G-CSF-Induced Suppressor IL-10+ Neutrophils Promote Regulatory T Cells That Inhibit Graft-Versus-Host Disease in a Long-Lasting and Specific Way.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is the main complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and many efforts have been made to overcome this important limitation. We showed previously that G-CSF treatment generates low-density splenic granulocytes that inhibit experimental aGVHD. In this article, we show that aGVHD protection relies on incoming IL-10+ neutrophils from G-CSF-treated donor spleen (G-Neutrophils). These G-Neutrophils have high phagocytic capacity, high peroxide production, low myeloperoxidase activity, and low cytoplasmic granule content, which accounts for their low density. Furthermore, they have low expression of MHC class II, costimulatory molecules, and low arginase1 expression. Also, they have low IFN-γ, IL-17F, IL-2, and IL-12 levels, with increased IL-10 production and NO synthase 2 expression. These features are in accordance with the modulatory capacity of G-Neutrophils on regulatory T cell (Treg) generation. In vivo, CD25+ Treg depletion shortly after transplantation with splenic cells from G-CSF-treated donors blocks suppression of aGVHD, suggesting Treg involvement in the protection induced by the G-Neutrophils. The immunocompetence and specificity of the semiallogeneic T cells, long-term after the bone marrow transplant using G-Neutrophils, were confirmed by third-party skin graft rejection; importantly, a graft-versus-leukemia assay showed that T cell activity was maintained, and all of the leukemic cells were eliminated. We conclude that G-CSF treatment generates a population of activated and suppressive G-Neutrophils that reduces aGVHD in an IL-10- and Treg-dependent manner, while maintaining immunocompetence and the graft versus leukemia effect.

Oral combined therapy with probiotics and alloantigen induces B cell-dependent long-lasting specific tolerance.

Allogeneic hematopietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) is widely used for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Although aHSCT provides a good response against the malignant cells (graft-versus-leukemia [GVL]), it also leads to the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a severe disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. Therapy for GVHD is commonly based on nonspecific immunosupression of the transplanted recipient, resulting in the concomitant inhibition of the GVL effect. In this study, we propose an alternative approach to specifically suppress GVHD while sparing the GVL, based on oral treatment of transplant donors with recipient Ags, associated with the intake of probiotic Lactococcus lactis as tolerogenic adjuvant (combined therapy). We show that treatment of C57BL/6 donor mice with combined therapy before the transplant protects the recipients F1 (C57BL/6 × BAL/c) mice from clinical and pathological manifestations of disease, resulting in 100% survival rate. Importantly, the animals keep the immunological competence maintaining the GVL response as well as the response to third-party Ags. The protection is specific, long lasting and dependent on donor IL-10-sufficient B cells activity, which induces regulatory T cells in the host. These data suggest that combined therapy is a promising strategy for prevention of GVHD with preservation of GVL, opening new possibilities to treat human patients subjected to transplantation.

Tissue adaptation of CD4 T lymphocytes in homeostasis and cancer.

The immune system is traditionally classified as a defense system that can discriminate between self and non-self or dangerous and non-dangerous situations, unleashing a tolerogenic reaction or immune response. These activities are mainly coordinated by the interaction between innate and adaptive cells that act together to eliminate harmful stimuli and keep tissue healthy. However, healthy tissue is not always the end point of an immune response. Much evidence has been accumulated over the years, showing that the immune system has complex, diversified, and integrated functions that converge to maintaining tissue homeostasis, even in the absence of aggression, interacting with the tissue cells and allowing the functional maintenance of that tissue. One of the main cells known for their function in helping the immune response through the production of cytokines is CD4+ T lymphocytes. The cytokines produced by the different subtypes act not only on immune cells but also on tissue cells. Considering that tissues have specific mediators in their architecture, it is plausible that the presence and frequency of CD4+ T lymphocytes of specific subtypes (Th1, Th2, Th17, and others) maintain tissue homeostasis. In situations where homeostasis is disrupted, such as infections, allergies, inflammatory processes, and cancer, local CD4+ T lymphocytes respond to this disruption and, as in the healthy tissue, towards the equilibrium of tissue dynamics. CD4+ T lymphocytes can be manipulated by tumor cells to promote tumor development and metastasis, making them a prognostic factor in various types of cancer. Therefore, understanding the function of tissue-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes is essential in developing new strategies for treating tissue-specific diseases, as occurs in cancer. In this context, this article reviews the evidence for this hypothesis regarding the phenotypes and functions of CD4+ T lymphocytes and compares their contribution to maintaining tissue homeostasis in different organs in a steady state and during tumor progression.

Spheroid Model of Mammary Tumor Cells: Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Doxorubicin Response.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Therapeutic strategies to control tumors and metastasis are still challenging. Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid-type systems more accurately replicate the features of tumors in vivo, working as a better platform for performing therapeutic response analysis. This work aimed to characterize the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and doxorubicin (dox) response in a mammary tumor spheroid (MTS) model. We evaluated the doxorubicin treatment effect on MCF-7 spheroid diameter, cell viability, death, migration and proteins involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Spheroids were also produced from tumors formed from 4T1 and 67NR cell lines. MTSs mimicked avascular tumor characteristics, exhibited adherens junction proteins and independently produced their own extracellular matrix. Our spheroid model supports the 3D culturing of cells isolated from mice mammary tumors. Through the migration assay, we verified a reduction in E-cadherin expression and an increase in vimentin expression as the cells became more distant from spheroids. Dox promoted cytotoxicity in MTSs and inhibited cell migration and the EMT process. These results suggest, for the first time, that this model reproduces aspects of the EMT process and describes the potential of dox in inhibiting the metastatic process, which can be further explored.

Programmed cell death protein 1 is a marker for neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in triple-negative breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are detectable in up to 75% of triple-negative breast cancer. The composition of these infiltrates may influence prognosis and is not known regarding regulatory or effector lymphocytes. The objectives of this study were to describe and quantify the composition of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes before and after chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) and to evaluate their association with complete pathological response and overall survival. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study. Clinical and pathological data from 38 triple-negative breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy at the University Hospital (HUCFF/UFRJ), between November 2004 and November 2018, were analyzed. The Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) have been identified on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections according to the guidelines of the "International tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes Working Group." Immunohistochemistry studies were performed to identify T-cell subsets (i.e., CD3, CD4, CD8, and FOXP3) and T-cell exhaustion (i.e., programmed cell death protein 1). RESULTS: Statistically significant changes in stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte categories were observed before and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with 32% of intermediate cases becoming high. The correlation between pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and pathological response, pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and overall survival was not statistically significant. However, we noticed an increase of cells that favor the antitumor activity (i.e., CD3, CD8, and CD8/FOXP3 ratio) and decreased levels of cells inhibiting tumor activities (i.e., FOXP3 and programmed cell death protein 1) post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Importantly, programmed cell death protein 1 expression pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed an association with pathological response. CONCLUSION: In this study, we observed that chemotherapy significantly increases stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CD8 T cells, as well as CD8/FoxP3 ratio. Most importantly, programmed cell death protein 1 expression before neoadjuvant chemotherapy positively correlates with pathological response suggesting the use of programmed cell death protein 1 as a prognostic marker before neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Rare genetic variants involved in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a multicenter Brazilian cohort study.

Introduction: Despite the existing data on the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), the factors that determine these patients evolution remain elusive. Answers may lie, at least in part, in genetics. It is currently under investigation that MIS-C patients may have an underlying innate error of immunity (IEI), whether of monogenic, digenic, or even oligogenic origin. Methods: To further investigate this hypothesis, 30 patients with MIS-C were submitted to whole exome sequencing. Results: Analyses of genes associated with MIS-C, MIS-A, severe covid-19, and Kawasaki disease identified twenty-nine patients with rare potentially damaging variants (50 variants were identified in 38 different genes), including those previously described in IFNA21 and IFIH1 genes, new variants in genes previously described in MIS-C patients (KMT2D, CFB, and PRF1), and variants in genes newly associated to MIS-C such as APOL1, TNFRSF13B, and G6PD. In addition, gene ontology enrichment pointed to the involvement of thirteen major pathways, including complement system, hematopoiesis, immune system development, and type II interferon signaling, that were not yet reported in MIS-C. Discussion: These data strongly indicate that different gene families may favor MIS- C development. Larger cohort studies with healthy controls and other omics approaches, such as proteomics and RNAseq, will be precious to better understanding the disease dynamics.

Central nervous system commitment in Chagas disease.

The involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) during human acute and chronic Chagas disease (CD) has been largely reported. Meningoencephalitis is a frequent finding during the acute infection, while during chronic phase the CNS involvement is often accompanied by behavioral and cognitive impairments. In the same vein, several studies have shown that rodents infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) display behavior abnormalities, accompanied by brain inflammation, in situ production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and parasitism in diverse cerebral areas, with involvement of microglia, macrophages, astrocytes, and neurons. However, the mechanisms used by the parasite to reach the brain remain now largely unknown. Herein we discuss the evidence unravelling the CNS involvement and complexity of neuroimmune interactions that take place in acute and chronic CD. Also, we provide some clues to hypothesize brain infections routes in human and experimental acute CD following oral infection by T. cruzi, an infection route that became a major CD related public health issue in Brazil.

Mature Naive B Cells Regulate the Outcome of Murine Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease in an IL-10-Independent Manner.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the main complication of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). CD4+ T lymphocytes are the main effector cells for disease development, but other cell types can determine disease outcome through cytokine production and antigen presentation. B cells are abundant in BMT products and are involved in chronic GVHD immunopathogenesis. However, their role in acute GVHD is still unclear. Here we studied the role of donor resting B cells in a model of acute GVHD. Animals receiving transplants depleted of B cells developed more severe disease, indicating a protective role for B cells. Mice undergoing transplantation with IL-10 knockout B cells developed GVHD as severe as those receiving wild-type B cells. Moreover, mice that received MHC II-deficient B cells, and thus were unable to present antigen to CD4+ T cells, developed as severe GVHD as animals receiving transplants without B cells. This result suggests that the protection provided by mature naive B cells depends on antigen presentation and not on IL-10 production by B cells. Mice who underwent transplantation in the absence of donor B cells exhibited disorganized lymphoid splenic tissue. In addition, donor B cell depletion diminished the follicular T (Tfh)/effector T (Teff) cell ratio, suggesting that protection was correlated with a shift to Tfh differentiation, reducing the number of Teff cells. Importantly, the Tfh/Teff shift impacts disease outcome, with observed proinflammatory cytokine levels and tissue damage in target organs consistent with disease protection. The role of transplanted B cells in the outcome of BMT and the development of acute GVHD merits careful study, given that these cells are abundant in BMT products and are potent modulator and effector cells in the allogeneic response.

Oral Trypanosoma cruzi Acute Infection in Mice Targets Primary Lymphoid Organs and Triggers Extramedullary Hematopoiesis.

During the acute phase of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi circulation through the bloodstream leads to high tissue parasitism in the host. In primary lymphoid organs, progenitor cell reduction paralleled transient immunosuppression. Herein we showed that acute oral infection in mice promotes diffuse parasitism in bone marrow cells at 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi), with perivascular regions, intravascular regions, and regions near the bone being target sites of parasite replication. Phenotypic analysis of hematopoietic differentiation in the bone marrow of infected mice showed that the cell number in the tissue is decreased (lineage-negative and lineage-positive cells). Interestingly, analysis of hematopoietic branching points showed that hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) were significantly increased at 14 dpi. In addition, the pool of progenitors with stem plasticity (HSC-MPP3), as well as multipotent progenitors (MPPs) such as MPP4, also showed this pattern of increase. In contrast, subsequent progenitors that arise from MPPs, such as common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), lymphoid-primed MPPs (LMPPs), and myeloid progenitors, were not enhanced; conversely, all presented numeric decline. Annexin V staining revealed that cell death increase in the initial hematopoietic branching point probably is not linked to CLPs and that myeloid progenitors decreased at 14 and 21 dpi. In parallel, our investigation provided clues that myeloid progenitor decrease could be associated with an atypical expression of Sca-1 in this population leading to a remarkable increase on LSK-like cells at 14 dpi within the HSPC compartment. Finally, these results led us to investigate HSPC presence in the spleen as a phenomenon triggered during emergency hematopoiesis due to mobilization or expansion of these cells in extramedullary sites. Splenocyte analysis showed a progressive increase in HSPCs between 14 and 21 dpi. Altogether, our study shows that the bone marrow is a target tissue in T. cruzi orally infected mice, leading to a hematopoietic disturbance with LSK-like cell bias accounting on HSPCs possibly affecting myeloid progenitor numbers. The LMPP and CLP reduction converges with defective thymocyte development. Lastly, it is tempting to speculate that the extramedullary hematopoiesis seen in the spleen is a mechanism involved in the hematological maintenance reported during the acute phase of oral T. cruzi infection.

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and social inequalities in different subgroups of healthcare workers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has exacerbated health inequalities worldwide. Yet, such a perspective has not been investigated in specific healthcare workers and their resulting inclusion as a priority group for vaccination have been an important focus of political and social discussion. This study aimed at investigating whether SARS-CoV-2-seropositivity in healthcare workers in a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was influenced by social determinants of health and the social vulnerability in subgroups of workers. METHODS: A serological survey was conducted in 1,154 healthcare workers in June and July 2020. The association between the serological test results for detection of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and socioeconomic, occupational characteristics and transportation used by the workers to commute was assessed using the Pearson´s chi-square test and Cramer's V. FINDINGS: Overall, the serum prevalence for the virus in the healthcare workers was 30% (342/1141). Non-white workers (208/561) with lower income (169/396) and schooling (150/353), as well as users of the mass transportation system (157/246) showed the highest infection rates. Importantly they mostly corresponded to hospital support workers (131/324), in particular the cleaning personnel (42/70). Accordingly, income, schooling and work modality appeared as negative predictors, as ascertained by forest plot analysis. INTERPRETATIONS: The data clearly illustrate the inequality in SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Brazilian population, comprising even healthcare workers of the Brazilian unified health system.

CD8+ T cells from experimental in situ breast carcinoma interfere with bone homeostasis.

Before bone colonization, immune cells primed by breast primary tumor cells actively modify the bone microenvironment, disturbing the complex and tightly homeostatic signaling network regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Indeed, we have shown that RANKL+ CD4+ T cells specific for the 4T1 mammary carcinoma cell line, arrive at the bone marrow (BM) before metastatic cells and set the pre-metastatic niche. In the absence of RANKL expressed by T cells, there is no pre-metastatic osteolytic disease and bone metastases are blocked. Adding to the role of T cells, we have recently demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) provide a positive feedback loop to the osteolytic profile induced by the metastatic tumor. In this setting, DCs are able to differentiate into potent bone resorbing osteoclast-like cells keeping their antigen-presenting cell (APC) properties to maintain RANKL+ CD4+ Th17 T cells activities, via IL-23 expression. Here we show that 67NR non-metastatic tumor cells, a sibling of 4T1 tumor cell line, induce an increase in trabecular bone mass on day 11 post-tumor implant. This observation was associated with an expansion of the osteoblastic lineage cells accompanied by a reduction of osteoclasts numbers. Moreover, BM derived CD8+ T cells from 67NR tumor-bearing mice, express an anti-osteoclastogenic cytokine milieu enriched by IFN-γ, IL-10 and producing low levels of RANKL. The frequency of BM derived CD8+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, known as potent suppressors of osteoclastogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, was also increased in such animals. This milieu was capable to suppress 4T1 tumor-specific CD4+ T cells phenotype in vivo and in vitro and strongly inhibited bone metastases establishment, restoring trabecular bone mass volume. We concluded that the 67NR+ tumor derived CD8+ T cells phenotypes, either contributing to bone homeostasis and/or control of 4T1 breast tumor pre-metastatic disease, interfere with osteoclasts and osteoblasts activities inside BM. Our study highlights the opposing roles of subverted tumor CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subtypes in directing breast cancer progression and bone metastases establishment. For non-metastatic tumors, the role of T cells regarding bone remodeling has never been addressed before. As far as we know, this is the first description that an in situ carcinoma can modify distant sites. In the case showed here, modification of the distant bone site disfavors pre-metastatic bone niche formation.

Dendritic cells development into osteoclast-type APCs by 4T1 breast tumor T cells milieu boost bone consumption.

Bone metastases occur in 70% of patients with advanced breast cancer, causing severe morbidity and increased mortality due to osteolytic lesions driven by osteoclasts (OCs) inside the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. A reciprocal vicious cycle between bone remodeling system and the tumor itself is established by the release of growth factors stored in the mineralized matrix, which in turn feed the tumor, changing tumor behavior and growth. However, BM is not a passive host microenvironment for circulating tumor cells, but instead can be actively modified by the primary tumor before metastatic spread occurs. Indeed, we have shown that T cells specific for the 4T1 mammary carcinoma cell line, are characteristically RANKL+ IL-17F+ CD4+ T cells. Those cells arrive in the BM before metastatic cells and set the pre-metastatic niche. In the absence of T cell derived RANKL, there is no pre-metastatic osteolytic disease and bone metastases do not take place. Recently, dendritic cells (DCs), the main T cell partner at the beginning of the immune response, came into the spotlight as a potential source of OCs progenitors under inflammatory conditions. Regarding bone metastasis, nothing is currently known about DCs plasticity or even its partnership with tumor induced T cells for BM pre-metastatic niche formation. Here, we show that splenic CD11c+ DCs stimulated with 4T1 conditioned media (CM) efficiently differentiated into mature and activated multinucleated giant cells (DC-OC) expressing TRAP and IL-23 cytokine. More important, 4T1 CM derived DC-OCs build a positive loop which amplifies the osteolytic phenomena by maintaining the RANKL+ Th17 T cells and by its own osteoclastic activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that differentiation of OCs from DCs may be achievable in the bone pre osteolytic disease context representing an alternative OC differentiation pathway. Besides being induced by high levels of T cells pro osteoclastogenic cytokines, especially by RANKL, DC-OC keep a positive feedback loop towards osteolysis, maintaining the pro-osteoclastogenic T cell phenotype in the BM.

Integrin-directed antibody-based immunotherapy: focus on VLA-4.

One major finding of chronic inflammatory diseases of various origins is the establishment of inflammatory infiltrates, bearing different leukocyte subpopulations, including activated T lymphocytes. Integrins are among the large series of molecular interactions that have been implicated as players in both triggering and maintenance of leukocyte influx from the blood into a given organ parenchyme. Accordingly, blocking the interaction between VLA-6 integrin and laminin, experimentally abrogates heart graft rejection. Many reports have shown that VLA-4 is used by T cells to cross endothelial barriers, as well as to migrate within target tissues. In this respect, a humanized IgG4 anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody (specific to the α4-integrin chain of VLA-4) has been successfully applied to treat multiple sclerosis as well as inflammatory bowel disease. Anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody has also been applied to block transendothelial passage in other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. On this same vein is the action of such a reagent in impairing in vitro transendothial and fibronectin-driven migration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing high densities of VLA-4 from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients, thus potentially enlarging the use of this strategy to other diseases. Yet, in a small number of patients, the use of Natalizumab has been correlated with the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a serious brain infection caused by the John Cunningham virus. This issue restricted the use of the reagent. In this respect, the development of smaller and more specific antibody reagents should be envisioned as a next-generation promising strategy.

Chronic nutritional restriction of omega-3 fatty acids induces a pro-inflammatory profile during the development of the rat visual system.

Modern western diets have been associated with a reduced proportion of dietary omega-3 fatty acids leading to decreased levels of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) in the brain. Low DHA content has been associated with altered development of visual acuity in infants and also with an altered time course of synapse elimination and plasticity in subcortical visual nuclei in rodents. Microglia has an active role in normal developmental processes such as circuitry refinement and plasticity, and its activation status can be modulated by omega-3 (ω3) and omega-6 (ω6) essential fatty acids. In the present study, we investigated the impact of dietary restriction of DHA (ω3-), through the chronic administration of a coconut-based diet as the only fat source. This dietary protocol resulted in a reduction in DHA content in the retina and superior colliculus (SC) and in a neuroinflammatory outcome during the development of the rodent visual system. The ω3- group showed changes in microglial morphology in the retina and SC and a corresponding altered pattern of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Early and late fish oil protocols supplementation were able to restore DHA levels. The early supplementation also decreased neuroinflammatory markers in the visual system. The present study indicates that a chronic dietary restriction of omega-3 fatty acids and the resulting deficits in DHA content, commonly observed in Western diets, interferes with the microglial profile leading to an inflamed microenvironment which may underlie a disruption of synapse elimination, altered topographical organization, abnormal plasticity, and duration of critical periods during brain development.

Pathogenic effector T cell enrichment overcomes regulatory T cell control and generates autoimmune gastritis.

Regulatory T cells (Treg) deficiency leads to a severe, systemic, and lethal disease, as showed in immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome patients, and scurfy mouse. Postneonatal thymectomy autoimmune gastritis has also been attributed to the absence of Tregs. In this case however, disease is mild, organ-specific, and, more important, it is not an obligatory outcome. We addressed this paradox comparing T cell compartments in gastritis-susceptible and resistant animals. We found that neonatal thymectomy-induced gastritis is not caused by the absence of Tregs. Instead of this, it is the presence of gastritogenic T cell clones that determines susceptibility to disease. The expansion of such clones under lymphopenic conditions results in a reduced Treg:effector T cell ratio that is not enough to control gastritis development. Finally, the presence of gastritogenic clones is determined by the amount of gastric Ag expressed in the neonatal thymus, emphasizing the importance of effector repertoire variability, present even in genetically identical subjects, to organ-specific autoimmune disease susceptibility.

Class I HLA Allele Predicted Restricted Antigenic Coverages for Spike and Nucleocapsid Proteins Are Associated With Deaths Related to COVID-19.

The world is dealing with one of the worst pandemics ever. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of COVID-19 that has already spread to more than 200 countries. However, infectivity, severity, and mortality rates do not affect all countries equally. Here we consider 140 HLA alleles and extensively investigate the landscape of 3,723 potential HLA-I A and B restricted SARS-CoV-2-derived antigens and how 37 countries in the world are predicted to respond to those peptides considering their HLA-I distribution frequencies. The clustering of HLA-A and HLA-B allele frequencies partially separates most countries with the lowest number of deaths per million inhabitants from the other countries. We further correlated the patterns of in silico predicted population coverage and epidemiological data. The number of deaths per million inhabitants correlates to the predicted antigen coverage of S and N derived peptides and its module is influenced if a given set of frequent or rare HLA alleles are analyzed in a given population. Moreover, we highlighted a potential risk group carrying HLAs associated with an elevated number of deaths per million inhabitants. In addition, we identified three potential antigens bearing at least one amino acid of the four-length insertion that differentiates SARS-CoV-2 from previous coronavirus strains. We believe these data can contribute to the search for peptides with the potential to be used in vaccine strategies considering the role of herd immunity to hamper the spread of the disease. Importantly, to the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to use a populational approach in association with COVID-19 outcome.

Crosstalk Between Innate and T Cell Adaptive Immunity With(in) the Muscle.

Growing evidence demonstrates a continuous interaction between the immune system and the skeletal muscle in inflammatory diseases of different pathogenetic origins, in dystrophic conditions such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy as well as during normal muscle regeneration. Although one component of the innate immunity, the macrophage, has been extensively studied both in disease conditions and during cell or gene therapy strategies aiming at restoring muscular functions, much less is known about dendritic cells and their primary immunological targets, the T lymphocytes. This review will focus on the dendritic cells and T lymphocytes (including effector and regulatory T-cells), emphasizing the potential cross talk between these cell types and their influence on the structure and function of skeletal muscle.

Study of membrane potential in T lymphocytes subpopulations using flow cytometry.

BACKGROUND: Ion channels are involved in the control of membrane potential (psi) in a variety of cells. The maintenance of psi in human T lymphocytes is essential for T-cell activation and was suggested to depend mostly on the voltage-gated Kv1.3 channel. Blockage of Kv1.3 inhibits cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and suppresses immune response in vivo. T lymphocytes are a heterogeneous cell population and the expression of Kv1.3 varies among cell subsets. Oxonol diBA-C4-(3) was used to determine psi by flow cytometry. The presence of distinct T cell subsets was evaluated by immunophenotyping techniques and the contribution of Kv1.3 channels for the maintenance of psi was investigated using selective blockers. RESULTS: The distribution of psi in T lymphocytes varied among blood donors and did not always follow a unimodal pattern. T lymphocytes were divided into CD3+/CD45RO- and CD3+/CD45RO+ subsets, whose peak channel values of psi were -58 +/- 3.6 mV and -37 +/- 4.1 mV, respectively. MgTX (specific inhibitor of Kv1.3 channels) had no significant effect in the psi of CD3+/CD45RO- subsets but depolarized CD3+/CD45RO+ cells to -27 +/- 5.1 mV. CONCLUSION: Combination of optical methods for determination of psi by flow cytometry with immuophenotyping techniques opens new possibilities for the study of ion channels in the biology of heterogeneous cell populations such as T lymphocyte subsets.

Programmed cell death protein 1 is a marker for neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in triple-negative breast cancer

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are detectable in up to 75% of triple-negative breast cancer. The composition of these infiltrates may influence prognosis and is not known regarding regulatory or effector lymphocytes. The objectives of this study were to describe and quantify the composition of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes before and after chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) and to evaluate their association with complete pathological response and overall survival. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study. Clinical and pathological data from 38 triple-negative breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy at the University Hospital (HUCFF/UFRJ), between November 2004 and November 2018, were analyzed. The Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) have been identified on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections according to the guidelines of the "International tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes Working Group." Immunohistochemistry studies were performed to identify T-cell subsets (i.e., CD3, CD4, CD8, and FOXP3) and T-cell exhaustion (i.e., programmed cell death protein 1). RESULTS: Statistically significant changes in stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte categories were observed before and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with 32% of intermediate cases becoming high. The correlation between pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and pathological response, pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and overall survival was not statistically significant. However, we noticed an increase of cells that favor the antitumor activity (i.e., CD3, CD8, and CD8/FOXP3 ratio) and decreased levels of cells inhibiting tumor activities (i.e., FOXP3 and programmed cell death protein 1) post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Importantly, programmed cell death protein 1 expression pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed an association with pathological response. CONCLUSION: In this study, we observed that chemotherapy significantly increases stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CD8 T cells, as well as CD8/FoxP3 ratio. Most importantly, programmed cell death protein 1 expression before neoadjuvant chemotherapy positively correlates with pathological response suggesting the use of programmed cell death protein 1 as a prognostic marker before neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Activated dendritic cells modulate proliferation and differentiation of human myoblasts.

Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies (IIMs) are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune diseases affecting skeletal muscle tissue homeostasis. They are characterized by muscle weakness and inflammatory infiltration with tissue damage. Amongst the cells in the muscle inflammatory infiltration, dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting and key components in autoimmunity exhibiting an increased activation in inflamed tissues. Since, the IIMs are characterized by the focal necrosis/regeneration and muscle atrophy, we hypothesized that DCs may play a role in these processes. Due to the absence of a reliable in vivo model for IIMs, we first performed co-culture experiments with immature DCs (iDC) or LPS-activated DCs (actDC) and proliferating myoblasts or differentiating myotubes. We demonstrated that both iDC or actDCs tightly interact with myoblasts and myotubes, increased myoblast proliferation and migration, but inhibited myotube differentiation. We also observed that actDCs increased HLA-ABC, HLA-DR, VLA-5, and VLA-6 expression and induced cytokine secretion on myoblasts. In an in vivo regeneration model, the co-injection of human myoblasts and DCs enhanced human myoblast migration, whereas the absolute number of human myofibres was unchanged. In conclusion, we suggest that in the early stages of myositis, DCs may play a crucial role in inducing muscle-damage through cell-cell contact and inflammatory cytokine secretion, leading to muscle regeneration impairment.