A Cluster Randomized Trial of Primary Care Practice Redesign to Integrate Behavioral Health for Those Who Need It Most: Patients With Multiple Chronic Conditions.

PURPOSE: Patient outcomes can improve when primary care and behavioral health providers use a collaborative system of care, but integrating these services is difficult. We tested the effectiveness of a practice intervention for improving patient outcomes by enhancing integrated behavioral health (IBH) activities. METHODS: We conducted a pragmatic, cluster randomized controlled trial. The intervention combined practice redesign, quality improvement coaching, provider and staff education, and collaborative learning. At baseline and 2 years, staff at 42 primary care practices completed the Practice Integration Profile (PIP) as a measure of IBH. Adult patients with multiple chronic medical and behavioral conditions completed the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) survey. Primary outcomes were the change in 8 PROMIS-29 domain scores. Secondary outcomes included change in level of integration. RESULTS: Intervention assignment had no effect on change in outcomes reported by 2,426 patients who completed both baseline and 2-year surveys. Practices assigned to the intervention improved PIP workflow scores but not PIP total scores. Baseline PIP total score was significantly associated with patient-reported function, independent of intervention. Active practices that completed intervention workbooks (n = 13) improved patient-reported outcomes and practice integration (P ≤ .05) compared with other active practices (n = 7). CONCLUSION: Intervention assignment had no effect on change in patient outcomes; however, we did observe improved patient outcomes among practices that entered the study with greater IBH. We also observed more improvement of integration and patient outcomes among active practices that completed the intervention compared to active practices that did not. Additional research is needed to understand how implementation efforts to enhance IBH can best reach patients.

Development and validation of the patient centeredness index for primary care.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the development of the Patient Centeredness Index (PCI), evaluate its psychometric characteristics and evaluate the relationships between scores on the PCI and an established measure of empathy. BACKGROUND: Patient centeredness helps patients manage multiple chronic conditions with their providers, nurses and other team members. However, no instrument exists for evaluating patient centeredness within primary care practices treating this population. DESIGN: Multi-site instrument development and validation. STROBE reporting guidelines were followed. METHODS: To identify themes, we consulted literature on patient centeredness and engaged stakeholders who had or were caring for people with multiple chronic conditions (n = 7). We composed and refined items to represent those themes with input from clinicians and researchers. To evaluate reliability and convergent validity, we administered surveys to participants (n = 3622) with chronic conditions recruited from 44 primary care practices for a large-scale cluster randomised clinical trial of the effects of a practice-level intervention on patient and practice-level outcomes. Participants chose to complete the 16-item survey online, on paper or by phone. Surveys assessed demographics, number of chronic conditions and ratings of provider empathy. We conducted exploratory factor analysis to model the interrelationships among items. RESULTS: A single factor explained 93% of total variance. Factor loadings ranged from 0.55-0.85, and item-test correlations were ≥.67. Cronbach's alpha was .93. A moderate, linear correlation with ratings of provider's empathy (r = .65) supports convergent validity. CONCLUSIONS: The PCI is a new tool for obtaining patient perceptions of the patient centeredness of their primary care practice. The PCI shows acceptable reliability and evidence of convergent validity among patients managing chronic conditions. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The PCI rapidly identifies patients' perspectives on patient centeredness of their practice, making it ideal for administration in busy primary care settings that aim to efficiently address patient-identified needs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.org Protocol ID: WLPS-1409-24372. TITLE: Integrating Behavioural Health and Primary Care for Comorbid Behavioural and Medical Problems (IBHPC).

Existential distress and meaning making among female breast cancer patients with cancer-related fertility concerns.

OBJECTIVES: The current study explored the impact of cancer-related fertility concerns on existential distress and meaning making among female breast cancer (BC) patients of childbearing age and assessed support needs. METHODS: The current study was embedded within a larger study. A seven-question online survey was administered to female BC participants to explore meaning and identity in their lives. Applied thematic analysis was used to analyze participants' written responses. RESULTS: A total of 98 participants completed the survey, the majority of whom identified as white, married or partnered, and employed full time and with stage I or II BC. More than 50% of the participants expressed a need for support from a counselor or support group during their cancer experience. Three subthemes emerged related to existential distress and cancer-related fertility concerns: (1) loss of womanhood: treatment-related physical changes impact on gender identity; (2) existential distress due to treatment decisions impacting fertility; and (3) shattered vision: cancer-related infertility impact on meaning and purpose. Four subthemes emerged related to meaning making with fertility-related existential concerns: (1) coping with loss of meaning, (2) re-evaluating priorities in life; (3) resilience to loss, and (4) persistent loss of meaning. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Study results offer valuable insights into the experiences of female BC survivors' cancer-related fertility on existential distress and meaning making. Development of psychological interventions targeted to support this population to cope with existential distress due to cancer-related fertility concerns and meaning making are needed to improve the quality of life of this population.

Early Trajectories of Patient Reported Outcomes in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Lumpectomy Versus Mastectomy.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to: (1) characterize longitudinal patient-reported outcomes (PROs) between breast cancer patients undergoing lumpectomy and mastectomy and (2) compare return to baseline scores at 3 months and 6 months postoperatively. METHODS: Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients seen at an academic breast center between June 2019 and February 2021 were invited to participate in longitudinal PRO surveys at their initial clinic visit. If willing to participate, patients were emailed the validated BREAST-Q™ questionnaire at the initial clinic visit (baseline), 2 weeks after surgery, and then every 3 months for the first year. We used linear mixed models to estimate the differences in slopes over time between lumpectomy and mastectomy for each PRO measure. Pearson's Chi-square tests with Yates' continuity correction were used to compare proportions of patients who return to baseline PRO scores. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Of 164 patients invited to participate, 100 (61%) completed a baseline survey and were included in analyses. Mastectomy patients had significantly greater decreases in breast satisfaction (P = 0.002), psychosocial well-being (P < 0.0001), and sexual well-being (P < 0.0001) over time compared with lumpectomy patients. Both surgical groups reported a decrease in physical well-being, although the decline was more significant in lumpectomy patients (P = 0.005). At 3 months and 6 months after surgery, significantly larger proportions of lumpectomy patients returned to their baseline breast satisfaction, psychosocial well-being, and physical well-being compared with mastectomy patients. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding how outcomes important to patients change over the care continuum can provide opportunities for early intervention and may prevent debilitating long-term morbidities of treatment.

Impact of age mismatch between donor and recipient on heart transplant mortality.

The effect of donor-to-recipient (D-R) age mismatch in adult heart transplant population is not clearly described, and we undertook this study to determine the impact of age mismatch on mortality. Heart transplant recipients from 2000 to 2017 were identified using the United Network of Organ Sharing database. The cohort was divided into three groups: donor age within 5 years of recipient age (Group 1), donors >5 years younger than recipient (group 2), and donors >5 years older than recipients (Group 3). We also evaluated if this finding changed by recipient age. Twenty eight thousand, four hundred and eleven patients met the inclusion criteria. Compared to group 1, the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for mortality for group 2 was 0.91 (0.83-0.99, p value <.039) and for group 3 was 1.36 (1.21-1.52, p value <.001); however, when looking at recipient age as continuous variable, receiving a younger heart was protective only for recipients younger than 45 years of age, and receiving a heart transplant from an older donor was detrimental only in recipients aged 25-35.

Nonlinear relationship between nonresidential destinations and body mass index across a wide range of development.

BACKGROUND: Destination accessibility is an important measure of the built environment that is associated with active transport and body mass index (BMI). In higher density settings, an inverse association has been consistently found, but in lower density settings, findings are limited. We previously found a positive relationship between the density of nonresidential destinations (NRD) and BMI in a low-density state. We sought to test the generalizability of this unexpected finding using data from six other states that include a broader range of settlement densities. METHODS: We obtained the address, height, and weight of 16.9 million residents with a driver's license or state identification cards, as well as the location of 3.8 million NRDs in Washington, Oregon, Texas, Illinois, Michigan, and Maine from Dun & Bradstreet. We tested the association between NRDs∙ha-1 within 1 km of the home address, and self-reported BMI (kg∙m-2). Visualization by locally-weighted smoothing curves (LOWESS) revealed an inverted U-shape. A multivariable piecewise regression with a random intercept for state was used to assess the relationship. RESULTS: After accounting for age, sex, year of issue, and census tract social and economic variables, BMI correlated positively with NRDs in the low-to-mid density stratum (ß = +0.005 kg∙m-2/nonresidential building∙ha-1; 95% CI: +0.004,+0.006) and negatively in the mid-to-high density stratum (ß = -0.002; 95% CI: -0.004,-0.0003); a significant difference in slopes (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: BMI peaked in the middle density, with lower values in both the low and high-density extremes. These results suggest that the mechanisms by which NRDs are associated with obesity may differ by density level.

Impact of changing renal function, while waiting for a heart transplant, on post-transplant mortality and development of end stage kidney disease.

Heart transplantation is a viable option for end stage heart disease but long-term complications such as chronic kidney disease are being increasingly recognized. We sought to investigate the effect of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) during the heart transplant waitlist period on post-transplant mortality and end stage kidney disease (ESKD). We analysed the United Network of Organ Sharing heart transplant database from 2000 to 2017. Multivariable Cox regression with restricted cubic splines and cumulative incidence competing risk (CICR) methods were used to compare the effects of change in eGFR on mortality and ESKD, respectively. A total of 19 412 patients met our inclusion criteria. Mortality increased with increasing loss of eGFR (adjusted hazard ratio increased from 1.02 [confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.04, P = 0.008] for 10% loss to 1.15 (CI 1.06-1.26, P = 0.001) for 50% loss of eGFR. Similarly, risk of ESKD also increased monotonically with increasing loss of renal function [subdistribution hazard ratio increased from 1.12 (CI 1.09-1.14, P < 0.001) to 2.0 (CI 1.74-2.3, P < 0.001)] as loss of eGFR increased from 10% to 50%. Overall, we found that loss of >10% of eGFR resulted in higher risk of mortality and higher risk of ESKD.

A cumulative risk index for use in the medical home.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have described the effect of sociodemographic factors on early development. We describe development of a simple cumulative risk index (CRI) based on four sociodemographic factors and explore the concurrent and predictive relationship of this index to a measure of the cognitive home environment in early childhood and to later school functioning. METHODS: This was a secondary data analysis of children from an urban pediatrics clinic. Baseline data were collected at 10-23 months (n = 324) with primary follow-up 6 months later at 18-35 months (n = 179) and secondary follow-up at 8-10 years (n = 68). A CRI score was derived at baseline using maternal education, marital status, race/ethnicity and child insurance. Baseline and primary follow-up included three subscales of the STIMQ, a measure of the cognitive home environment. Effectiveness of CRI was examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with linear contrasts. Chi-square examined differences in school function between children from CRI high-risk (CRI 3-4) and low-risk (CRI 0-2) families. RESULTS: CRI had a negative impact in early childhood on STIMQ subscale scores (p < 0.007-0.05) that increased as the number of risk factors increased (p < 0.05). Significantly more children from high-risk families (CRI 3-4) were rated as having poor school performance than children from low-risk families (CRI 0-2) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We showed that a practice-friendly CRI, based on characteristics typically available in the medical record, could help identify families less likely to support development concurrently at 1 year of age and predictively at 2-3 years. School functioning at 8 to 10 years was also significantly better in children with a low CRI at 1 year. The CRI could be a useful tool for both clinicians and researchers needing a simple tool for risk assessment.

Patients' Experience With Opioid Pain Medication After Discharge From Surgery: A Mixed-Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Decreasing the number of prescription opioids has been a leading strategy in combating the opioid epidemic. In Vermont, statewide and institutional policies have affected prescribing practices, resulting in a 40% decrease in postoperative opioid prescribing. The optimal approach to postoperative opioid prescribing remains unknown. In this study, we describe patients' experience with pain control 1 wk after discharge from surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed patients' experience using a telephone questionnaire, 1-wk after discharge after undergoing common surgical procedures between 2017 and 2019 at an academic medical center (n = 1027). Scaled responses regarding pain control, opioids prescribed, and opioids used (response rate 96%) were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach; open-ended patient responses to questions regarding whether the number of opioids prescribed was "correct" were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: One week after discharge, 96% of patients reported that their pain was well controlled. When asked whether they received the correct number of opioid pills postoperatively, qualitative analysis of patient responses yielded the following six themes: (1) I had more than I needed, but not more than I wanted; (2) Rationed medication; (3) Medication was not effective; (4) Caution regarding risks of opioids; (5) Awareness of the public health concerns; and (6) Used opioids from a prior prescription. CONCLUSIONS: Patient-reported pain control after common surgical procedures was excellent. However, patients are supportive of receiving more pain medications than they actually use, and they fear that further restrictions may prevent them or others from managing pain adequately. Understanding the patients' perspective is important for surgical education and improving discharge protocols.

Cumulative risk, the cognitive home environment and vocabulary in early childhood.

INTRODUCTION: Early home support for language development is critical for later developmental progress. Paediatricians have the opportunity to identify families at risk of failing to provide this support in infancy but often lack simple tools to do so. This study explores the potential of a simple count of sociodemographic risk factors, a cumulative risk (CR) index, to identify families likely to need help in providing literacy support from an early age. METHODS: CR scores were calculated for 308 families who completed the STIMQ and MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI) at 11-15 months) and 197 (64%) again at 23-37 months. Analysis of variance with linear contrasts examined the effect of CR on the STIMQ and the MCDI at baseline and follow-up. Correlation analysis explored the relationship between STIMQ and MCDI. RESULTS: At both baseline and follow-up, CR index showed a significant effect (p<0.006) on the STIMQ along with a significant linear trend for STIMQ scores to decrease as CR increased (p<0.05-0.005). No significant effects of CR effects on MCDI were observed at baseline or follow-up, whereas MCDI percentiles correlated significantly (p<0.03-0.001) with STIMQ scores (r=0.18-0.26.) at both times. CONCLUSIONS: The CR index is a simple tool that can help identify families needing support for providing a language stimulating home environment in the first 2 years before long-term ill effects of sociodemographic barriers are established.

The association of self-perceived changes due to COVID-19 with mental and physical health among adult primary care patients with multiple chronic conditions: A US-based longitudinal study.

Introduction: This study explores the association between self-perceived personal and community changes due to COVID-19 and health among vulnerable primary care patients experiencing multiple chronic conditions. Methods: Between September 2017 and February 2021, we obtained data from 2,426 primary care patients managing multiple chronic conditions from across the United States. We assessed the relationship between self-perceived personal and community changes due to COVID-19 and change in health measured by the PROMIS-29 mental and physical health summary scores, GAD-7 (anxiety), andPHQ-9 (depression), and DASI (functional capacity) adjusting for relevant demographic, neighborhood characteristics, and county covariates. Results: After adjustment, self-perceived personal and community changes due to COVID-19 were associated with significantly worse mental health summary scores (ß = -0.55; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = -0.72, -0.37), anxiety (ß = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.16, 0.39), depression (ß = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.22, 0.47), and physical health summary scores (ß = -0.44; 95% CI = 0.88, 0.00). There was no association with functional capacity (ß = - 0.05; 95% CI = -0.16, 0.05). Discussion: Among adults managing multiple chronic conditions, self-perceived personal and community changes due to COVID-19 were associated with health. This vulnerable population may be particularly susceptible to the negative effects of COVID-19. As we do not know the long-term health effects of COVID, this paper establishes a baseline of epidemiological data on COVID-19 burden and health among primary care patients with multiple chronic conditions.

The STS 2024 Risk Models for Lung Cancer Resection: Continued Refinement and Improved Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database (STS GTSD) has been used to develop risk models for patients undergoing pulmonary resection for cancer. Leveraging a contemporary and more inclusive cohort, we sought to refine these models. METHODS: The study population consisted of adult patients in the STS GTSD who underwent pulmonary resection for cancer between 2015 and 2022. Unlike previous models, non-elective operations were included. Separate risk models were derived for operative mortality, major morbidity, and composite morbidity or mortality. Logistic regression with backward selection was used with predictors retained in models if p<0.10. All derived models were validated using 9-fold cross validation. Model discrimination and calibration were assessed for the overall cohort and for surgical procedure, demographic, and risk factor subgroups. RESULTS: Data from 140,927 patients at 337 participating centers were included in the study. Overall operative mortality rate was 1.1%, major morbidity 7.3%, and composite morbidity or mortality 7.6%. Novel predictors of short-term outcomes included interstitial lung disease, DLCO, and payor status. Overall discrimination was superior to previous STS pulmonary resection models for operative mortality [C-statistic = 0.80] and for composite morbidity or mortality [C-statistic = 0.70]. Model discrimination was comparable and model calibration was excellent across all procedure- and demographic-specific sub-cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Among STS GTSD participants, major morbidity and operative mortality rates remain low following pulmonary resection. The newly derived pulmonary resection risk models demonstrate superior performance compared to previous models, with broader real-life applicability and clinical face validity.

2024 Update of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Short-term Esophagectomy Risk Model: More Inclusive and Improved Calibration.

BACKGROUND: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database (STS-GTSD) previously reported short-term risk models for esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. We sought to update existing models using more inclusive contemporary cohorts, with consideration of additional risk factors based on clinical evidence. METHODS: The study population consisted of adult patients in the STS-GTSD who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer between January 2015 and December 2022. Separate esophagectomy risk models were derived for 3 primary end points: operative mortality, major morbidity, and composite morbidity or mortality. Logistic regression with backward selection was used, with predictors retained in models if P < .10. All derived models were validated using 9-fold cross-validation. Model discrimination and calibration were assessed for the overall cohort and specified subgroups. RESULTS: A total of 18,503 patients from 254 centers underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Operative mortality, morbidity, and composite morbidity or mortality rates were 3.4%, 30.5%, and 30.9%, respectively. Novel predictors of short-term outcomes in the updated models included body surface area and insurance payor type. Overall discrimination was similar or superior to previous STS-GTSD models for operative mortality (C statistic = 0.72) and for composite morbidity or mortality (C statistic = 0.62), Model discrimination was comparable across procedure- and demographic-specific subcohorts. Model calibration was excellent in all patient subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The newly derived esophagectomy risk models showed similar or superior performance compared with previous models, with broader applicability and clinical face validity. These models provide robust preoperative risk estimation and can be used for shared decision making, assessment of provider performance, and quality improvement.

Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy; comparing the combined effects of smoking burden and operative approach on outcomes in esophagectomy.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the interaction between smoking status and operative approach following esophagectomy on perioperative outcomes. METHODS: Patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer were identified from the STS-GTSD Database between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2022 and divided into six groups based on smoking status [never (NS), former (FS), current (CS)] and surgical approach [minimally invasive (MIE), open (OpenE)]. Primary outcomes were respiratory complications, operative mortality, major morbidity, and composite major morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The final study population consisted of 27,373 (28.3% NS, 68.0% FS, and 13.7% CS) patients from 295 hospitals. Most cases were OpenE (58.1%), but the proportion of MIE increased from 19.2% in 2009 to 56.3% in 2022. Multivariable analysis showed: 1) risk-adjusted operative mortality was only decreased in never-smokers that underwent MIE (MIE-NS: AOR 0.61; CI: 0.45-0.82); 2) there were no significant differences in mortality among the groups compared to the reference OpenE-NS group. Respiratory complications, major morbidity, and composite mortality and morbidity outcomes showed similar smoking and surgical approach effects: 1) all outcomes were worse in smokers irrespective of approach; 2) within the same smoking status, AORs for respiratory complications and morbidity were slightly lower in MIE versus OpenE but these differences were non-significant. CONCLUSION: Respiratory complications and other major morbidity outcomes following esophagectomy are substantially worsened by smoking history particularly in current smokers. Among NS, MIE is associated with reduced operative mortality.

Operating Room Extubation for Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A National Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The utility of operating room extubation (ORE) after cardiac surgery over fast-track extubation (FTE) within 6 hours remains contested. We hypothesized ORE would be associated with equivalent rates of morbidity and mortality, relative to FTE. METHODS: Patients undergoing nonemergent cardiac surgery were identified in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database between July 2017 and December 2022. Only procedures with The Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk models were included. Risk-adjusted outcomes of ORE and FTE were compared by observed-to-expected ratios with 95% CIs aggregated over all procedure types, and ORE vs FTE adjusted odds ratios (ORs) specific to each procedure type using multivariable logistic regression. Analyzed outcomes were operative mortality, prolonged length of stay, composite reoperation for bleeding and reintubation, and composite morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The study population of 669,099 patients across 1069 hospitals included 36,298 ORE patients in 296 hospitals. Risk-adjusted analyses found that ORE was associated with statistically similar or better results across each of the 4 outcomes and procedure subtypes. Notably, rates of postoperative mortality were significantly lower in ORE patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.46-0.65), aortic valve replacement (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24-0.77), and mitral valve replacement (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: Extubation in the OR was safe and effective in a selected patient population and may be associated with superior outcomes in coronary artery bypass, aortic valve replacement, and mitral valve replacement. These national data appear to confirm institutional experiences regarding the potential benefit of OR extubation. Further refinement of optimal populations may justify randomized investigation.

Severely Reduced Kidney Function Assessed by a Single eGFR Determination at the Time of an Isolated Heart Transplant Does Not Predict Inevitable Posttransplant ESKD.

BACKGROUND: Consensus guidelines advise simultaneous heart kidney transplantation (SHK) in heart candidates with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . We hypothesize that a significant fraction of such patients would not need an SHK, even though a graded increase in mortality and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) would be seen with decrements in eGFR. METHODS: United Network of Organ Sharing data for isolated heart transplants between 2000 and 2020 were divided into two groups based on eGFR at transplant (≤20 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and 21-29 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). The primary outcome was mortality and secondary outcome was ESKD posttransplant. Cox regression and cumulative incidence competing risk methods were used to compare risk of mortality and ESKD. RESULTS: There was no difference in mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.82 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.60-1.11, P = 0.21]) or ESKD (aHR 1.01 [95% CI: 0.49-2.09, P = 0.96]) between the two groups (≤20 versus 21-29). The overall incidence of ESKD for the entire cohort at 1, 5, and 10 y were 1.5%, 9.5%, and 20%. CONCLUSIONS: Although risk of ESKD is highest in heart candidates with an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , <10% of patients reach ESKD within 5 y' and most will recover significant renal function posttransplant. More refined selection criteria are required to identify candidates for SHK.

Predictors of inflammatory arthritis among new rheumatology referrals: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives: Early diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory arthritis (IA) is essential to optimize disease control. We aimed to identify variables that distinguish IA from non-inflammatory arthropathy by performing a cross-sectional study of rheumatology referral letters and visit records. Further work describes time to assessment and documentation of variables within referral letters. Methods: We reviewed rheumatology referral letters and new patient visits over a 6-month period. The diagnosis of IA was based on the clinical judgement of the assessing rheumatologist. IA diagnoses included RA, SpAs, unspecified IA, PMR, crystalline arthropathies and remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting oedema. Univariate analysis was performed for each variable. Multivariable logistic regression was performed on statistically significant variables. Results: Of 697 patients referred for arthralgia, 25.7% were diagnosed with IA. Variables predictive of IA included tenderness and swelling on examination and ≥1 h of morning stiffness. Increasing arthralgia duration, fatigue and brain fog were negative predictors. The median time from referral to IA diagnosis was 55 days and 20.7% of these patients were seen within 6 weeks. Among referral letters, documentation of arthralgia duration, morning stiffness or joint examination findings was uncommon (31%, 20.5% and 56.7%, respectively). Conclusion: We identified positive and negative predictors of IA. Referral letters often missed key information required for the triaging process. Future efforts will be directed towards build a triaging tool to improve the referral quality and capture of those patients with IA who need earlier access to rheumatology care.

The Association Between Depression and Substance Use Among Primary Care Patients With Comorbid Medical and Behavioral Health Conditions.

INTRODUCTION: The scope of primary care increasingly encompasses patient behavioral health problems, manifest typically through depression screening and treatment. Although substance use is highly comorbid with depression, it is not commonly identified and addressed in the primary care context. This study aimed to examine the association between the likelihood of substance use disorder and increased depression severity, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, among a sample of 2409 patients from 41 geographically dispersed and diverse primary care clinics across the US. METHODS: This is secondary analysis of data obtained from a multi-site parent study of integrated behavioral health in primary care, among patients with both chronic medical and behavioral health conditions. Patient reported outcome surveys were gathered from patients at 3 time points. The primary care practices were blind to which of their patients completed surveys. Included were standardized measures of depression severity (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) [PHQ-9] and substance use disorder likelihood (Global Appraisal of Individual Needs-Short Screener [GSS]). RESULTS: Four percent of the study population screened positive for substance use disorder. PHQ-9 scores indicated depression among 43% of all patients. There was a significant association between the likelihood of substance use disorder and depression initially, at a 9-month follow-up, and over time. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, income, and other patient and contextual characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that substance use disorder is associated with depression severity cross-sectionally and over time. Primary care clinics and health systems might consider implementing substance use screening in addition to the more common screening strategies for depression. Especially for patients with severe depression or those who do not respond to frontline depression treatments, the undermining presence of a substance use disorder should be explored.

Practice-Level Documentation of Alcohol-Related Problems in Primary Care.

Importance: Rates of alcohol-associated deaths increased over the past 20 years, markedly between 2019 and 2020. The highest rates are among individuals aged 55 to 64 years, primarily attributable to alcoholic liver disease and psychiatric disorders due to use of alcohol. This study investigates potential geographic disparities in documentation of alcohol-related problems in primary care electronic health records, which could lead to undertreatment of alcohol use disorder. Objective: To identify disparities in documentation of alcohol-related problems by practice-level social deprivation. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cross-sectional study using secondary data from the Integrating Behavioral Health and Primary Care clinical trial (September 21, 2017, to January 8, 2021) was performed. A national sample of 44 primary care practices with co-located behavioral health services was included in the analysis. Patients with 2 primary care visits within 2 years and at least 1 chronic medical condition and 1 behavioral health condition or at least 3 chronic medical conditions were included. Exposure: The primary exposure was practice-level Social Deprivation Index (SDI), a composite measure based on county income, educational level, employment, housing, single-parent households, and access to transportation (scores range from 0 to 100; 0 indicates affluent counties and 100 indicates disadvantaged counties). Main Outcomes and Measures: Documentation of an alcohol-related problem in the electronic health record was determined by International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes or use of medications for alcohol use disorder in past 2 years. Multivariable models adjusted for alcohol consumption, screening for a substance use disorder, urban residence, age, sex, race and ethnicity, income, educational level, and number of chronic health conditions. Results: A total of 3105 participants (mean [SD] age, 63.7 [13.0] years; 64.1% female; 11.5% Black, 7.0% Hispanic, 76.7% White, and 11.9% other race or chose not to disclose; 47.8% household income <$30 000; and 80.7% urban residence). Participants had a mean (SD) of 4.0 (1.7) chronic conditions, 9.1% reported higher-risk alcohol consumption, 4% screened positive for substance use disorder, and 6% had a documented alcohol-related problem in the electronic health record. Mean (SD) practice-level SDI score was 45.1 (20.9). In analyses adjusted for individual-level alcohol use, demographic characteristics, and health status, practice-level SDI was inversely associated with the odds of documentation (odds ratio for each 10-unit increase in SDI, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.99; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, higher practice-level SDI was associated with lower odds of documentation of alcohol-related problems, after adjusting for individual-level covariates. These findings reinforce the need to address primary care practice-level barriers to diagnosis and documentation of alcohol-related problems. Practices located in high need areas may require more specialized training, resources, and practical evidence-based tools that are useful in settings where time is especially limited and patients are complex.

Comparison of mRNA vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19-associated hospitalization by vaccination source: Immunization information systems, electronic medical records, and self-report-IVY Network, February 1-August 31, 2022.

BACKGROUND: Accurate determination of COVID-19 vaccination status is necessary to produce reliable COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates. Data comparing differences in COVID-19 VE by vaccination sources (i.e., immunization information systems [IIS], electronic medical records [EMR], and self-report) are limited. We compared the number of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine doses identified by each of these sources to assess agreement as well as differences in VE estimates using vaccination data from each individual source and vaccination data adjudicated from all sources combined. METHODS: Adults aged ≥18 years who were hospitalized with COVID-like illness at 21 hospitals in 18 U.S. states participating in the IVY Network during February 1-August 31, 2022, were enrolled. Numbers of COVID-19 vaccine doses identified by IIS, EMR, and self-report were compared in kappa agreement analyses. Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalization was estimated using multivariable logistic regression models to compare the odds of COVID-19 vaccination between SARS-CoV-2-positive case-patients and SARS-CoV-2-negative control-patients. VE was estimated using each source of vaccination data separately and all sources combined. RESULTS: A total of 4499 patients were included. Patients with ≥1 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose were identified most frequently by self-report (n = 3570, 79 %), followed by IIS (n = 3272, 73 %) and EMR (n = 3057, 68 %). Agreement was highest between IIS and self-report for 4 doses with a kappa of 0.77 (95 % CI = 0.73-0.81). VE point estimates of 3 doses against COVID-19 hospitalization were substantially lower when using vaccination data from EMR only (VE = 31 %, 95 % CI = 16 %-43 %) than when using all sources combined (VE = 53 %, 95 % CI = 41 %-62%). CONCLUSION: Vaccination data from EMR only may substantially underestimate COVID-19 VE.