Comparing the Fagerström Test and Heaviness of Smoking Index in Predicting Smoking Abstinence in Cancer Patients.

INTRODUCTION: People with cancer who smoke exhibit greater cigarette dependence than people without cancer who smoke, a crucial factor in smoking cessation. Research is limited on the predictive potential of the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) and the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) on smoking abstinence in cancer patients undergoing smoking cessation treatment. METHODS: We analyzed data from 5,934 cancer patients seeking smoking cessation treatment at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (female 52.08%; Mean age = 55.52, SD = 11.17). We evaluated the predictive accuracy of FTCD and HSI on abstinence at 3-, 6-, and 9-months from first consultation, and assessed the concordance between these tools in measuring cigarette dependence using Cohen's kappa test and different correlation and regression models. We also analyzed variations across sex at birth and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Both the FTCD and the HSI demonstrated comparable predictive accuracy for smoking cessation at all follow-ups, with neither showing high accuracy (Areas Under the Curve scores around 0.6). Concordance analysis revealed substantial agreement between FTCD and HSI scores (Cohen's kappa ~ 0.7), particularly at lower levels of dependence. However, this agreement varied by race, with reduced concordance observed in Non-Hispanic Blacks. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that both the FTCD and HSI are effective tools for predicting smoking cessation in cancer patients, with the HSI offering a less burdensome assessment option. Nevertheless, the findings suggest the need for tailored approaches in assessing cigarette dependence that could predict smoking cessation more accurately, considering racial differences. IMPLICATIONS: The burden of assessing cigarette dependence in cancer care settings can be reduced by using the HSI instead of the FTCD. In addition, both instruments could be substantially interchanged and used for meta-analytic studies examining dependence and abstinence, but race/ethnicity should be considered.

Brief report: Characterization of electronic cigarette use among patients of a comprehensive cancer center.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We provide an initial characterization of e-cigarette use among adult cancer patients. METHODS: Data were collected between November 2020 and August 2022 at a comprehensive cancer center. RESULTS: Relatively few (4.59%) of the assessed patients (n = 47,117) reported ever using e-cigarettes. Over one-third of current e-cigarette users reported being current combustible cigarette users. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that e-cigarette use is uncommon but associated with other tobacco use among adult cancer patients. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: This is among the first comprehensive surveys of adult cancer patient e-cigarette use that details the types of e-cigarette and other tobacco products used by this population.

Smoking Cessation After Initial Treatment Failure With Varenicline or Nicotine Replacement: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Most people who smoke do not quit on their initial attempt. Objective: To determine the best subsequent strategy for nonabstinence following initial treatment with varenicline or combined nicotine replacement therapy (CNRT). Design, Setting, and Participants: Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, sequential multiple assignment randomized trial, 490 volunteers were randomized to receive 6 weeks of varenicline or CNRT. After 6 weeks, nonabstainers were rerandomized to continue, switch, or increase medication dosage for 6 additional weeks. The study was conducted from June 2015 through October 2019 in a Texas tobacco treatment clinic. Interventions: The initial treatment was 2 mg/d of varenicline or the combined replacement therapy of a 21-mg patch plus 2-mg lozenge. The rerandomized participants either continued with their initial therapies, switched between varenicline and CNRT, or increased dosages either to 3-mg or more of varenicline or to a 42-mg patch and lozenges. All received weekly brief counseling. Main Outcomes and Measures: Biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence at the end of treatment at 12 weeks. Results: The 490 randomized participants (210 female [43%], 287 non-Hispanic White [58%], mean age, 48.1 years) smoked an average of 20 cigarettes per day. After the first phase, 54 participants in the CNRT group were abstinent and continued their therapy; of the 191 who were not abstinent, 151 were rerandomized, and the 40 who did not return for rerandomization were assigned to continue their initial CNRT condition in phase 2. The end-of-treatment abstinence rate for the 191 phase 1 nonabstainers was 8% (95% credible interval [CrI], 6% to 10%) for the 90 (47%) who continued at the dosage condition, 14% (CrI, 10% to 18%) for the 50 (33%) who increased their dosage, and 14% (95% CrI, 10% to 18%) for the 51 (34%) who switched to varenicline (absolute risk difference [RD], 6%; 95% CrI, 6% to 11%) with more than 99% posterior probability that either strategy conferred benefit over continuing the initial dosage. After the first phase, 88 participants in the varenicline group were abstinent and continued their therapy; of the 157 who were not abstinent, 122 were rerandomized and 35 who did not return for rerandomization were assigned to continue with the varenicline condition. The end-of-treatment abstinence rate for the 157 phase 1 nonabstainers was 20% (95% CrI, 16% to 26%) for the 39 (32%) who increased their varenicline dosage, 0 (95% CrI, 0 to 0) for the 41 (34%) who switched CNRT, and 3% (95% CrI, 1% to 4%) for the 77 (49%) who were assigned to the continued varenicline condition (absolute RD, -3%; 95% CrI, -4% to -1%) with more than 99% posterior probability that continuing varenicline at the initial dosage was worse than switching to a higher dosage. Furthermore, increasing the varenicline dosage had an absolute RD of 18% (95% CrI, 13% to 24%) and a more than 99% posterior probability of conferring benefit. The secondary outcome of continuous abstinence at 6 months indicated that only increased dosages of the CNRT and varenicline provided benefit over continuation of the initial treatment dosages. Conclusions and Relevance: For individuals who smoked but did not achieve abstinence after treatment with varenicline, increasing the dosage enhanced abstinence vs continuing, whereas for nonabstainers initially treated with CNRT, a dosage increase or switch to varenicline enhanced abstinence and may be viable rescue strategies. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02271919.

The effects of varenicline, bupropion, nicotine patch, and placebo on smoking cessation among smokers with major depression: A randomized clinical trial.

IMPORTANCE: Improving treatment outcomes for smokers with major depressive disorder (MDD) can have significant public health implications. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy among smokers with MDD. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, active- (nicotine patch) and placebo-controlled trial of 12 weeks of either varenicline or bupropion with a 12-week follow-up. PARTICIPANTS: Community volunteers 18-75 years of age; smoke 10+ cigarettes/day; with clinically stable MDD (N = 2635) or no psychiatric disorder (N = 4028), from 140 sites in 16 countries. INTERVENTION: Twelve weeks of pharmacotherapy (placebo [PLA], nicotine replacement therapy [NRT], bupropion [BUP], varenicline [VAR]) plus brief cessation counseling. MEASURE(S): Primary safety outcome: the occurrence of ≥1 treatment-emergent, moderate to severe neuropsychiatric adverse event (NPSAE). Primary efficacy outcome: biochemically confirmed continuous abstinence (CA) during the final 4 weeks of treatment (Weeks 9-12). RESULTS: A total of 6653 participants (56% female; 39% MDD) ~47 years old. Risk of NPSAEs did not differ by medication for MDD. MDD had higher risk (p < .0001) for NPSAEs than the NPC. Efficacy (6653; intent-to-treat): CA rates for MDD versus NPC respectively were 31.2% versus 38.0% VAR; 23.0% versus 26.1% BUP; 22.6% versus 26.4% NRT; and 13.4% versus 13.7% PLA but no differential treatment effect was noted within the cohorts. All active treatments differed from PLA but VAR showed the largest effect. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that for MDD smokers, inclusive of those with recurrent episode, varenicline plus counseling may be the best pharmacological option for the treatment of smoking given its greater efficacy effect size and similar risk of NPSAEs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01456936. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01456936.

Reporting Treatment Fidelity in Behavioral Tobacco Treatment Clinical Trials: Scoping Review and Measurement Recommendations.

INTRODUCTION: Adoption of rigorous standards for reporting treatment fidelity is essential for advancing discovery, validation, and implementation of behavioral treatments. Whereas the NIH Behavior Change Consortium (BCC) developed an assessment tool to assess the quality of reporting and monitoring of treatment fidelity across health behavior change interventions, it has not yet been applied specifically to treatment fidelity in behavioral tobacco treatment trials. AIMS AND METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed, clinical trials of behavioral adult tobacco treatment interventions published in English between 2006 and 2018. Using the BCC treatment fidelity checklist, articles were coded for the presence or absence of various treatment fidelity strategies within each of 5 domains: Design, Training, Delivery, Receipt, and Enactment. Eligible articles (N = 755) were coded by two independent coders. RESULTS: The proportion of reporting strategies varied within the fidelity domains, ranging from 5.2% to 96.3% in Design, 1.9% to 24.9% in Training, 2.6% to 32.3% in Delivery, 5.2% to 44.3% in Receipt, and 6.7% to 43.2% in Enactment. The mean proportion of adherence to treatment fidelity strategies within each domain was: Design (68%), Training (14%), Delivery (15%), Receipt (16%), and Enactment (25%). Only 11 studies achieved ≥80% reporting across >1 fidelity domain. There was no evidence for improvement in fidelity reporting across the 13-year time frame from the initial BCC publication to the present. CONCLUSIONS: These findings illustrate the lack of consistency in fidelity reporting in tobacco treatment trials and underscore the challenges faced in evaluating rigor and reproducibility, as well as interpretation and dissemination of findings. Recommendations are made for improving fidelity reporting in tobacco treatment trials. IMPLICATIONS: The SRNT Treatment Research Network sponsored a scoping review to summarize the current state of reporting treatment fidelity and make recommendations for best practices in reporting fidelity in tobacco treatment trials. The review identified a lack of consistency in fidelity reporting, illustrating the challenges faced in evaluating rigor, and reproducibility, as well as interpretation and dissemination of findings.

Bupropion XL and SR have similar effectiveness and adverse event profiles when used to treat smoking among patients at a comprehensive cancer center.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Bupropion extended-release (XL; once-daily dosing) has equal efficacy with the sustained-release (SR) formulation (twice-daily dosing) for treating depression, but no studies have compared the two formulations for the treatment of smoking. In a naturalistic open-label study, we compared the effectiveness and the adverse event profiles of XL and SR in treating cancer patients for smoking. METHODS: Cancer patients (N = 648) were prescribed bupropion XL (n = 454) or SR (n = 194) alone or in combination with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for treating smoking from September 2006 to December 2017. We analyzed 7-day point prevalence abstinence at end-of-treatment (EOT; 3 months postmedication initiation) and evaluated for noninferiority. We also analyzed the adverse event profile differences between the medications. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in abstinent rates at EOT between bupropion XL and SR when using intent-to-treat models, regardless of concomitant NRT. XL demonstrated noninferiority in treatment efficacy compared to SR when excluding those on combined treatment with NRT. Further, there were no significant differences in spontaneously reported adverse events between XL and SR. CONCLUSIONS: Our data did not reveal a difference between bupropion XL and SR formulations in terms of effectiveness or adverse event profiles among cancer patients prescribed bupropion alone or in combination with NRTs to quit smoking. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: In this first published direct comparison of their effectiveness and adverse event profiles, we found that bupropion XL is likely therapeutically equivalent to bupropion SR when treating smoking among cancer patients, and produces similar side effects.

Changing multiple health behaviors in cancer survivors: smoking and exercise.

Research regarding cross-behavioral relationships between the cognitive mechanisms motivating health behavior change is lacking for cancer survivors. This study investigated these relationships to inform the development of multiple health behavior change (MHBC) interventions for this at-risk population. Eligible participants included cancer survivors attending an intake appointment for smoking cessation services. This cross-sectional survey study assessed participants' self-efficacy and motivation (stage of change) for smoking cessation and exercise, as well as self-reported health behaviors. Analyses evaluated cross-behavioral associations between cognitive mechanisms and their relationships with smoking and exercise behaviors. Seventy-six participants completed the survey questionnaire. The correlation between self-efficacy scores for smoking cessation and exercise was statistically significant (r = .45, 95% CI [.09, .67]), as were correlations between self-efficacy and reported levels of exercise ((r = .44, 95% CI [.20, .65]) strenuous); ((r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .59]) moderate), exercise self-efficacy and smoking behavior (r = -.27, 95% CI [-.46, -.05]), and smoking self-efficacy and smoking behavior (r = -0.41, 95% CI [-.61, -.18]). For cancer survivors, associations between exercise self-efficacy and smoking cessation self-efficacy may offer an opportunity to leverage MHBC; specifically, this positive association may facilitate exercise intervention in survivors seeking smoking cessation services..

Improvement of Smoking Abstinence Rates With Increased Varenicline Dosage: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether increasing the dose of varenicline beyond the standard dose of 2 mg/d would improve smoking abstinence. METHODS: We examined the effect of 3 mg/d of varenicline on smoking abstinence among smokers who had reduced their smoking by 50% or more in response to 2 mg/d for at least 6 weeks but had not quit smoking. Of 2833 patients treated with varenicline, dosage of a subset of 73 smokers was increased to 3 mg/d after 6 weeks. We used a propensity score analysis involving multiple baseline covariates to create a comparative sample of 356 smokers who remained on 2 mg/d. All smokers received concurrent and similar smoking-cessation counseling. RESULTS: At 3 months, we found higher 7-day point prevalence smoking-abstinence rate in the 3-mg group (26%) than in the 2-mg group (11.5%, χ = 10.60, P < 0.001; risk ratio [RR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.6). The difference in abstinence rates remained significant at the 6-month (P < 0.001; RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6-3.9) and 9-month follow-up (P < 0.001; RR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4-3.3). CONCLUSIONS: A relatively small increase in the daily dose of varenicline seems to offer a benefit for those who are not able to achieve total abstinence after approximately 6 weeks of 2 mg/d.

Tobacco Cessation Treatment Pathways for Patients With Cancer: 10 Years in the Making.

Tobacco use is the most common cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States; it accounts for one-third of all cancer deaths and is thought to account for half of preventable cancer deaths. This article describes the Tobacco Treatment Program at a major academic cancer center. Patients and employees may access these services in a number of ways. All current smokers and recent quitters are proactively contacted and invited to participate. Services provided are tailored to the motivational level of individual patients and their immediate medical needs. The treatment pathways we present are based on our experience from the last 10 years in treating more than 5,000 unique patients with around 60,000 patient visits. These pathways include behavioral counseling and pharmacotherapy, including first-line, second-line, and off-label medication use. This article describes the program with the goal of providing guidance and ideas to others who are developing treatment programs and providing treatment to tobacco users.

Grasping the 'teachable moment': time since diagnosis, symptom burden and health behaviors in breast, colorectal and prostate cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: A cancer diagnosis may provide a 'teachable moment' in cancer recovery. To better understand factors influencing lifestyle choices following diagnosis, we examined associations between time since diagnosis and symptom burden with recommended dietary (e.g., five or more fruit/vegetable servings/day), physical activity (e.g., >150 active min, 3-5 times/week), and smoking behaviors (i.e., eliminate tobacco use) in cancer survivors. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional survey data collected from breast (n = 528), colorectal (n = 106), and prostate (n = 419) cancer survivors following active treatment at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Four regression models were tested for behaviors of interest. Additionally, we assessed symptom burden as a potential moderator and/or mediator between time since diagnosis and behaviors. RESULTS: Respondents were mostly female (55%) and non-Hispanic White (68%) with a mean age of 62.8 ± 11.4 years and mean time since diagnosis of 4.6 ± 3.1 years. In regression models, greater time since diagnosis predicted lower fruit and vegetable consumption (B = -0.05, p = 0.02) and more cigarette smoking (B = 0.06, p = 0.105). Greater symptom burden was a significant negative predictor for physical activity (B = -0.08, p < .001). We did not find evidence that symptom burden moderated or mediated the association between time since diagnosis and health behaviors. CONCLUSION: We assessed the prevalence of recommended behaviors in the context of other challenges that survivors face, including time since diagnosis and symptom burden. Our results provide indirect evidence that proximity to a cancer diagnosis may provide a teachable moment to improve dietary and smoking behaviors and that symptom burden may impede physical activity following diagnosis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Examination of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68) Factor Structure in a Sample of Pregnant Smokers.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking during pregnancy poses known risks to fetal and infant development. Women who continue to smoke during pregnancy exhibit higher levels of nicotine dependence than women who quit. Increased understanding of the construct of nicotine dependence in pregnant smokers may aid in the development of effective treatments. Research has suggested that nicotine dependence is a multifaceted construct, driven not only by withdrawal and tolerance processes, but also by reinforcement, sensory, and contextual processes. The Wisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives (WISDM-68) assesses 13 varied smoking motives in order to assess processes that may lead to nicotine dependence. METHODS: The factor structure of the WISDM-68 was explored using an ethnically diverse sample of 294 pregnant women who had been screened and/or enrolled in a smoking cessation treatment study. Confirmatory analyses were conducted with previously published models. An exploratory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were conducted to develop and validate a measurement model for the WISDM-68 in this sample. RESULTS: Previously established models were not a good fit for the present data. Using ESEM, a 9-factor model exhibiting both predictive and concurrent validity emerged. Two factors predicted abstinence 6 months posttreatment. Several factors were associated with smoking heaviness, the Fagerström test for cigarette dependence and time to first cigarette. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to previously published studies, a 9-factor model best characterizes the WISDM in the present sample. These findings may reflect smoking motivations unique to young, pregnant women who continue to smoke during pregnancy.

Randomized, controlled pilot trial of bupropion for pregnant smokers: challenges and future directions.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to conduct an initial pilot trial evaluating the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group pilot study of bupropion versus placebo with 50 pregnant smokers was planned. Eligibility criteria were restrictive (e.g., 14-26 weeks' gestation; no psychiatric conditions or medications) due to the unknown safety, tolerability, and side effect profile of bupropion in pregnancy. Bayesian analyses were planned to provide probability of benefit. RESULTS: Significant challenges were encountered with regard to trial feasibility. Of 820 women screened, 112 were current smokers, but only 11 women were eligible and consented to participate in the study. Excluded women most often had a psychiatric disorder (23%); were outside the gestational range (14%); or declined to participate (11%). CONCLUSIONS: This initial attempt to evaluate bupropion for smoking cessation during pregnancy will inform future trial methodology. Because of the unknown safety profile, conservative eligibility criteria were used and resulted in a large portion of this high-risk, low-income smoker population being excluded from the trial, raising questions regarding broad applicability, and highlighting the need to balance patient safety and trial feasibility. Large multisite studies will likely be needed to conduct definitive pharmacotherapy studies.

Negative affect and smoking motives sequentially mediate the effect of panic attacks on tobacco-relevant processes.

INTRODUCTION: Empirical work has documented a robust and consistent relation between panic attacks and smoking behavior. Theoretical models posit smokers with panic attacks may rely on smoking to help them manage chronically elevated negative affect due to uncomfortable bodily states, which may explain higher levels of nicotine dependence and quit problems. METHODS: The current study examined the effects of panic attack history on nicotine dependence, perceived barriers for quitting, smoking inflexibility when emotionally distressed, and expired carbon monoxide among 461 treatment-seeking smokers. A multiple mediator path model was evaluated to examine the indirect effects of negative affect and negative affect reduction motives as mediators of the panic attack-smoking relations. RESULTS: Panic attack history was indirectly related to greater levels of nicotine dependence (b = 0.039, CI95% = 0.008, 0.097), perceived barriers to smoking cessation (b = 0.195, CI95% = 0.043, 0.479), smoking inflexibility/avoidance when emotionally distressed (b = 0.188, CI95% = 0.041, 0.445), and higher levels of expired carbon monoxide (b = 0.071, CI95% = 0.010, 0.230) through the sequential effects of negative affect and negative affect smoking motives. CONCLUSIONS: The present results provide empirical support for the sequential mediating role of negative affect and smoking motives for negative affect reduction in the relation between panic attacks and a variety of smoking variables in treatment-seeking smokers. These mediating variables are likely important processes to address in smoking cessation treatment, especially in panic-vulnerable smokers.

Affective trajectories before and after a quit attempt among smokers with current depressive disorders.

BACKGROUND: Smoking cessation for individuals with depressive disorders represents an important clinical issue. It often has been hypothesized that smoking cessation worsens negative affect as part of the withdrawal process in this population. However, studies examining the impact of smoking cessation on changes in affect in smokers with depression are limited and equivocal. METHODS: This study examines affective processes in smokers with depression undergoing a 12-week smoking cessation intervention (N = 49). We used the Positive and Negative Affect Scale to measure participants' positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) trajectories over the course of a quit attempt. We examined whether affective treatment response across the trial differed by prolonged smoking abstinence status and whether postquit affect differed by prequit affective treatment response, as well as the interaction of prequit affective response and abstinence status. RESULTS: Prolonged abstainers showed significant increases in PA over the course of a quit attempt compared with nonabstainers. Prequit affective trajectories significantly predicted postquit affect for measures of both PA and NA. Lastly, the interaction of prequit affective trajectory and abstinence significantly predicted postquit levels of NA but not PA. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to a burgeoning body of research demonstrating that significant improvements in psychological functioning can be observed among those who successfully quit smoking even in the most severe psychiatric group.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Wellness Program for Latine Adults Who Smoke and Have Psychological Distress: Protocol for a Feasibility Study.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is a major independent risk factor for chronic disease, and the prevalence of smoking among people with behavioral health disorders is 2-fold in comparison with the general population. Smoking rates remain high for various subgroups within the Latine community, the largest ethnic minority group in the United States. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a theoretically sound and clinically validated therapeutic approach for several behavioral health conditions with growing evidence of its effectiveness for smoking cessation. Unfortunately, the evidence of ACT effectiveness for smoking cessation among Latine individuals is scarce, and none of the existing studies have tested a culturally targeted intervention for this population. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to address the co-occurrence of smoking and mood-related challenges among Latine adults via the development and testing of a culturally tailored ACT-based wellness program: Project PRESENT. METHODS: This study entails 2 phases. Phase 1 consists of the intervention development. Phase 2 entails the pilot testing of the behavioral intervention along with the administration of baseline and follow-up measures to 38 participants. Primary outcomes include feasibility of recruitment and retention, and treatment acceptability. Secondary outcomes are smoking status and depression and anxiety scores at end of treatment and 1-month follow-up. RESULTS: This study received institutional review board approval. Phase 1 outputs were the health counselors' treatment manual and participant guide. Recruitment was completed in 2021. Phase 2 outcomes will be determined after project implementation and data analyses are complete, which are expected by May 2023. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study will determine the feasibility and acceptability of an ACT-based, culturally relevant intervention for Latine adults who smoke and have probable depression and/or anxiety. We expect feasibility of recruitment, retention and treatment acceptability, and reductions in smoking status, depression, and anxiety. If feasible and acceptable, the study will inform large-scale trials, which will ultimately contribute to narrowing the gap between research and clinical practice for the co-occurrence of smoking and psychological distress among Latine adults. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/44146.

The Effects of Scheduled Smoking Reduction and Precessation Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Smoking Cessation: Randomized Controlled Trial With Compliance.

BACKGROUND: Smoking remains a major public health problem, and it is important to provide a variety of efficacious and appealing options to encourage smokers to quit smoking. Scheduled smoking is a method of gradual reduction, preparing smokers to quit by systematically reducing cigarette consumption according to a predetermined schedule that increases the time between cigarette consumption. Gradual reduction may be preferred to abrupt quitting, but the efficacy of this cessation approach is unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aims, first, to evaluate the overall effectiveness of scheduled smoking alone, or in combination with precessation nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), versus standard NRT starting on the quit date with no prior smoking reduction and, second, to evaluate the impact of schedule compliance on the effectiveness of the intervention. METHODS: A total of 916 participants recruited from the Houston metropolitan area were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 groups: scheduled smoking plus a precessation nicotine patch (n=306, 33.4%), scheduled smoking only with no precessation patch (n=309, 33.7%), and enhanced usual care (n=301, 32.9%) control. The primary abstinence outcomes were carbon monoxide-verified, self-reported, 7-day point prevalence abstinence at 2 and 4 weeks after the quit date. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the intervention effect. Scheduled smoking was implemented using a handheld device for 3 weeks before quitting. This trial was not registered because data collection began before July 1, 2005. RESULTS: Results for the first aim showed no overall differences in abstinence among the 3 groups in both the unadjusted and adjusted models. However, the results for the second aim showed a clear effect on abstinence by schedule compliance at 2 and 4 weeks and 6 months after quitting (odds ratio [OR] 2.01, 95% CI 1.31-3.07), 4 weeks (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.05-2.38), and 6 months (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.04-2.64), with the differences at 2 and 4 weeks after quitting being the most robust. We also found that scheduled smoking was related to a reduction in nicotine withdrawal, negative affect, and craving when compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Scheduled smoking, when combined with precessation use of NRT, can result in significantly higher abstinence rates than usual care (abrupt quitting with NRT), particularly in the early postquit phase (2 and 4 weeks after cessation) when smokers are compliant with the procedure. Scheduled smoking also produced a better overall quitting experience by reducing symptoms of nicotine withdrawal and craving, in comparison with usual care, which could encourage future quit attempts. Studies in this area should focus on the use of counseling or other methods to improve adherence.

Examining the Association between Abstinence from Smoking and Healthcare Costs Among Patients with Cancer.

Continuous tobacco use in cancer patients is linked to substantial healthcare costs due to increased risks and complications, whereas quitting smoking leads to improved treatment outcomes and cost reductions. Addressing the need for empirical evidence on the economic impact of smoking cessation, this study examined the association between smoking cessation and healthcare cost utilization among a sample of 930 cancer patients treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center's Tobacco Research and Treatment Program (TRTP). Applying conditional quantile regression and propensity scores to address confounding, our findings revealed that abstinence achieved through the TRTP significantly reduced the median cost during a 3-month period post-quitting by $1,095 (ß=-$1,095, p=0.007, 95%CI=[-$1,886, -$304]). Sensitivity analysis corroborated these conclusions, showing a pronounced cost reduction when outlier data were excluded. The long-term accrued cost savings from smoking cessation could potentially offset the cost of participation in the TRTP program, underscoring its cost-effectiveness. An important implication of this study is that by reducing smoking rates, healthcare systems can more efficiently allocate resources, enhance patient health outcomes, and lessen the overall cancer burden.

Emotion dysregulation and hazardous drinking in relation to suicidal ideation among Spanish-speaking Latinx daily-smokers.

OBJECTIVE: Suicidal ideation has increased among Latinx individuals in the last decade. Smoking increases the likelihood of suicidal ideation but work on Latinx smokers is minimal. Hazardous drinking and emotion dysregulation could be factors related to suicidal ideation among Latinx smokers, as has been evident in non-Latinx White samples. The current study sought to examine the main and interactive effects of emotion dysregulation and hazardous drinking in relation to suicidal ideation among Latinx daily-smokers. METHODS: Participants were 371 Spanish-speaking daily-smokers (58.8% female; Mage = 33.3; SDage = 9.8) recruited from the United States through Qualtrics. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test an interactive model of emotion dysregulation and hazardous alcohol consumption in relation to suicidal ideation; we also tested the effect of emotion dysregulation on suicidal ideation as a function of hazardous drinking status. RESULTS: Results indicated that latent emotional dysregulation was associated with greater suicidal ideation (p < 0.001); however, hazardous drinking was not related to suicidal ideation (p = 0.186). The interactive term of emotional dysregulation and hazardous drinking was significantly related to suicidal ideation (p = 0.017). Specifically, greater emotion dysregulation was significantly related to suicidal ideation among Latinx smokers who engaged in hazardous drinking (p < 0.001) but not those who did not engage in hazardous drinking (p = 0.123). CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that smoking combined with hazardous drinking may be related to increased suicidal ideation among Latinx smokers. Findings are discussed in relation to the potential role of intervention strategies that focus on emotion dysregulation and hazardous drinking among Latinx current daily smokers to mitigate suicidal risk among this established health disparities population.

Self-efficacy mediates the effect of depression on smoking susceptibility in adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Research indicates that negative affect and/or depression is associated with increased prevalence for smoking and higher levels of nicotine dependence in adults and adolescents. A previous study with adult smokers attempting to quit indicated that low levels of self-efficacy partially mediated depression's adverse effect on posttreatment cessation. METHOD: The current study attempted to test self-efficacy as a potential mediator between depressive symptoms and smoking susceptibility in adolescents. One thousand and ninety-three nonsmoking high-school students who were part of a large clinical trial evaluating an interactive CD-ROM-based smoking prevention/cessation curriculum (project ASPIRE) were included in this analysis. These students completed an extensive battery before treatment and 18 months after treatment, which included measures of depression, self-efficacy, smoking status, and smoking susceptibility. RESULTS: Results indicated that self-efficacy partially mediated the positive relationship between baseline depressive symptoms and susceptibility to smoke at 18 months, accounting for approximately 27% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: Perhaps future interventions to prevent smoking in adolescents can target self-efficacy potentially resulting in more effective outcomes, particularly in adolescents with current depressive symptoms or who may be at risk for future depression.