Prospective, comparison studies with a longer follow-up are encouraged to provide further data about the disease course for juvenile- and adult-onset BS.

Evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

OBJECTIVES: Patients affected by eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) display an increased risk of atherothrombotic events compared with the general population. An increased frequency of subclinical markers of atherosclerosis has been observed in other ANCA-associated vasculitis, but no specific study focused on EGPA. We therefore evaluated subclinical atherosclerosis in EGPA patients and in a control population. METHODS: Forty EGPA patients and 80 controls matched by age, sex and traditional cardiovascular risk factors underwent sonographic assessment of common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media thickness (IMT). The presence of plaques of the CCA was also investigated. The correlation between CCA-IMT and clinical and laboratory features was also assessed. RESULTS: Median CCA-IMT was significantly higher in EGPA patients compared with controls (P = 0.002). Also, the proportion of subjects with increased CCA-IMT and with presence of plaques was significantly higher among EGPA patients (P < 0.001 for both). Moreover, within the EGPA cohort, CCA-IMT tended to increase with disease duration (P = 0.034) and corticosteroid cumulative dose (P = 0.004). No significant associations were found between CCA-IMT, ANCA status, other clinical features and therapeutic regimens. Notably, the prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors was comparable in patients with vs without an increased CCA-IMT. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound markers of subclinical atherosclerosis are increased in EGPA patients as compared with controls, independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Prevalence and clinical associations of ultrasound-confirmed enthesitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of US-confirmed enthesitis in a cohort of patients with SLE and to analyse the clinical associations to enthesitis during the course of SLE. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis of the SLE cohort of the Lupus Unit of the Careggi University Hospital, US examinations of SLE patients presenting with tender and/or swollen joints were retrieved to assess the presence of enthesitis. Patients with US-proven enthesitis were compared with SLE controls with tender and/or swollen joints who showed no US evidence of enthesitis. Clinical and laboratory features were compared at disease onset and during follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 400 patients fulfilling EULAR/ACR classification criteria for SLE were assessed. Of these, 106 underwent articular US examination. Evidence of enthesitis was found in 31/106 (29.2%) patients. Seventy-one patients without US-enthesitis were included as controls; four were excluded due to lack of follow-up data. Laboratory and clinical features were comparable between cases and controls at disease onset. Throughout a median follow-up of 10.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 8.3-23.3) years for cases and 12.4 (IQR 7.2-13.3) years for controls, patients with enthesitis were less likely to develop renal involvement (22.6% vs 46.5%, P = 0.028) and failed B cell depletion more frequently (75.0% vs 0%). CONCLUSION: In SLE patients with clinically active joints, US-proven enthesitis is a fairly common finding. Enthesitis in SLE could be the hallmark of a distinct disease phenotype with less renal involvement, more arthritis and low response to anti-CD 20 therapy, potentially requiring a tailored treatment.

Serum Interleukin-36 α as a Candidate Biomarker to Distinguish Behçet's Syndrome and Psoriatic Arthritis.

Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a rare systemic vasculitis characterized by different clinical manifestations. As no specific laboratory tests exist, the diagnosis relies on clinical criteria, and the differential diagnosis with other inflammatory diseases can be challenging. Indeed, in a relatively small proportion of patients, BS symptoms include only mucocutaneous, articular, gastrointestinal, and non-typical ocular manifestations, which are frequently found also in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). We investigate the ability of serum interleukin (IL)-36α-a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in cutaneous and articular inflammatory diseases-to differentiate BS from PsA. A cross-sectional study was performed on 90 patients with BS, 80 with PsA and 80 healthy controls. Significantly lower IL-36α concentrations were found in patients with BS as compared to PsA, although in both groups IL-36α was significantly increased compared to healthy controls. An empirical cut-off of 420.6 pg/mL displayed a specificity of 0.93, with a sensitivity of 0.70 (AUC 0.82) in discriminating PsA from BS. This cut-off displayed a good diagnostic performance also in BS patients lacking highly specific BS manifestations. Our results indicate that IL-36α might be involved in the pathogenesis of both BS and PsA, and might be a candidate biomarker to support the differential diagnosis of BS.

Erythrocyte oxidative stress and thrombosis.

Thrombosis is a common disorder with a relevant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among elderly patients. Growing evidence demonstrated a direct role of oxidative stress in thrombosis, with various cell types contributing to this process. Among them, erythrocytes produce high quantities of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase activation and haemoglobin autoxidation. Concomitantly, extracellular ROS released by other cells in the blood flow can be uptaken and accumulate within erythrocytes. This oxidative milieu can alter erythrocyte membrane structure, leading to an impaired erythrocyte function, and promoting erythrocytes lysis, binding to endothelial cells, activation of platelet and of coagulation factors, phosphatidylserine exposure and release of microvesicles. Moreover, these abnormal erythrocytes are able to adhere to the vessel wall, contributing to thrombin generation within the thrombus. This process results in accelerated haemolysis and in a hypercoagulable state, in which structurally impaired erythrocytes contribute to increase thrombus size, to reduce its permeability and susceptibility to lysis. However, the wide plethora of mechanisms by which oxidised erythrocytes contribute to thrombosis is not completely elucidated. This review discusses the main biochemical aspects linking erythrocytes, oxidative stress and thrombosis, addressing their potential implication for clinical and therapeutic management.

A unique circulating miRNA profile highlights thrombo-inflammation in Behçet's syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a rare systemic vasculitis often complicated by thrombotic events. Given the lack of validated biomarkers, BS diagnosis relies on clinical criteria.In search of novel biomarkers for BS diagnosis, we determined the profile of plasmatic circulating microRNAs (ci-miRNAs) in patients with BS compared with healthy controls (HCs). METHODS: ci-miRNA profile was evaluated by microarray in a screening cohort (16 patients with BS and 18 HCs) and then validated by poly(T) adaptor PCR (PTA-PCR) in a validation cohort (30 patients with BS and 30 HCs). Two disease control groups (30 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 30 patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) were also analysed. RESULTS: From the microarray screening, 29 deregulated (differentially expressed (DE)) human ci-miRNAs emerged. A hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that DE ci-miRNAs clearly segregated patients from controls, independently of clinical features. PTA-PCR analysis on the validation cohort confirmed the deregulation of miR-224-5p, miR-206 and miR-653-5p. The combined receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses showed that such ci-miRNAs discriminate BS from HCs (and BS with active vs inactive disease), as well as BS from patients with SLE and GCA.The functional annotation analyses (FAAs) showed that the most enriched pathways affected by DE ci-miRNAs (ie, cell-matrix interaction, oxidative stress and blood coagulation) are related to thrombo-inflammatory mechanisms. Accordingly, the expression of the three ci-miRNAs from the validation cohort significantly correlated with leucocyte reactive oxygen species production and plasma lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSIONS: The ci-miRNA profile identified in this study may represent a novel, poorly invasive BS biomarker, while suggesting an epigenetic control of BS-related thrombo-inflammation.

OBSIDIAN - real-world evidence of originator to biosimilar drug switch in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Limited data about use of biosimilars (BIOs) are available in children with JIA. This study therefore aimed to evaluate long-term efficacy and safety of switching from etanercept (ETA) and adalimumab (ADA) originators to their biosimilars (BIOs), in children with JIA, in a real-world setting. METHODS: This is a retro-prospective non-interventional multicentre Italian comparative cohort study. Medical charts of JIA children treated with biosimilars of ETA or ADA were included. Efficacy and safety of TNF-inhibitors therapy was evaluated at last follow-up during originator and at 3, 6 and 12 months following the switch to biosimilar. RESULTS: A total of 59 children (42 female, median age at onset 88 months) were treated with biosimilar of ETA (21) and ADA (38). Forty-five switched from the originator to the BIO (17 ETA, 28 ADA). At time of switch, 12/17 patients on ETA and 18/28 on ADA were in remission. No significant difference has been found at 3, 6 and 12 months after the switch. Ten patients discontinued biosimilars due to disease remission (4 ETA, 3 ADA), family willing (1 ETA), occurrence of burning at injection site (1 ETA) and persistent activity (1 ADA). No statistically significant difference was observed between originator and BIOs, nor between originator and BIOs, and between ADA and ETA in time to disease remission achievement, time to relapse and number of patients who experienced adverse event (AE). CONCLUSION: Our real-life results seem to confirm the efficacy and safety profile of switching from originator of ADA and ETA to their respective BIOs, also in paediatric patients with JIA.

Hospitalisations related to benzodiazepine, Z-drug, and opioid treatment in Italy: a claim on the risks associated with inappropriate use.

PURPOSE: Benzodiazepines (BZD), Z-drugs (ZD), and opioids share a high risk of abuse. This study assessed and characterised adverse events (AEs) related to BDZ, ZD, and opioids leading to emergency department (ED) visits in the Italian setting. METHODS: ED accesses related to BDZ, ZD, and/or opioids were analysed from the MEREAFaPS database. Information on AEs, suspected and concomitant medications was retrieved. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the reporting odds ratios (RORs) of hospitalisation according to the different treatments. RESULTS: A total of 5,970 pharmacovigilance reports involving BZD/ZD (n = 3,106), opioids (n = 2,767), or their combination (n = 97) were analysed. Compared to opioids, patients with BZD/ZD-related AEs were often younger (51 vs 64 years), more frequently presented 2+ suspected medications (13 vs 3%), and often had a history of abuse (4%). Twenty-three percent of BZD/ZD-related AEs were related to drug abuse (vs 2% of opioid-related ones) and frequently required patient hospitalisation (52% vs 24%), despite the significantly lower clinical complexity of these patients as compared to those on opioids. An increased risk of hospitalisation was found for flurazepam (ROR 1.62; 95% CI, 1.18-2.22), prazepam (2.66; 1.05-6.70), lorazepam (1.26; 1.07-1.49), and morphine (1.76; 1.11-2.79). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that, in Italy, the inappropriate use of BZD/ZD is a relevant heath issue, often leading to serious AEs requiring patients' ED visits and hospitalisation, especially in young women and patients with a history of substance abuse.

Anthraquinone laxatives use and colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the effects of anthraquinone (AQ) laxatives on colorectal cancer (CRC). We searched PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and CENTRAL from inception until March 2021, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies. Through the systematic review, we identified 8 observational studies evaluating AQ laxatives use as a risk factor for CRC development, and 5 studies on CRC risk were included in the meta-analysis using a random-effects model. Through the meta-analysis, we found that a history of AQ laxatives use compared with "other" and "no laxatives" use was associated with CRC development (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 0.94-2.11), although not at a statistically significant level. The possible association persists even after removal of the outlier studies (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 0.97-2.34). Selection of cases and controls was judged at low or unclear risk of bias across almost all studies, and the quality of evidence was from moderate to low. In conclusion, it is not possible to associate the use of AQ laxatives with the development of CRC. However, the trend toward an increased risk of CRC provides a strong indication for investigating this issue by performing further high-quality studies.

Nomograms predictive for oncological outcomes in malignant parotid tumours: recurrence and mortality rates of 228 patients from a single institution.

PURPOSE: Malignant parotid tumours are rare and multiple prognostic factors exist. METHODS: Through a retrospective study we aimed to identify nomograms predicting recurrence and mortality rates in 228 primary parotid cancers. Patients clinical, treatment and tumour characteristics were retrospectively collected between 1980 and 2005 at our Institution. Factors predictive of disease-free-specific-survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Nomograms were then constructed. RESULTS: The 5- and 10-year DSS rates were 73% and 71.4%, and nomogram was drawn based on five parameters where perineural invasion showed the most significant predicting influence (p < 0.001). The median follow-up was of 95 months and the 5- and 10-year OS rates were 68.7% and 53.1%; six predictive variables (age, histological grade, perineural invasion, pathological lymph node status, resection margins and distant metastasis) were used to create nomogram. CONCLUSIONS: Our nomograms provide a tailored outcome to a patient affected by malignant parotid tumour and give him/her a risk assessment for recurrence and mortality based on individual factors by a concordance index > 0.8.

Neutrophil-mediated mechanisms of damage and in-vitro protective effect of colchicine in non-vascular Behçet's syndrome.

Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a systemic vasculitis with several clinical manifestations. Neutrophil hyperactivation mediates vascular BS pathogenesis, via both a massive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release. Here, we investigated neutrophil-mediated mechanisms of damage in non-vascular BS manifestations and explored the in-vitro effects of colchicine in counteracting these mechanisms. NETs and intracellular ROS production was assessed in blood samples from 80 BS patients (46 with active non-vascular BS, 34 with inactive disease) and 80 healthy controls. Moreover, isolated neutrophils were incubated for 1 h with an oxidating agent [2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride; 250 nM] and the ability of pure colchicine pretreatment (100 ng/ml) to counteract oxidation-induced damage was assessed. Patients with active non-vascular BS showed remarkably increased NET levels [21.2, interquartile range (IQR) = 18.3-25.9 mU/ml] compared to patients with inactive disease (16.8, IQR = 13.3-20.2 mU/ml) and to controls (7.1, IQR = 5.1-8.7 mU/ml, p < 0.001]. Also, intracellular ROS tended to increase in active BS, although not significantly. In active non-vascular BS, NETs correlated with neutrophil ROS production (p < 0.001) and were particularly increased in patients with active mucosal (p < 0.001), articular (p = 0.004) and gastrointestinal symptoms (p = 0.006). In isolated neutrophils, colchicine significantly reduced oxidation-induced NET production and cell apoptosis, although not via an anti-oxidant activity. Neutrophil-mediated mechanisms might be directly involved in non-vascular BS, and NETs, more than ROS, might drive the pathogenesis of mucosal, articular and intestinal manifestations. Colchicine might be effective in counteracting neutrophils-mediated damage in BS, although further studies are needed.

Prevalence and clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with Behçet's syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among Behçet's syndrome (BS) patients, evaluating the possible association between demographic and clinical features and the risk of infection. Moreover, we aimed to evaluate the possible association between BS disease activity and treatment, and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: A survey was conducted on BS patients followed at the Behçet's Centre of the Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy. We further evaluated the possible association between BS disease activity and treatment, and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: Out of 335 BS patients contacted, fourteen cases of SARS-CoV-2 were identified between April 1st, 2020 and February 9th, 2021, suggesting a prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among BS patients of 4.2%, in line with the data of the general population in Italy (4.4%). When comparing clinical features between SARS-CoV-2 cases and matched SARS-CoV-2 negative BS patients, we found that the presence of different disease manifestations did not significantly differ between the two groups. SARS-CoV-2 cases and controls were also comparable in terms of immunosuppressive therapy, with the only exception of corticosteroids (71.4% vs. 35.7%, p=0.030), whose daily dose was significantly higher in cases than controls [5mg/day (IQR 0-10,) vs. 0 mg/day (IQR 0-5), p=0.005], suggesting that the right timing of usage and the more appropriate dosage of corticosteroid are a key question for the better management of these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, patients with BS do not seem to be at a greater risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe complications compared with the general population.

The first 1000 days of life: traffic-related air pollution and development of wheezing and asthma in childhood. A systematic review of birth cohort studies.

BACKGROUND: The first 1000 days of life -including pregnancy and the first 2 years after birth- represent a critical window for health interventions. This systematic review aimed to summarize the evidence on the relationship between traffic-related air pollutants exposure in the first 1000 days of life and the development of wheezing and asthma, with a particular focus on windows of exposure. METHODS: Medline and Embase were searched from January 2000 to May 2020 to retrieve population-based birth-cohort studies, including registries, providing quantitative information on the association between exposure to traffic-related air pollutants during pregnancy or early life, and the risk of developing wheezing and asthma in childhood. Screening and selection of the articles were completed independently by three reviewers. The quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS: Out of 9681 records retrieved, 26 studies from 21 cohorts were included. The most common traffic-related air pollutant markers were particulate matter (PM) and nitric oxides (NOx). The variability in terms of pollutants, exposure assessment methods, and exposure levels chosen to present the results did not allow a meta-analysis. Exposure to PM and NOx in pregnancy (10 cohorts) was consistently associated with an increased risk of asthma development, while the association with wheezing development was unclear. The second trimester of pregnancy seemed to be particularly critical for asthma risk. As for exposure during early life (15 cohorts), most studies found a positive association between PM (7/10 studies) and NOx (11/13 studies) and the risk of asthma development, while the risk of wheezing development was controversial. The period of postnatal exposure, however, was less precisely defined and a partial overlap between the period of exposure measurement and that of outcome development was present in a consistent number of studies (14 out of 15) raising doubts on the associations found. CONCLUSIONS: Traffic-related air pollution during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of asthma development among children and adolescents. The relationship between exposure in the first two years of life and the development of wheezing and asthma needs to be confirmed in studies with more precise exposure assessment.

Low-dose methadone for refractory chronic migraine accompanied by medication-overuse headache: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: A refractory chronic migraine (RCM) accompanied by medication-overuse headache (MOH) is an extremely disabling disease. Evidence suggests that in selected patients, chronic opioids may be a valuable therapeutic option for RCM. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of prophylaxis with low-dose methadone (LDM) in patients affected by RCM with continuous headache and MOH. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed between May 2012 and November 2015 at the Headache Center and Toxicology Unit of the Careggi University Hospital. Eligible patients were treated with prophylactic LDM and followed up for 12 months. Headache exacerbations, pain intensity, use of rescue medications, and occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were recorded. RESULTS: Thirty patients (24 females, median age 48 years) were enrolled. Nineteen (63%) patients dropped out, mainly because of early ADRs (n = 10), including nausea, vomiting, and constipation. At last available follow-up, LDM was associated with a significant decrease in the number of headache attacks/month (from a median of 45 (interquartile range 30-150) to 16 (5-30), p < 0.001), in pain intensity (from 8.5 (8-9) to 5 (3-6), p < 0.001), and in the number of rescue medications consumed per month (from 95 (34-240) to 15 (3-28), p < 0.001). No misuse or diversion cases were observed. CONCLUSION: LDM could represent a valuable and effective option in selected patients affected by RCM with continuous headache and MOH, although the frequency of early ADRs poses major safety concerns. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of LDM prophylaxis.

Long-term effectiveness and safety of secukinumab for treatment of refractory mucosal and articular Behçet's phenotype: a multicentre study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of secukinumab in patients with a mucosal and articular Behçet's phenotype resistant to conventional and biologic treatment. METHODS: A multicentre retrospective study was performed on 15 patients with a mucosal and articular phenotype of Behçet's syndrome fulfilling the International Criteria for Behçet's Disease and refractory to treatment with colchicine, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and at least one antitumour necrosis factor-α agent. Minimum follow-up was set at 6 months. Six patients with a polyarticular involvement were treated with secukinumab 300 mg/month, while all other cases received secukinumab 150 mg/month. Dose increase from 150 to 300 mg per month and shortening of administration frequency were allowed for poor disease control. Response evaluation was based on the number of oral ulcers in the previous 28 days and Disease Activity Score-28 for articular manifestations. RESULTS: At 3 months of follow-up, nine (66.7%) patients achieved a response (complete or partial), and this proportion further increased to 86.7% at 6 months, 76.9% at 12 months, 90.0% at 18 months and 100.0% after 24 months. Notably, all patients who started with secukinumab 300 mg/month achieved complete response by month 6. Seven (46.7%) patients could achieve a response only after switching to a higher dosage. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that secukinumab at a dose of 150 and 300 mg per month is safe and effective for the long-term treatment of patients with Behçet's syndrome with a mucosal and articular phenotype refractory to previous treatments. Notably, secukinumab 300 mg/month resulted in superior complete mucosal and articular responses with no serious or dose-related adverse effects.

Behçet: the syndrome.

Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a systemic vasculitis characterized by a relapsing and remitting course. It can involve the skin, mucosa, joints, vessels (arteries and/or veins), eyes, and nervous and gastrointestinal systems, and so is referred to as a syndrome rather than as a unique and nosologically distinct condition. These involvements may present alone or co-exist in the same patient. Although all the possible combinations of the above-mentioned manifestations may occur, clusters of commonly co-existing involvements (also referred to as 'disease phenotypes') have been suggested, namely 'mucocutaneous and articular', 'peripheral vascular and extra-parenchymal neurological' and 'parenchymal neurological and ocular' phenotypes have been described. Patient-specific demographic and genetic features have been described as positively or negatively associated with specific disease phenotypes. This review will focus on the different clinical features of Behçet's syndrome, summarizing current evidence on the distinct disease manifestations as well as the major phenotypes.

Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome is not associated with an increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: The persistent positivity of aPLs, either isolated or associated with thrombotic and/or obstetric events (APS), has been associated with the increase of intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid plaques. Despite the fact that aPLs can promote both thrombotic and obstetric complications, some pathogenic differences have been documented between the two entities. This study aimed to evaluate whether the atherosclerotic risk differs between subjects with obstetric and thrombotic APS. METHODS: A total of 167 APS women (36 obstetric and 131 thrombotic) were compared with 250 aPLs negative controls. IMT of the common carotid artery (CCA) and of the bulb and the prevalence of carotid plaques were assessed. RESULTS: CCA- and bulb-IMT were significantly higher in women with thrombotic APS, while being similar between the obstetric APS and the controls [CCA-IMT: mean (s.d.) 0.97 (0.49), 0.78 (0.22) and 0.81 (0.12) mm for the thrombotic, obstetric and control groups, respectively, P < 0.001 between thrombotic and controls, P = 0.002 between thrombotic and obstetric; bulb-IMT: mean (s.d.) 1.38 (0.79), 0.96 (0.27) and 0.96 (0.51) mm for the thrombotic, obstetric and control groups, P < 0.001]. Women with thrombotic APS had significantly increased risk of presenting carotid plaques. This risk was significantly lower in obstetric APS. CONCLUSION: Unlike thrombotic APS, obstetric APS is not associated with an increase of markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. If confirmed on wider populations, these results could suggest different pathogenetic role of aPLs in promoting atherosclerosis in vascular and obstetric APS, and raise questions on the risk-benefit profile of thromboprophylaxis in obstetric APS outside pregnancy periods.