Evaluating learning curves and competence in colorectal EMR among advanced endoscopy fellows: a pilot multicenter prospective trial using cumulative sum analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Data on colorectal EMR (C-EMR) training are lacking. We aimed to evaluate C-EMR training among advanced endoscopy fellows (AEFs) by using a standardized assessment tool (STAT). METHODS: This multicenter prospective study used a STAT to grade AEF training in C-EMR during their 12-month fellowship. Cumulative sum analysis was used to establish learning curves and competence for cognitive and technical components of C-EMR and overall performance. Sensitivity analysis was performed by varying failure rates. AEFs completed a self-assessment questionnaire to assess their comfort level with performing C-EMR at the completion of their fellowship. RESULTS: Six AEFs (189 C-EMRs; mean per AEF, 31.5 ± 18.5) were included. Mean polyp size was 24.3 ± 12.6 mm, and mean procedure time was 22.6 ± 16.1 minutes. Learning curve analyses revealed that less than 50% of AEFs achieved competence for key cognitive and technical C-EMR endpoints. All 6 AEFs reported feeling comfortable performing C-EMR independently at the end of their training, although only 2 of them achieved competence in their overall performance. The minimum threshold to achieve competence in these 2 AEFs was 25 C-EMRs. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively low proportion of AEFs achieved competence on key cognitive and technical aspects of C-EMR during their 12-month fellowship. The relatively low number of C-EMRs performed by AEFs may be insufficient to achieve competence, in spite of their self-reported readiness for independent practice. These pilot data serve as an initial framework for competence threshold, and suggest the need for validated tools for formal C-EMR training assessment.

Discrepancy between self-reported and actual colonoscopy polypectomy practices for the removal of small polyps.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cold snare polypectomy (CSP) is associated with higher rates of complete resection compared with cold biopsy forceps (CBF) for the removal of small polyps (4-9 mm). This study aimed to evaluate self-reported polypectomy preferences and actual practice patterns among endoscopists at an academic center and to identify factors associated with the use of CSP for small polyps. METHODS: In phase A, endoscopists completed a survey evaluating preferences for polypectomy techniques. In phase B, we performed a retrospective analysis of all consecutive colonoscopies with polypectomy (January 2016 to September 2018). Uni- and multivariate analysis were performed to identify factors associated with CSP for small polyps. RESULTS: Nineteen of 26 (73%) endoscopists completed the survey (phase A); 3 (15.8%) were interventional endoscopists. Most respondents indicated that they use CSP (89.5%) for small polyps and identified no reasons for choosing CBF over CSP (73.7%). In phase B, we identified 1118 colonoscopies with 2625 polypectomies for polyps ≤9 mm. Most diminutive polyps (≤3 mm) were removed with CBF (819 of 912; 90%). CBF (46.2%) was also preferentially used for removal of small polyps (n = 1713), followed by hot snare polypectomy (27.2%), and CSP (26.6%). On multivariate analysis, interventional endoscopists were associated with a higher likelihood of using CSP for small polyps (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.79; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Significant discrepancy exists between self-reported preferences and actual polypectomy practices. CBF is still preferentially used over CSP for the removal of polyps sized 4-9 mm; further strategies are needed to monitor and implement adequate polypectomy techniques.

Prevalence and correlates of sleep apnea among US Veterans with chronic kidney disease.

The prevalence and correlates of sleep apnea (SA) among Veterans with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a population at high risk of both SA and CKD, are unknown. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 248 Veterans (18-89 years) selected only for presence of moderate to severe CKD. All participants underwent full, unattended polysomnography, measurement of renal function and a sleepiness questionnaire. Logistic regression with backward selection was used to identify predictors of prevalent SA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI, ≥15 events/hr] and prevalent nocturnal hypoxia [NH, % of total sleep time spent at <90% oxygen saturation]). The mean age of our cohort was 73.2 ± 9.6 years, 95% were male, 78% were Caucasian and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.3 ± 4.8 kg/m2 . The prevalence of SA was 39%. There was no difference in daytime sleepiness among those with and without SA. In the final model, older age, higher BMI and diabetes mellitus (DM) were associated with higher odds of SA, after controlling for age, BMI, race and sex. Higher BMI, DM, unemployed/retired status, current smoking and higher serum bicarbonate level were associated with prevalent NH. To sum, SA was common among Veterans with moderate to severe CKD. Although some traditional risk factors for SA were associated with SA in this population, sleepiness did not correlate with SA. Further study is needed to validate our findings and understand how best to address the high burden of SA among Veterans with CKD.

Clock gene expression is altered in veterans with sleep apnea.

Clock gene dysregulation has been shown to underlie various sleep disorders and may lead to negative cardio-metabolic outcomes. However, the association between sleep apnea (SA) and core clock gene expression is unclear. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 49 Veterans enrolled in a study of SA outcomes in veterans with chronic kidney disease, not selected for SA or sleep complaints. All participants underwent full polysomnography and next morning whole blood collection for clock gene expression. We defined SA as an apnea-hypopnea index ≥15 events/h; nocturnal hypoxemia(NH) was defined as ≥10% of total sleep time spent at <90% oxygen saturation. We used quantitative real-time PCR to compare the relative gene expression of clock genes between those with and without SA or NH. Clock genes studied were Bmal1, Ck1δ, Ck1ε, Clock, Cry1, Cry2, NPAS2, Per1, Per2, Per3, Rev-Erb-α, RORα, and Timeless. Our cohort was 90% male, mean age was 71 yr (SD 11), mean body mass index was 30 kg/m2 (SD 5); 41% had SA, and 27% had NH. Compared with those without SA, Per3 expression was reduced by 35% in SA ( P = 0.027). Compared with those without NH, NPAS2, Per1, and Rev-Erb-α expression was reduced in NH (50.4%, P = 0.027; 28.7%, P = 0.014; 31%, P = 0.040, respectively). There was no statistical difference in expression of the remaining clock genes by SA or NH status. Our findings suggest that SA or related NH and clock gene expression may be interrelated. Future study of 24 h clock gene expression in SA is needed to establish the role of clock gene regulation on the pathway between SA and cardio-metabolic outcomes.

Association of midlife smoking status with change in processing speed and mental flexibility among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative older men: the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

Smoking is a potential risk factor for age-related cognitive decline. To date, no study has examined the association between smoking and cognitive decline in men living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The aim of this present study is to examine whether smoking status and severity in midlife is associated with a rate of decline in cognitive processing speed among older HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative men who have sex with men. Data from 591 older HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative men who have sex with men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study were examined. All participants had information on smoking history collected before age 50 years and at least 5 years of follow-up after age 50. Smoking history was categorized as never smoker, former smoker, and current smoker and cumulative pack years was calculated. The raw scores of three neuropsychological tests (Trail Making A, Trail Making B, and Symbol Digit Modalities tests) were log transformed (Trail Making A and B) and used in linear mixed models to determine associations between smoking history and at least subsequent 5-year decline in cognitive processing speed. There were no significant differences in the rates of neurological decline among never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers. Findings were similar among HIV-seropositive participants. However, an increase of 5 pack-years was statistically significantly associated with a greater rate of decline in the Trail Making Test B score and Composite Score (ß -0.0250 [95% CI, -0.0095 to -0.0006] and -0.0077 [95% CI, -0.0153 to -0.0002], respectively). We found no significant association between smoking treated as a categorical variable (never smoked, former smoker, or current smoker) and a small change in every increase of 5 pack-years on measures of psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility. To optimize healthy aging, interventions for smoking cessation should be tailored to men who have sex with men.

Perceptions of patients and providers on myocardial perfusion imaging for asymptomatic patients, choosing wisely, and professional liability.

BACKGROUND: Despite efforts by professional societies to reduce low value care, many reports indicate that unnecessary tests, such as nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), are commonly used in contemporary practice. The degree to which lack of awareness and professional liability concerns drive these behaviors warrants further study. We sought to investigate patient and provider perceptions about MPI in asymptomatic patients, the Choosing Wisely (CW) campaign, and professional liability concerns. METHODS: We administered an anonymous, paper-based survey with both discrete and open-response queries to subjects in multiple outpatient settings at our facilities. The survey was completed by 456 respondents including 342 patients and 114 physicians and advanced practice providers between May and August 2014. Our outcome was to compare patient and provider perceptions about MPI in asymptomatic patients and related factors. RESULTS: Patients were more likely than providers to report that MPI was justified for asymptomatic patients (e.g. asymptomatic with family history of heart disease 75% versus 9.2%, p < 0.0001). In free responses to the question "What would be an inappropriate reason for MPI?" many responses echoed the goals of CW (for example, "If you don't have symptoms", "If the test is too risky", "For screening or in asymptomatic patients"). A minority of providers were aware of CW while even fewer patients were aware (37.2% versus 2.7%, p < 0.0001). Over one third of providers (38.9%) admitted to ordering MPI out of concern for professional liability including 48.3% of VA affiliated providers. CONCLUSIONS: While some patients and providers are aware of the low value of MPI in patients without symptoms, others are enthusiastic to use it for a variety of scenarios. Concerns about professional liability likely contribute, even in the VA setting. Awareness of the Choosing Wisely campaign is low in both groups.

Estimated GFR and Mortality in Older Men: Are All eGFR Formulae Equal.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the first estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) formula specifically developed for community-dwelling older adults, the Berlin Initiative Study Equation 2 (BIS2), was reported. To date, however, no study has examined the performance of the BIS2 to predict death in older adults as compared to equations used clinically and in research. METHODS: We prospectively followed 2,994 community-dwelling men (age 76.4 ± 5.6) enrolled in the MrOS Sleep Study. We calculated baseline eGFR from serum creatinine and cystatin-C using the BIS2, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPIcr,cysc), CKD-EPIcysc and CKD-EPIcr equations. Analyses included Cox-proportional hazards regression and net reclassification improvement (NRI) for the outcomes of all-cause and cardiovascular death. RESULTS: Follow-up time was 7.3 ± 1.9 years. By BIS2, 42 and 11% had eGFR <60 and <45, respectively, compared to CKD-EPIcr (23 and 6%), CKD-EPIcysc (36 and 13%) and CKD-EPIcr,cysc (28 and 8%). BIS2 eGFR <45 was associated with twofold higher rate of all-cause mortality when compared to eGFR ≥75 after multivariate adjustment (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5-2.8). Results were similar for CKD-EPIcr,cysc <45 (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6-2.7) and CKD-EPIcysc <45 (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.7-2.7) and weaker for CKD-EPIcr <45 (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-2.0). In NRI analyses, when compared to CKD-EPIcr,cysc, both BIS2 and CKD-EPIcr equations more often misclassified participants with respect to mortality. We found similar results for cardiovascular death. CONCLUSION: The BIS2 did not outperform and the CKD-EPIcr was inferior to the cystatin C-based CKD-EPI equations to predict death in this cohort of older men. Thus, the cystatin C-based CKD-EPI equations are the formulae of choice to predict death in community-dwelling older men.

Long-Term Cigarette Smoking Trajectories Among HIV-Seropositive and Seronegative MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

To examine the association between demographic characteristics and long-term smoking trajectory group membership among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative men who have sex with men (MSM). A cohort of 6552 MSM from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study were asked detailed information about their smoking history since their last follow-up. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to examine smoking behavior and identify trajectory group membership. Because participants enrolled after 2001 were more likely to be younger, HIV-seronegative, non-Hispanic black, and have a high school diploma or less, we also assessed time of enrollment in our analysis. Participants were grouped into 4 distinct smoking trajectory groups: persistent nonsmoker (n = 3737 [55.9 %]), persistent light smoker (n = 663 [11.0 %]), heavy smoker to nonsmoker (n = 531 [10.0 %]), and persistent heavy smoker (n = 1604 [23.1 %]). Compared with persistent nonsmokers, persistent heavy smokers were associated with being enrolled in 2001 and later (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.35; 95 % CI 2.12-2.58), having a high school diploma or less (aOR 3.22; 95 % CI 3.05-3.39), and being HIV-seropositive (aOR 1.17; 95 % CI 1.01-1.34). These associations were statistically significant across all trajectory groups for time of enrollment and education but not for HIV serostatus. The overall decrease of smoking as shown by our trajectory groups is consistent with the national trend. Characteristics associated with smoking group trajectory membership should be considered in the development of targeted smoking cessation interventions among MSM and people living with HIV.

Trends and Predictors of Cigarette Smoking Among HIV Seropositive and Seronegative Men: The Multicenter Aids Cohort Study.

We measured the trend of cigarette smoking among HIV-seropositive and seronegative men over time from 1984 to 2012. Additionally, we examined the demographic correlates of smoking and smoking consumption. Six thousand and five hundred and seventy seven men who have sex with men (MSM) from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) were asked detailed information about their smoking history since their visit. Prevalence of smoking and quantity smoked was calculated yearly from 1984 to 2012. Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate prevalence ratios of smoking in univariate and multivariate models. In 2012, 11.8 and 36.9 % of men who were enrolled in the MACS before 2001 or during or after 2001 smoked cigarettes, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, black, non-Hispanic, lower education, enrollment wave, alcohol use, and marijuana use were positively associated with current smoking in MSM. HIV serostatus was not significant in the multivariate analysis. However, HIV variables, such as detectable viral load, were positively associated. Though cigarette smoking has declined over time, the prevalence still remains high among subgroups. There is still a need for tailored smoking cessation programs to decrease the risk of smoking in HIV-seropositive MSM.

Use of a values inventory as a discussion aid about end-of-life care: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the utility of a brief values inventory as a discussion aid to elicit patients' values and goals for end-of-life (EoL) care during audiotaped outpatient physician-patient encounters. METHOD: Participants were seriously ill male outpatients (n = 120) at a large urban Veterans Affairs medical center. We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial, randomizing 60 patients to either the intervention (with the values inventory) or usual care. We used descriptive statistics and qualitative methods to analyze the data. We coded any EoL discussions and recorded the length of such discussions. RESULTS: A total of 8 patients (13%) in the control group and 13 (23%) in the intervention group had EoL discussions with a physician (p = 0.77). All EoL discussions in the control group were initiated by the physician, compared with only five (38%) in the intervention group. Because most EoL discussions took place toward the end of the encounter, discussions were usually brief. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The outpatient setting has been promoted as a better place for discussing EoL care than a hospital during an acute hospitalization for a chronic serious illness. However, the low effectiveness of our intervention calls into question the feasibility of discussing EoL care during a single outpatient visit. Allowing extra time or an extra visit for EoL discussions might increase the efficacy of advance care planning.

Clinical utility of inappropriate positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging: test results and cardiovascular events.

BACKGROUND: Appropriate use criteria for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) were developed to categorize scenarios where MPI might be beneficial (appropriate) or not (inappropriate). Few investigations have evaluated the clinical utility of this categorization strategy, particularly with positron emission tomography (PET) MPI. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted this retrospective cohort investigation in a Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center, on predominantly male subjects who underwent PET-MPI. We correlated appropriateness to test result and cardiovascular events. Of 521 subjects, 414 (79.5%) were appropriate, 54 (10.4%) were uncertain, and 53 (10.2%) were inappropriate. PET-MPI was abnormal more often when appropriate or uncertain (28% and 34.6%, respectively, vs 7.7% for inappropriate, P = .003). Among abnormal inappropriate tests, none detected occult ischemia. By Cox regression, summed difference score ≥5 (HR 5.06, 95% CI 2.72-9.44) and an abnormal test result (HR 4.48, 95% CI 2.19-9.14) were associated with higher likelihood of catheterization. Log-rank analysis demonstrated similar likelihood of catheterization when comparing abnormal vs normal test result (P < .0001) and between appropriate, uncertain, and inappropriate tests (P = .024). CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate PET-MPI was rarely abnormal, associated with low catheterization rates, and failed to detect occult ischemia for any subjects. The clinical utility of inappropriate PET-MPI is negligible.

Evidence-based risk communication: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Effective communication of risks and benefits to patients is critical for shared decision making. PURPOSE: To review the comparative effectiveness of methods of communicating probabilistic information to patients that maximize their cognitive and behavioral outcomes. DATA SOURCES: PubMed (1966 to March 2014) and CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (1966 to December 2011) using several keywords and structured terms. STUDY SELECTION: Prospective or cross-sectional studies that recruited patients or healthy volunteers and compared any method of communicating probabilistic information with another method. DATA EXTRACTION: Two independent reviewers extracted study characteristics and assessed risk of bias. DATA SYNTHESIS: Eighty-four articles, representing 91 unique studies, evaluated various methods of numerical and visual risk display across several risk scenarios and with diverse outcome measures. Studies showed that visual aids (icon arrays and bar graphs) improved patients' understanding and satisfaction. Presentations including absolute risk reductions were better than those including relative risk reductions for maximizing accuracy and seemed less likely than presentations with relative risk reductions to influence decisions to accept therapy. The presentation of numbers needed to treat reduced understanding. Comparative effects of presentations of frequencies (such as 1 in 5) versus event rates (percentages, such as 20%) were inconclusive. LIMITATION: Most studies were small and highly variable in terms of setting, context, and methods of administering interventions. CONCLUSION: Visual aids and absolute risk formats can improve patients' understanding of probabilistic information, whereas numbers needed to treat can lessen their understanding. Due to study heterogeneity, the superiority of any single method for conveying probabilistic information is not established, but there are several good options to help clinicians communicate with patients. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None.

Clinician-dependent variations in inappropriate use of myocardial perfusion imaging: training, specialty, and location.

BACKGROUND: Inappropriate use of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) may vary depending on the training, specialty, or practice location of the clinician. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional investigation of consecutive patients who underwent MPI at our Veterans Affairs medical center between December 2010 and July 2011. Characteristics of the MPI ordering clinicians were extracted to investigate any associations with inappropriate use. RESULTS: 582 patients were included, 9.8% were inappropriate. No difference in inappropriate use was observed between cardiology and non-cardiology clinicians (n = 21, 9.5% vs n = 36, 10.0%, P = .83); no difference was noted between nurse practitioners/physician assistants, attending physicians, and housestaff (7.5% vs 11.2% vs 1.8%, P = .06). Comparing inpatient, emergency department and outpatient clinician groups, the difference was null (8.6% vs 6.3% vs 10.1%, P = .75). For most clinician groups, the most common inappropriate indication was an asymptomatic scenario; however, some groups were different: definite acute coronary syndrome for inpatient clinicians and low risk syncope for emergency medicine clinicians. CONCLUSIONS: Clinician groups appear to order inappropriate MPI at similar rates, regardless of their training, specialty, or practice location. Differences in the most common type of inappropriate testing suggest that interventions to reduce inappropriate use should be tailored to specific clinician types.

Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.

BACKGROUND: Uptake of self-testing and self-management of oral anticoagulation [corrected] has remained inconsistent, despite good evidence of their effectiveness. To clarify the value of self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation, we did a meta-analysis of individual patient data addressing several important gaps in the evidence, including an estimate of the effect on time to death, first major haemorrhage, and thromboembolism. METHODS: We searched Ovid versions of Embase (1980-2009) and Medline (1966-2009), limiting searches to randomised trials with a maximally sensitive strategy. We approached all authors of included trials and requested individual patient data: primary outcomes were time to death, first major haemorrhage, and first thromboembolic event. We did prespecified subgroup analyses according to age, type of control-group care (anticoagulation-clinic care vs primary care), self-testing alone versus self-management, and sex. We analysed patients with mechanical heart valves or atrial fibrillation separately. We used a random-effect model method to calculate pooled hazard ratios and did tests for interaction and heterogeneity, and calculated a time-specific number needed to treat. FINDINGS: Of 1357 abstracts, we included 11 trials with data for 6417 participants and 12,800 person-years of follow-up. We reported a significant reduction in thromboembolic events in the self-monitoring group (hazard ratio 0·51; 95% CI 0·31-0·85) but not for major haemorrhagic events (0·88, 0·74-1·06) or death (0·82, 0·62-1·09). Participants younger than 55 years showed a striking reduction in thrombotic events (hazard ratio 0·33, 95% CI 0·17-0·66), as did participants with mechanical heart valve (0·52, 0·35-0·77). Analysis of major outcomes in the very elderly (age ≥85 years, n=99) showed no significant adverse effects of the intervention for all outcomes. INTERPRETATION: Our analysis showed that self-monitoring and self-management of oral coagulation is a safe option for suitable patients of all ages. Patients should also be offered the option to self-manage their disease with suitable health-care support as back-up. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Technology Assessment Programme, UK NIHR National School for Primary Care Research.

Baseline Features and Reasons for Nonparticipation in the Colonoscopy Versus Fecal Immunochemical Test in Reducing Mortality From Colorectal Cancer (CONFIRM) Study, a Colorectal Cancer Screening Trial.

Importance: The Colonoscopy Versus Fecal Immunochemical Test in Reducing Mortality From Colorectal Cancer (CONFIRM) randomized clinical trial sought to recruit 50 000 adults into a study comparing colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality outcomes after randomization to either an annual fecal immunochemical test (FIT) or colonoscopy. Objective: To (1) describe study participant characteristics and (2) examine who declined participation because of a preference for colonoscopy or stool testing (ie, fecal occult blood test [FOBT]/FIT) and assess that preference's association with geographic and temporal factors. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study within CONFIRM, which completed enrollment through 46 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers between May 22, 2012, and December 1, 2017, with follow-up planned through 2028, comprised veterans aged 50 to 75 years with an average CRC risk and due for screening. Data were analyzed between March 7 and December 5, 2022. Exposure: Case report forms were used to capture enrolled participant data and reasons for declining participation among otherwise eligible individuals. Main Outcomes and Measures: Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the cohort overall and by intervention. Among individuals declining participation, logistic regression was used to compare preference for FOBT/FIT or colonoscopy by recruitment region and year. Results: A total of 50 126 participants were recruited (mean [SD] age, 59.1 [6.9] years; 46 618 [93.0%] male and 3508 [7.0%] female). The cohort was racially and ethnically diverse, with 748 (1.5%) identifying as Asian, 12 021 (24.0%) as Black, 415 (0.8%) as Native American or Alaska Native, 34 629 (69.1%) as White, and 1877 (3.7%) as other race, including multiracial; and 5734 (11.4%) as having Hispanic ethnicity. Of the 11 109 eligible individuals who declined participation (18.0%), 4824 (43.4%) declined due to a stated preference for a specific screening test, with FOBT/FIT being the most preferred method (2820 [58.5%]) vs colonoscopy (1958 [40.6%]; P < .001) or other screening tests (46 [1.0%] P < .001). Preference for FOBT/FIT was strongest in the West (963 of 1472 [65.4%]) and modest elsewhere, ranging from 199 of 371 (53.6%) in the Northeast to 884 of 1543 (57.3%) in the Midwest (P = .001). Adjusting for region, the preference for FOBT/FIT increased by 19% per recruitment year (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.14-1.25). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional analysis of veterans choosing nonenrollment in the CONFIRM study, those who declined participation more often preferred FOBT or FIT over colonoscopy. This preference increased over time and was strongest in the western US and may provide insight into trends in CRC screening preferences.

A systematic review of the quality of evidence of ablative therapy for small renal masses.

PURPOSE: We critically assessed the methodological and reporting quality of published studies of ablative techniques for small renal masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a systematic PubMed® and EMBASE® literature search from January 1966 to March 2010 to identify all full text, original research publications on ablative therapy for renal masses. Six reviewers working independently in 3 teams performed duplicate data abstraction using Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria, which were pilot tested in a separate sample. RESULTS: A total of 117 original research publications published in a 15-year period (1995 to 2009) met eligibility criteria. No randomized, controlled trials were identified. All studies were observational and 88.9% had 1 arm with no comparison group. Median sample size was 18 patients (IQR 5.5, 40.0) and 53.8% of studies included 20 or fewer patients. Median followup was 14.0 months (IQR 8.0, 23.8) and only 19.7% of studies had an average followup of greater than 24 months. Of the studies 20.5% mentioned the number of operators involved and only 6.0% provided information on their experience level. Of the studies 66.7% addressed the recurrence rate. Disease specific and overall survival was reported in only 15.4% and 16.2% of studies, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The published literature on the therapeutic efficacy of ablative therapy for renal masses is largely limited to uncontrolled, 1-arm observational studies. In the absence of higher quality evidence ablative therapy outside research studies should be limited to select patients who are not candidates for surgical intervention.

Pre-post evaluation of automated reminders may improve detection and management of post-stroke depression.

BACKGROUND: Post-stroke depression (PSD) occurs in at least one-third of stroke survivors, is associated with worse functional outcomes and increased mortality, and is frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of an electronic medical record-based system intervention to improve the proportion of veterans screened and treated for PSD. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study comparing PSD screening and treatment among veterans receiving post-stroke outpatient care one year prior to the intervention (the control group) to those receiving outpatient care during the intervention period (the intervention group); contemporaneous data from non-study sites included to assess temporal trends in depression diagnosis and treatment. PARTICIPANTS: Veterans hospitalized for ischemic stroke and/or receiving primary care (PC) or neurology outpatient follow-up within six months post-stroke at two (Veterans Affairs) VA Medical Centers. INTERVENTIONS: We formed clinical improvement teams at both sites. Teams developed PSD screening and treatment reminders and designed tailored implementation strategies for reminder use in PC and neurology clinics. MAIN MEASURES: Proportion screened for PSD within 6 months post-stroke; proportion screening positive for PSD who received an appropriate treatment action within 6 months post-stroke. KEY RESULTS: In unadjusted analyses, PSD screening was performed within 6 months for 85% of intervention (N = 278) vs. 50% of control (N = 374) patients (OR 6.2 , p < 0.001), and treatment action was received by 83% of intervention vs. 73% of control patients who screened positive (OR 1.8 p = 0.13). After adjusting for intervention, site and number of follow-up visits, intervention patients were more likely to be screened (OR 4.8, p < 0.001) and to receive a treatment action if screened positive (OR 2.45, p = 0.05). Analyses of temporal trends in non-study sites revealed no trend toward general increase in PSD detection or treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Automated depression screening in primary and specialty care can improve detection and treatment of PSD.

Don't blink: inattentional blindness in radiology report interpretation.

Objectives: Medical errors attributable to inattentional blindness (IAB) may contribute to adverse patient outcomes. IAB has not been studied in the context of reviewing written radiological reports. This cross-sectional, deception-controlled study measures IAB of physicians towards an unexpected stimulus while interpreting written radiological reports. Methods: Physicians and residents from multiple fields were asked to interpret four radiology text reports. Embedded in one was an unexpected stimulus (either an abnormally placed medical exam finding or a non-medical quote from the popular television show Doctor Who). Primary outcomes were differences in detection rates for the two stimuli. Secondary outcomes were differences in detection rates based on level of training and specialty. Results: The unexpected stimulus was detected by 47.8% (n = 43) of participants; the non-medical stimulus was detected more often than the medical stimulus (75.0% vs 21.7%, odds ratio 10.8, 95% confidence interval 4.1-28.7; p < 0.0001). No differences in outcomes were observed between training levels or specialties. Conclusion: Only a minority of physicians successfully detected an unexpected stimulus while interpreting written radiological reports. They were more likely to detect an abnormal non-medical stimulus than a medical stimulus. Findings were independent of the level of training or field of medical practice. Advances in knowledge: This study is the first to show that IAB is indeed present among internal medicine, family medicine, and emergency medicine providers when interpreting written radiology reports.

Renal Repercussions of Medications.

Medications are a common cause of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Older patients with multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy are at increased risk and require extra diligence. Antimicrobials, antihypertensives, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are common offenders of drug-induced kidney injury. Other drug classes that can cause kidney damage include immunosuppressive medications, statins, proton pump inhibitors, and herbal supplements. Awareness of such medications and their mechanisms of nephrotoxicity helps decrease morbidity and mortality. If nephrotoxic agents cannot be avoided, hydration, avoiding concomitant nephrotoxic medications, and using the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration are strategies that can decrease risk of kidney damage.

Home vs hospital treatment of low-risk venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Increasing evidence supports the safety and effectiveness of managing low-risk deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) in outpatient settings. We performed a systematic review to assess safety and effectiveness of managing patients with DVT or PE at home compared with the hospital. Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched up to July 2019 for relevant randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and prospective cohort studies. Two investigators independently screened titles and abstracts of identified citations and extracted data from relevant full-text papers. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated, and certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Seven RCTs (1922 patients) were included in meta-analyses on managing patients with DVT. Pooled estimates indicated decreased risk of PE (RR = 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-0.93) and recurrent DVT (RR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.42-0.90) for home management, both with moderate certainty of the evidence. Reductions in mortality and major bleeding were not significant, both with low certainty of the evidence. Two RCTs (445 patients) were included in meta-analyses on home management of low-risk patients with PE. Pooled estimates indicated no significant difference in all-cause mortality, recurrent PE, and major bleeding, all with low certainty of the evidence. Results of pooled estimates from 3 prospective cohort studies (234 patients) on home management of PE showed similar results. Our findings indicate that low-risk DVT patients had similar or lower risk of patient-important outcomes with home treatment compared with hospital treatment. In patients with low-risk PE, there was important uncertainty about a difference between home and hospital treatment.