Exploring Veterinary Medicine Students' Experiences with Team-Based Learning at the Universidad Andrés Bello.

This study explored the use of team-based learning (TBL) in a Clinical Anatomy course taken by third-year veterinary medicine undergraduate students at the Universidad Andrés Bello in Chile. While research has shown that active learning methodologies yield improved student learning outcomes compared to lecture-based teaching, the incorporation of new pedagogical strategies is complex and its success depends on a range of contextual factors. This study sought to understand the strengths and weaknesses of using TBL in a specific subject (anatomy), discipline (veterinary medicine), and country (Chile). Students in the course had not been previously exposed to TBL. At the end of the semester during which TBL was used, the research team collected student satisfaction survey data and conducted a focus group in order to understand students' experiences with TBL in the course. We found that overall, students were satisfied with TBL and appreciated that it increased the amount of feedback they received, reinforced key concepts, and helped them to build skills they would need in their future professions. There was also a certain level of dissatisfaction, which may have been caused by negative experiences with team members and difficulties reading the preparatory material, which was in English. Given our findings, we discuss modifications that could be made in order to improve veterinary medicine students' experiences with TBL.

A Unique Approach to Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in a Veterinary Anatomy Course.

INTRODUCTION: Project-based learning (PjBL) is a teaching methodology designed to engage students in solving real-world problems, acknowledging that students are active agents of their learning process. This methodology has historically been popular in architecture and industrial sciences; however, its use in teaching veterinary anatomy is scarcely published. METHODS: Using information and communication technologies, the PjBL methodology was implemented in a first-year veterinary anatomy course. The methodology included teamwork and the selection of a routine object in the veterinary clinic at the beginning of the academic semester. The project's goal was to analyze the object and associate it with both a domestic animal species and an anatomical region, along with making and presenting a video or a simulation model about the object. RESULTS: More than 80% of students prefer active learning classes compared to traditional classes. In addition, 66% and 86% of students indicate that PjBL allowed them to improve their understanding of theoretical content for the first and second years of post-implementation, respectively. Students' self-assessment indicates that more than 80% of the students (first and second year post-implementation) felt they were responsible for the execution of the project, able to conduct research, and able to develop autonomous learning skills. After 2 years of PjBL implementation, failure rates in the course decreased by 21%. DISCUSSION: In general, PjBL results show that veterinary students prefer active learning activities that allow them to learn in a team-based learning process as well as to develop soft skills such as self-learning, responsibility, and teamwork. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-021-01205-1.

Estudio Descriptivo Macro y Mesoscópico de la Irrigación de Piezas Dentarias Superiores en Perro (Canis familiaris) Mediante Repleción con Tinta China / Macro and Mesoscopical Study About the Irrigation of the Upper Teeth in Dogs (Canis familiaris) through Repletion With Chinese Ink

Se describe macro y mesoscópicamente la irrigación de piezas dentarias superiores en su tercio rostral (incisivos y canino) en perro, mediante repleción con tinta china. Se utilizaron 30 cabezas de cadáveres de perro, divididas en tres grupos de igual número. El grupo I fue inyectado con tinta china azul vía arteria facial, el grupo II con tinta amarilla vía arteria maxilar y el grupo III con tinta azul y amarilla vía arteria facial y arteria maxilar respectivamente y en forma simultánea. En las cabezas, ya fijadas y conservadas, se analizó macroscópicamente la llegada del color de la tinta china inyectada a nivel de la gíngiva asociada a dientes incisivos y canino superior derecho. Posteriormente, las cabezas se congelaron para realizarles cortes transversales, los que fueron analizados mesoscópicamente, donde se observó la llegada de la tinta china, a nivel de los alvéolos y cavidad pulpar de las piezas dentarias en estudio. La presente investigación demostró que la arteria facial se distribuye hacia tejidos profundos como gíngiva, alvéolos y pulpa de los dientes incisivos y canino superior derecho en perro, por lo tanto, estaría aportando a su irrigación complementaria; se reafirmó la participación de ramas de la arteria maxilar en la irrigación de estos mismos tejidos y finalmente se demostró que ramas de las arterias facial y maxilar se anastomosan para irrigar tejidos en común, como los ya mencionados. Estos resultados permiten conocer el origen de la revascularización de piezas dentarias superiores y periodonto en perro, luego de procedimientos quirúrgicos que pudiesen dañar ramas de la arteria maxilar. Debido a la similitud anatómica de la cavidad oral entre el perro y el humano, los resultados descritos se podrían utilizar como referencia para explicar el origen de la revascularización de piezas dentarias superiores y periodonto, luego de la cirugía ortognática.

The irrigation of upper teeth is described macro and mesoscopically in their facial third (incisive and canine teeth) through repletion with Chinese tint. Thirty heads of corpses of dogs were used, which were divided in three equal groups. Group I was injected with blue Chinese ink via facial artery, group II with yellow Chinese ink via maxillary artery, and the group III with blue and yellow Chinese ink via facial and maxillary artery respectively and simultaneously. In the heads, already fixed and conserved, the arrival of the colour of the injected ink was macroscopically analyzed up to the level of the gingiva associated to the upper right incisive and canine teeth; subsequently, the heads were frozen to make them cross sections, which were analyzed mesoscopically, where the arrival of the injected ink was observed up to the level of the alveolus and pulpar cavity of the teeth under study. The present research demonstrated that the facial artery is distributed to deep-lying tissues such as gingiva, alveolus, and pulpar cavity of the upper right incisive and canine teeth in dogs; therefore, it would be contributing to its complementary irrigation, the participation of the branches of the maxillary artery in the irrigation of these tissues, and, finally, it demonstrated that the branches of the facial and maxillary artery anastomose themselves to irrigate tissues they have in common, as the ones that were already mentioned. These results allow us knowing the origin of the revascularization of the upper and periodontal teeth in dogs, after surgical procedures that could damage some branches of maxillary artery. Due to the anatomic similarity of human being's oral cavity and the oral cavity of dogs, the already described results could be used as reference to explain the origin of the revascularization of upper and periodontal teeth, after orthognathic surgery.

Consideraciones anatomicas sobre la musculatura intrinseca del miembro toracico del puma (Puma Concolor) / Anatomical considerations over the intrinsic musculature of thoracic limb of puma (Puma Concolor)

Se describen los músculos del miembro toracico del puma (Puma concolor). Con este objetivo se hizo una disección en dos pumas adultos,donados por el Servicio Agricola y Ganadero (SAG) a la Universidad Santo Tomás y por el Parque Zoológico Metropolitano a la Universidad de Chile. Los cadaveres fueron conservados mediante metodos anatómicos tradicionales, realizandosela disección muscular de los miembros toracicos. Nuestras observaciones mostraron que los músculos presentes son los mismos que los descritos para otros felinos como el gato doméstico, siendo el grado de desarrollo que alcanza cada músculo, el parametro de variabilidad entre ambas especies. Se destaca, ademas, la presencia del músculo flexor digital superficial, que en textos clasicos es llamado músculo palmar largo.