Incidence of childhood cancer in Kingston and St Andrew, Jamaica, 1983-2002.

OBJECTIVES: There have been several modifications to the classification of childhood cancers since the first report (1968-1981) specific to the Jamaican paediatric population was published in 1988. This paper reports on paediatric cancer incidence in Kingston and St Andrew, Jamaica, for the 20-year period 1983-2002 based on these modifications. METHODS: All cases of cancer diagnosed in children (0-14 years), between 1983 and 2002 were extracted from the Jamaica Cancer Registry archives and classified using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, third edition. Incidence figures were calculated as per the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reporting format for childhood cancer. RESULTS: There were 272 cases (133 males, 139 females) of childhood cancer identified in the 20-year period. The overall age standardized rate (ASR) was 69.4 per million; that for males was 67.8 per million, and for females, 70.9 per million. The three most common malignancies overall were leukaemia (21.3%), lymphoma (15.8%) and brain and spinal neoplasms (14.0%). In males, the highest ASRs were seen for leukaemia (14.8 per million), lymphoma (12.7 per million), and brain and spinal neoplasms (8.2 per million), and in females, leukaemia (14.4 per million), nephroblastoma (11.3 per million), and brain and spinal neoplasms (10.6 per million). CONCLUSIONS: The rankings of the most common childhood malignancies in Jamaica (leukaemia, brain and spinal neoplasms and lymphomas) have shown few changes since the last review. However, there are differences in frequency and gender distribution of nephroblastoma and brain and spinal neoplasms.

Perinatal autopsy rates at the University Hospital of the West Indies: 2002-2008.

OBJECTIVES: High perinatal autopsy rates are necessary for institutional management protocols and national policy-making. This study reviews perinatal autopsy rates and factors affecting these rates at the University Hospital of the West Indies. METHOD: All perinatal deaths (stillborn infants > or = 24 weeks gestation or 500 g; early neonatal deaths ie 0-7 days old) at the University Hospital of the West Indies, between January 2002 and December 2008, were reviewed retrospectively, using the annual perinatal audit records. The annual autopsy rates were calculated and the reasons why autopsies were not done examined. RESULTS: The average stillbirth (SB) autopsy rate was 59.6% (range 51.9 - 76.7%), while that for early neonatal deaths (ENDs) was 47.9% (range 34.4 - 63.2), with an overall average perinatal autopsy rate of 54.0% (range 42.2 - 62.2). Autopsies were requested in 79.3% and 51.7% of SBs and ENDs, respectively. Of those requested, 81.7% were done (75.2% stillbirths; 92.5% ENDs). In the ENDs, failure to request an autopsy was predominantly noted in premature infants weighing < 1000 g (75.2% of those not requested). In stillbirths, the reasons for failure to request were largely unknown with failure to gain permission accounting for only 20.3% of these cases. CONCLUSIONS: The average annual perinatal autopsy rate at the University Hospital of the West Indies between 2002 and 2008 was 54.0%. This is below the internationally recommended rate of 75%. Failure to request an autopsy was the most significant factor contributing to this. The reasons for this are not entirely clear and require further study.

Molecular analysis of the klarsicht gene and its role in nuclear migration within differentiating cells of the Drosophila eye.

BACKGROUND: The temporally regulated, cell-type-specific transport of organelles has great biological significance, yet little is known about the regulation of organelle transport during development. The Drosophila gene klarsicht is required for temporally regulated lipid droplet transport in developing embryos and for the stereotypical nuclear migrations in differentiating cells of the developing eye. Klarsicht is thought to coordinate the function of several molecular motors bound to a single lipid droplet or to facilitate the attachment of dynein to the cargo, but it is not known whether Klarsicht affects motors directly or indirectly. RESULTS: Here, we have cloned the klarsicht gene and shown that it encodes a unique large protein. Drosophila klarsicht null mutants were viable, with obvious defects only in adult eye morphology. Epitope-tagged Klarsicht expressed in the eye from a transgene was perinuclear. In flies carrying transgenes that express markers for microtubule plus and minus ends, microtubules in differentiating cells of the eye were oriented with their plus ends apical and their minus ends at the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: Drosophila klarsicht null mutants were viable and fertile, demonstrating that klarsicht is essential only for specific motor protein functions. Perinuclear localization of Klarsicht protein indicates that Klarsicht has a direct mechanical role in nuclear migration. Taken together with the finding that the minus ends of the microtubules are associated with the photoreceptor nuclei, the observation that Klarsicht is largely perinuclear supports the idea that Klarsicht associates with dynein, consistent with a model in which Klarsicht assists dynein in 'reeling in' the nucleus.

Experimental infection of northern bobwhite quail with Borrelia burgdorferi.

Four-week-old northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(6) organisms from a low passage culture of Borrelia burgdorferi. Blood was collected weekly for culture, antibody detection, and immunoblot analysis. Three weeks postinoculation, viable spirochetes were isolated from the blood of one bird, but not from kidney, spleen, liver, or heart; all infected birds from which preinfection antibody titer had been established, had antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The inoculated birds did not show clinical signs of disease and there were no detectable gross or histopathologic lesions. Borrelia burgdorferi was detected in sections of kidneys on fluorescent antibody tests. Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to detect Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in tissue samples, the expected PCR product (DNA) of 246 base pairs was visible on agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. The identity of the PCR product was confirmed by slot blot hybridization with Borrelia burgdorferi specific DNA probe. Thus, these birds sustained infections for at least 3 weeks without clinical signs and may play a role in the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi.

Perceptions of pain in women with headache: a laboratory investigation of the influence of pain-related anxiety and fear.

The present study compared the responses of women with headache (chronic tension-type, n = 27; migraine, n = 27) and controls (n = 27) to an acute pain laboratory task, the cold pressor test. Participants' pain perception (i.e., threshold and tolerance) and their fear/anxiety associated with pain were assessed during days 1, 2, or 3 of menses. Analyses pertaining to participants' responses to the cold pressor test (ie, pain threshold and tolerance) failed to show statistically significant group differences, even when covarying pain-related anxiety/fear. Analyses did, however, reveal significant group differences between migraineurs and controls in cognitive anxiety. Correlational analyses also revealed that cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, fear, and escape/avoidance were all significantly correlated with pain tolerance in the group with chronic tension-type headache, but not in the other two groups. Subsequent multiple regressions, however, showed that the relationship between anxiety and pain tolerance was primarily a function of somatic anxiety. These results suggest that headache frequency plays a role in mediating the relationship between fear of pain and pain tolerance and that the models by Lethem and colleagues and McCracken may be relevant for understanding tension headache sufferers' responses to head pain.