Assessment of Cutaneous Melanoma by Use of Very- High-Frequency Ultrasound and Real-Time Elastography.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of very-high-frequency ultrasound as tool for assessment of skin melanoma by investigation of the correlation between the ultrasound measurement of the thickness of a melanoma and the histopathologically measured Breslow index. The secondary objective was to assess the potential role of real-time elastography in the preoperative evaluation of skin melanoma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included 42 cutaneous melanoma lesions in 39 adult subjects examined in the division of ultrasound of a department of radiology between September 2011 and January 2015. Gray-scale sonographic features at 40 MHz (thickness, echogenicity, contour) and real-time strain elastographic (qualitative and semiquantitative, strain ratio) characteristics were evaluated and compared with the pathologic results. RESULTS: The melanoma lesions had a homogeneous hypoechoic appearance with a regular contour and stiff or medium consistency. The mean difference between Breslow index and ultrasound thickness was -0.05 mm (95% CI, -0.24 to 0.13 mm), sustaining the absence of significant differences between these two measurements. A strong relation was identified between real-time elastographic appearance and strain ratio for the relations between lesion and hypodermis and between lesion and neighboring dermis (p < 0.002) or hypodermis. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that very-high-frequency ultrasound and real-time elastography can be useful examinations for comprehensive preoperative evaluation of cutaneous melanoma.

Real-time sonoelastography of major salivary gland tumors.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of real-time sonoelastography in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland tumors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between 2007 and 2010, 74 salivary gland tumors were examined by ultrasound and sonoelastography in 66 patients. Lesions were graded according to a 4-point elastography score. Surgical excision and histopathologic examination were performed in all cases. The difference in elastographic score between benign and malignant masses and that between pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin tumors were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 74 salivary tumors, 63 were located in the parotid, and 11 were in the submandibular gland. There were 18 malignant and 56 benign tumors. The mean (± SD) elastographic score was 2.58 ± 0.87 for pleomorphic adenomas, 2.15 ± 0.80 for Warthin tumors, 2.00 ± 0.57 for other benign tumors, and 2.94 ± 0.87 for malignant tumors. For benign tumors overall, the mean elastographic score was 2.41 ± 0.87. The difference in elastographic score between benign and malignant tumors overall was statistically significant (p < 0.05), but the difference between malignant tumors and pleomorphic adenomas and that between Warthin tumors and pleomorphic adenomas were not statistically significant. Using cutoff values between scores 2 and 3 and scores 3 and 4, there was no statistically significant difference between benign and malignant tumors. CONCLUSION: Although this study revealed a difference in elastographic score between benign and malignant tumors, detailed analysis did not provide consistent results. Consequently, real-time sonoelastography appears to be a limited technique in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant salivary masses.

[Doppler ultrasound assessment of intraocular and orbital tumors]. / Ultrasonografia Doppler în patologia tumorala oculo-orbitala.

PURPOSE: To assess the role of spectral and color Doppler ultrasonography in the positive and differential diagnosis of ocular and orbital tumoral masses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective clinical study of 153 patients with 163 ocular or / and orbital masses who were examined by spectral and color Doppler ultrasonography in the Clinic of Radiology, Cluj County Emergency Hospital, between 1997 and 2004. In all patients, the arterial impedance indices were measured by pulsed Doppler examination. The color Doppler characterization of the mass consisted in the description of intratumoral vascularity: presence, vessel number and appearance and peculiar aspects. The final diagnosis was established by histopathology in 123 tumors. In 40 tumors, the diagnosis was established by correlating the clinical findings with the results of other imaging modalities. RESULTS: The study identifies and describes peculiar ultrasonographic aspects of the vascularity in various intraocular and orbital tumors. It describes and illustrates the Doppler ultrasonographic appearance of choroidal melanoma, retinoblastoma, eyeball metastases, hemangioma, lymphangioma, optic nerve sheath glioma, inflammatory pseudotumors and tumors invading the orbit. CONCLUSIONS: The association of vascular information to the two-dimensional ultrasonographic image allows for an improved characterization of ocular and orbital tumoral masses.

Patterns of clinical nail appearances in patients with cutaneous psoriasis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Nail manifestations are often an overlooked aspect in psoriatic disease, cutaneous and joint involvement being far more often reported and investigated. The reported prevalence of nail changes varies in literature, specific fingernail clinical features having different degrees of occurrence. The aim of this study was to describe specific clinical patterns of fingernail alterations in adult patients with plaque-type psoriasis in a university hospital in the North-West of Romania. METHODS: Clinical data of 35 patients with fingernail psoriasis were collected and analyzed. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) scores were used to quantify disease extension in each patient. RESULTS: PASI score proved linearly correlated with NAPSI score (p<0.05). The age of onset of fingernail psoriasis was positively correlated with age of onset cutaneous psoriasis (p<0.0001). Furthermore, the duration of cutaneous involvement and NAPSI proved significantly related (p<0.05). The third fingernail in the right hand and first fingernail in the left hand were in most of the cases severely affected. The most common observed nail pattern was pitting, followed by salmon patches and subungual hyperkeratosis. CONCLUSION: Important nail changes appear even in moderate forms of cutaneous psoriasis. Particular localization of specific fingernail psoriasis pattern enables the possibility of detecting early stage disease.

Influence of Food Intake on 2-D Shear Wave Elastography Assessment of Liver Stiffness in Healthy Subjects.

Transient elastography and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging are useful non-invasive methods for liver stiffness estimation, although both are influenced by food intake. The aim of the work described here was to identify liver stiffness variation after a standardized meal using 2-D shear wave elastography. Liver stiffness was estimated in 31 apparently healthy subjects, under fasting conditions and after a standardized meal (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min after food intake). In most of the cases, liver stiffness values increased between 20 and 40 min after the meal (p < 0.05) and then significantly decreased between 60 and 80 min (p < 0.05). At 120 min after food intake, liver stiffness values were significantly lower compared with liver stiffness values under fasting conditions (p < 0.05). Gender, but not body mass index, had an important role in liver stiffness variation after food intake (p < 0.01). In conclusion, to avoid the influence of food intake on liver stiffness estimation, 2-D shear wave elastography should be performed only under fasting conditions.

Redundant plantar skin folds.

A 46-year-old female patient presented with photosensitivity, symmetric arthritis, episodic plantar pain and strikingly redundant plantar skin folds, likely due to lipoatrophy after recurrent episodes of plantar panniculitis. In this context, leukopenia with lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and positive antinuclear antibodies were revelatory for systemic lupus erythematosus. However, a small cerebriform plantar collagenoma, along with discrete dysmorphic features with downslanting palpebral fissures and mild right ptosis, second and third syndactyly and a larger first right toe since childhood, and early-onset bilateral ovarian cystadenoma, suggested a minimal Proteus syndrome. Genetic confirmation could not be performed. As adipose tissue dysregulation may be a feature of Proteus syndrome, the possible mechanisms leading to localized lipoatrophy in this setting are discussed. This case enlights intriguing links between adipogenesis, inflammation and dysmorphology. From a practical point of view, finding and treating an over-imposed inflammation could help limit damage in a hamartomatous syndrome.

Clinico-pathologic, dermoscopic and ultrasound examination of a rare acral tumour involving the nail - case report and review of the literature.

There is a large spectrum of tumors presenting as nodular lesions that may affect the subungual space. We report the case of a 62-year-old woman presenting with a rapidly growing nodular lesion under the nail of the first left toe. Non-invasive examinations using dermoscopy, ultrasonography and elastography were performed for the preoperative assessment of the lesion. The biopsy of the lesion revealed superficial acral fibromyxoma, a benign tumor with predisposition for acral sites. The patient underwent radical surgery with wide resection margins. This is the first case report of a superficial acral fibromyxoma affecting the subungual region characterized by dermoscopic, ultrasonographic and elastographic features. We also performed a short review of the literature.

The ultrasonographic diagnosis of cystic cervical lesions: a pictorial essay.

The importance of ultrasonographic (US) examination in the evaluation of the superficial structures of the head and neck region is increasing due to the widespread availability of modern equipment (such as high-frequency transducers) and modern techniques. In the case of a cervical lesion, ultrasound is usually the first imaging method used to assess the changes. First of all, US is capable of differentiating between cystic and solid structures, and based on the US appearance correlated with the age of the patient, location and growing pattern, the appropriate diagnosis is possible with a high accuracy. The aim of the present paper is to describe the US features of the most common cystic lesions encountered in the head and neck region.

The role of lymph node ultrasound evaluation in melanoma - review of the literature.

Melanoma is an aggressive tumour, resistant to treatment, derived from melanocytes, with an increasing incidence in the last years in the majority of countries. The most important prognostic factor in the initial stages (I/II) is the presence of metastases at the level of lymph nodes. Ultrasound (US) is a non-invasive method, used in the pre- and post-operative node evaluation due to its high availability, the reduced cost and easy reproducibility. The US accuracy is however dependent on operator expertise. The present article proposes a presentation of the US role in the evaluation of lymph nodes in melanoma patients.

Unilateral temporal myositis heralding polymyositis: ultrasonographic and elastographic findings. Case report.

Temporal myositis is a rare inflammatory disease of the temporal muscle. We report a case of unilateral temporal myositis, in which a polymyositis was diagnosed two years thereafter. Although focal myositis may rarely herald polymyositis, isolated temporal myositis preceding inflammatory myopathies has not been described, to our knowledge. In the setting of a temporal pain and swelling, ultrasonography may help in diagnosis, biopsy guidance, disease extension, and progression assessment. Further studies are necessary to establish the role of elastography in differentiating between muscle inflammation and hypertrophy.

Ultrasound elastography in thyroid disease.

Thyroid elastography has become, lately, one of the main focuses in thyroid imaging. With more than one hundred papers published on this subject, the core of accumulated knowledge justifies the need for a comprehensive review on the topic. The paper presents the various elastographic techniques used for thyroid assessment. Both strain and shear wave elastography, with all their variants, are discussed. Thereafter the paper proceeds to a detailed description of the technical peculiarities, diagnostic value, limitations and pitfalls for each technique. Although the main accent is placed on thyroid nodules, the applications of elastography in other thyroid disease, diffuse or focal, are also presented. The results of the available metaanalyses are reviewed and the proven value of the technique is highlighted. Still unanswered questions and directions for future research are emphasized, whenever appropriate.

Ultrasound and CT imaging features in a patient with salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland: a case report with literature review.

The aim of this paper was to present the ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) appearance of a patient with salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland. US showed a voluminous mass of the parotid gland, with multiple calcifications. Furthermore, it revealed regional multiple lymph nodes with malignant characters. Sonoelastography of the lesion and lymph nodes detected increased rigidity. Contrast enhanced CT scan of the neck completed the data description regarding the mass expansion and invasion of surrounding tissues. US and CT imaging features played a key role in establishing the malignant character of the mass and lymph nodes.

Ultrasonography of desmoplatic fibroma of the mandible; a case report.

Desmoplastic fibroma (DF) is a very rare bone tumor, classified as a benign lesion. It might be locally a very aggressive tumor with a high rate of recurrence after surgical resection. We present a case of a 3-year and 6 month-old patient, with mandibular desmoplastic fibroma. The clinical, imaging, histological findings and surgical treatment are discussed and, also, a brief review of the literature of DF is presented. The purpose of this case report is to emphasize the particularity of the case, ultrasound findings and the main differential diagnostic of this rare bone tumor.

Ultrasonography in psoriatic disease.

Psoriasis represents a common, chronic inflammatory disease involving the skin, nails and joints. Nail psoriasis in usually investigated and diagnosed by clinical examination. New insights support ultrasonography as being a non-invasive reliable imaging technique for studying nail and skin involvement in patients with psoriasis. Power Doppler frequency, higher than 10MHz enables a very sensitive detection and semiquantitative assessment of the blood flow at the dermal level and in the nail bed. In this review we will present the main US findings in skin and nail psoriasis, and discuss the importance of ultrasonography in diagnosing and monitoring psoriasis vulgaris.

A new sign in the standard hip ultrasound image of the Graf method.

AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of obtaining a 900 angle between the plane of the osteochondral plate and the surface of the transducer during standard hip ultrasonography according to Graf method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective study 1078 patients (2156 hips) were included examined between 2008 and 2014 for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) ultrasound screening. The patients were divided in two groups. Group I consisted of 402 patients examined between January 2008 and December 2011 using the standard Graf method. Group II consisted of 676 patients examined from January 2012 to December 2014 using the Graf method with an additional criterion: 900 angle between the plane of the osteochondral plate and the surface of the transducer. RESULTS: We found more dysplastic patients in group I comparing to group II: 55 (13.7%) and 38 (5.6%) respectively. The difference in the incidence of patients diagnosed with DDH was highly significant (p<0.001). The mean alpha angle value in group I was 65.310, respectively 67.520 for group II (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The new osteochondral plate sign has the potential to reduce the overdiagnosis of DDH and provide a better tailored approach to borderline hips.

Doppler ultrasound and strain elastography in the assessment of cutaneous melanoma: preliminary results.

AIM: To study the usefulness of color or power Doppler ultrasound (US) in the pre-surgical evaluation of skin melanoma, and to correlate the Doppler characteristics with the appearance on high frequency ultrasound strain elastography (SE) in the preoperative evaluation of cutaneous melanoma. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study included 42 cutaneous melanoma lesions in 39 adult subjects examined between September 2011 and January 2015. Doppler US features (the presence and aspect of vascularization, and the number of vascular pedicles) and elasticity by strain elastography were evaluated together with the pathological results. RESULTS: The melanoma lesions presented hyper-vascularization, with multiple vascular pedicles and stiff appearance. Significant correlations between the thickness of the tumor, measured histopathologically by the Breslow index, and the degree of vascularization (p=0.0167), and number of vascular pedicles (p=0.0065) were identified. Strong correlations between the SE appearance and vascularization on one hand, and SE and the number of vascular pedicles were also identified (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that Doppler US and SE offer useful information for THE preoperative evaluation of cutaneous melanoma and may contribute to better defining the long term prognosis.

Comparative study of three sonoelastographic scores for differentiation between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to explore the diagnostic value of three different sonoelastographic scoring systems (labeled S1-S3) for the differentiation between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The authors propose a six pattern scoring system of the elastographic images with pattern 1 - representing purely soft nodes, pattern 2 - predominantly soft nodes, pattern 3 - predominantly soft nodes with focal had area, pattern 4 - predominantly hard node, pattern 5 - entirely hard node and pattern 6 - node with necrosis. The sonoelastographic images of 50 benign and 70 malignant lymph nodes were assessed. The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) for the differentiation between benign vs. malignant and benign vs. metastatic nodes were analyzed for the three scoring systems. RESULTS: When all the malignant lymph nodes were considered, the S1 score showed an AUROC=0.873 (95%CI [0.805-0.918], where CI=confidence interval; p<0.001), sensibility (Se)=58.57%, and specificity (Sp)=96%. For S2 score the AUROC was 0.890 (95%CI [0.824-0.933], p<0.001), Se=92.86%, and Sp=72%. For S3 score, the AUROC was 0.852 (95%CI [0.778-0.902], p<0.001), Se=64.29%, and Sp=94%). When lymphomatous nodes were excluded, for S1 the AUROC was 0.884 (95%CI [0.809-0.932], p<0.001), Se=64%, and Sp=96%. For S2 the AUROC was 0.894 (95%CI [0.818-0.939], p<0.001), Se=92%, and Sp=72%. For S3, the AUROC was 0.856 (95%CI [0.771-0.911], p<0.001), Se=66%, and Sp=94%. In the S3 scoring system, setting the benign vs. malignant cut off at pattern 3 increases the sensibility (41-65%) with minimal loss of specificity (96-94%). From the gray-scale and Doppler criteria, changes of the nodular margins and the presence of the vessels in the cortical part of the lymph node showed both very high sensibility and specificity, the others criteria taken into account had either very good sensibility with low specificity or high specificity and low sensibility. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that there are no significant differences between the three scoring systems in terms of overall diagnostic value.

Misleading appearance in cervical lymph node US diagnosis - a report on sarcoidosis, Warthin tumor and squamous cell carcinoma metastases.

Ultrasonography, with its various techniques (grey-scale, color Doppler, sonoelastography) offers many signs for the differentiation between benign and malignant neck lymph nodes. In spite of recent progress, the US appearance may be misleading. We present three cases in which the ultrasonographic appearance of the lymph nodes was misleading as compared to the final diagnosis established by histopathology.

A case of alkaptonuria - ultrasonographic findings.

Alkaptonuria is a rare disease with autosomal recessive inheritance and variable expression. The weight-bearing joint involvement and spondylitis-like vertebral changes occur only after the 3rd decade. Musculoskeletal ultrasonographic findings in alkaptonuria were only rarely described, consisting mainly into enthesopathy and non-synovial tendon degeneration. We present the case of a 50 years old man with alkaptonuria and discuss the ultrasonographic findings and the relationship of the disease with chondrocalcinosis. The tendinous and synovial aspect may be peculiar and it could therefore allow recognition and screening for alkaptonuria, along with clinical and radiologic data.

Ultrasonographic identification of the anatomical landmarks that define cervical lymph nodes spaces.

The localization of cervical lymph nodes is extremely important in practice for the positive and differential diagnosis as well as the staging of cervical lymphadenopathies. Ultrasonography represents the first line imaging method in the diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathies due to its excellent resolution and high diagnosis accuracy. The present paper aims to illustrate the ultrasonographic identification of the anatomical landmarks used for the definition of cervical lymphatic spaces. The application of standardized views allows a delineation of clear anatomical landmarks and an accurate localization of the cervical lymph nodes.