RESUMO
The CACNA1C gene encodes the alpha-1c subunit of the Cav1.2 calcium channel, a regulator of neuronal calcium influx involved in neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. Genetic data show a role for CACNA1C in depressive symptoms underlying different psychiatric diagnoses. However, the mechanisms involved still require further exploration. This study aimed to investigate sex and region-specific changes in the Cacna1c gene and behavioral outcomes in mice exposed to chronic stress. Moreover, we evaluated the Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (Nfat5) and the Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) as potential upstream and downstream Cacna1c targets and their correlation in stressed mice and humans with depression. Male and female Swiss mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 21 days. Animal-integrated emotionality was assessed using the sucrose splash test, the tail suspension, the open-field test, and the elevated-plus-maze. Gene expression analysis was performed in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Human data for in silico analysis was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus. CUS-induced impairment in integrated emotional regulation was observed in males. Gene expression analysis showed decreased levels of Cacna1c and Nfat5 and increased levels of Bdnf transcripts in the amygdala of stressed male mice. In contrast, there were no major changes in behavioral responses or gene expression in female mice after stress. The expression of the three genes was significantly correlated in the amygdala of mice and humans. The strong and positive correlation between Canac1c and Nfat5 suggests a potential role for this transcription factor in Canac1c expression. These changes could impact amygdala reactivity and emotional responses, making them a potential target for psychiatric intervention.
RESUMO
Nuevos enfoques de análisis muestran que las políticas públicas son el resultado de articulaciones complejas entre marcos referenciales diversos. Algunas investigaciones centran su atención en los procesos por los cuales se desarrollan los aprendizajes, las convergencias, la difusión y la transferencia en políticas públicas. Este artículo analiza la difusión de programas de transferencia de renta condicionada desarrollados en América Latina y el Caribe. Muestra los epicentros de las ideas originales y la incidencia de las comunidades epistémicas locales así como de los organismos internacionales. El debate que esos actores generaron, contribuyó a la adopción de medidas similares en el resto del continente, mediante un movimiento de difusión en forma de ola. La adopción del modelo se verifica a pesar de las diferentes situaciones socio-políticas entre los países receptores. La adopción generalizada del nuevo modelo, re-definió la orientación de las políticas de asistencia en el S XXI.
New approaches of analysis show that the public policies are the result of complex joints between diverse referential frames. Some investigations center his attention on the processes for which there develop the learnings, the convergences, the diffusion and the transfer in public policies. This article analyzes the diffusion of cash conditional transfer programs developed in Latin America and the Caribe. It shows the epicenters of the original ideas and the incident of the local epistemic communities as well as of the international organizations. The debate that these actors generated, contributed to the adoption of similar measures in the rest of the continent, by means of a movement of diffusion in the shape of wave. The adoption of the model happens in spite of the different socio-political situations between the countries recipients. The widespread adoption of the new model, re-defined the orientation of the policies of assistance in the S XXI.