Field Assessment of Aphid Doubling Time and Yield of Sorghum Susceptible and Partially Resistant to Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Since outbreaks were first detected in grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Cyperales: Poaceae), in 2013, sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner has become a major annual pest in grain sorghum-producing regions of North America. Economic thresholds have been recommended for susceptible hybrids, but these recommendations may not be suitable for grain sorghum hybrids partially resistant to sugarcane aphid. The objectives were to evaluate the grain yield-aphid density relationship and field-based population growth rates of the aphid on sorghum hybrids susceptible and partially resistant to sugarcane aphid across multiple years, locations, and hybrids. These data verified previously established economic injury levels for susceptible hybrids. The observed maximum aphid density ranged from 6 to 451 aphids per leaf for resistant hybrids and from 67 to 1,025 for susceptible hybrids. Across 50 location-year combinations, the maximum aphid density observed on resistant hybrids decreased by 0-99%, compared to a susceptible hybrid at the same location (mean reduction = 80%). Doubling time for sugarcane aphid populations on partially resistant hybrids was up to 6.4-fold higher than on known susceptible hybrids. For 48 of the 50 location-years, yield loss attributable to sugarcane aphid was not detected on the partially resistant hybrids; therefore, an economic injury level was unable to be estimated. If an economic injury level exists for resistant hybrids, it is likely at an aphid population level that exceeds the levels experienced in this study. It remains prudent to monitor resistant hybrids for unusual leaf decay associated with aphid densities that exceed current economic injury levels used for susceptible hybrids.

Evaluation of Two-Leaf Sampling Units to Estimate Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Economic Thresholds in Commercial Grain Sorghum.

Sugarcane aphid Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner is a significant economic pest of grain sorghum in the United States. Effective monitoring and early detection are cornerstones for managing invasive pests. The recently developed binomial sequential sampling plan estimates sugarcane aphid economic thresholds (ETs) based on classification whether a 2-leaf sample unit has ≤ or ≥ 50 M. sacchari. In this study, we evaluated eight 2-leaf sampling units for potential use in the sequential sampling plan. From 2016 through 2017, whole plant counts of M. sacchari were recorded non-destructively in situ on sorghum plants from 140 fields located in five states. Plant canopies were stratified into three categories. Two leaves from each stratum were used to compare linear relationships between M. sacchari numbers per two-leaf sample unit and total M. sacchari density per plant. Analysis revealed that two randomly selected leaves from the middle stratum accounted more variation for estimating M. sacchari density when compared to two leaves from the other strata. Comparison of eight two-leaf sampling units within plant growth stages were variable in quantifying variation of M. sacchari densities. When growth stages were combined, the standard uppermost + lowermost leaf sample unit and a unit consisting of two randomly selected leaves from the middle stratum revealed little difference in their enumeration of variation in M. sacchari density. Because other sample units were either less predictive and/or more variable in estimating M. sacchari density, we suggest that the (L1+U1) sample unit remain the preferred method for appraising M. sacchari ETs.

Development of Binomial Sequential Sampling Plans for Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Commercial Grain Sorghum.

The sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner) is a significant economic pest of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in the Southern United States. Current nominal and research-based economic thresholds are based on estimates of mean aphids per leaf. Because enumerating aphids per leaf is potentially time consuming, binomial sequential sampling plans for M. sacchari were developed that allow users to quickly classify the economic status of field populations and determine when an economic threshold has been exceeded. During 2016 and 2017, counts of M. sacchari were recorded from 281 sampling events in 140 sorghum fields located in six states (Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi) . Regression analysis was used to describe the relationships between the mean M. sacchari density per two-leaf sample and proportion of plants infested with one or more aphids. Tally thresholds of T50 and T100 aphids per two-leaf sample were selected based on goodness of fit and practicality. Stop lines for both tally thresholds were developed for selected economic thresholds using Wald's sequential probability ratio test. Model validations using an additional 48 fields demonstrated that reliable classification decisions could be made with an average of 11 samples regardless of location. This sampling system, when adopted, can allow users to easily and rapidly determine when M. sacchari infestations need to be treated.

Development of Economic Thresholds for Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Susceptible Grain Sorghum Hybrids.

Sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehtner (Hemiptera: Aphididae), outbreaks on grain sorghum were first detected in the United States in 2013. The spread of sugarcane aphid across the sorghum-producing regions of North America necessitated increased insecticide use to mitigate economic loss. A field experiment to develop economic thresholds for sugarcane aphid was conducted 15 times across seven locations across the southern United States during 3 yr (2014-2016). Grain sorghum hybrids were evaluated by measuring yield in response to a range of aphid infestations. Yield-aphid population density relationships were described by linear function, which facilitated calculating economic injury levels and economic thresholds. The slopes of the yield-aphid density regressions were significant, negative, and relatively stable across locations, years, and agronomic conditions. The relationships aggregated into two groups, populations that exhibited relatively slow and fast population growth, and common economic injury levels were determined using control costs and market values of grain. Average economic injury levels of 37 and 102 aphids per leaf were most applicable to the two groupings of sorghum/aphid relationships and aphid population growth. Using field-based sugarcane aphid population doubling time estimated from weekly observations of aphid densities, economic thresholds were calculated, ranging from 19 to 132 aphids per leaf across the 15 locations-years. Without site-specific knowledge of a slow-growing aphid population and given cost and market price variability of the system, a 40 aphid per leaf threshold is most prudent to use across the range of hybrid, environmental, and market conditions experienced in this study.

Feeding behavior and growth of corn earworm (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae on Bacillus thuringiensis-treated (dipel 4L) and untreated meridic diet.

The effect of Dipel 4L in artificial diet on feeding behavior, occurrence on a specific diet, and growth of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was assessed in short-term tests. Third-, fourth-, and fifth-stage laboratory-reared and feral corn earworm larvae were evaluated. Arenas used for each assay included a non-Dipel diet, Dipel-containing diet, and a combination of the two diets. Larval activity was observed immediately after exposure to diet and at 6 and 18 h for third instars and at 6, 8, and 24 h for fourth and fifth instars, respectively. Feral and laboratory-reared third, fourth, and feral fifth instars avoided Dipel-treated diet when more suitable food was available. Third and fourth instars consistently preferred non-Dipel-containing diet when presented a choice of foods. Corn earworm growth was delayed when larvae were subjected to Dipel-treated diet in choice and no-choice assays compared with larvae provided untreated diet. Larvae presented a choice of diets grew more rapidly than those presented Dipel-treated diets in no choice arenas. Larval feeding frequency and weight gain were superior when larvae were supplied untreated diet than when restricted solely to a Dipel-treated diet. Larvae presented a choice of diets spent more time feeding and fed more frequently on untreated diet than Dipel-treated food. These data indicate that corn earworm presented a choice of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and non-Bt diets may have an increased probability of completing development compared with those restricted to Bt-laced sources.

Sugarcane Aphid Population Growth, Plant Injury, and Natural Enemies on Selected Grain Sorghum Hybrids in Texas and Louisiana.

In response to the 2013 outbreak of sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.), in North America, experiments were conducted at three southern U.S. grain sorghum production locations (Corpus Christi, TX; Winnsboro, LA; Rosenberg, TX). The objectives were to authenticate yield decline on susceptible hybrids (2014 and 2015) and to measure aphid population growth and natural enemy prevalence on susceptible and resistant hybrids with similar genetic background (2014). Yield decline on susceptible hybrids (Tx 2752/Tx430 and DKS53-67) was more substantial when aphid population growth accelerated quickly and peaked above 300 aphids per leaf (50 to nearly 100% yield decline). Location and year variation in maximum aphid density and cumulative aphid-days was high, with doubling time values on the susceptible hybrids ranging between 3.9 and 7.9 d. On resistant Tx2752/Tx2783, leaf injury and yield decline were not seen or less severe than on its paired susceptible Tx2752/Tx430. Aphids declined on Tx2752/Tx2783 after initial colony establishment (Corpus Christi) or took about 60% longer to double in population size when compared with Tx2572/Tx430 (Winnsboro). The predominant natural enemy taxa were aphelinid mummies (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and sryphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae), and they were more prevalent during flowering than prior to flowering. They were generally responsive to changes in aphid density of both susceptible and resistant hybrids, but variability points to need for further study. In future research, full season observations should continue as well as more detailed study of potential compatibility of sorghum resistance and biological control.

Morphometric and mating compatibility of Dectes texanus texanus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from soybean and sunflower.

The cerambycid Dectes texanus texanus LeConte that infests soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., is thought to be the same Dectes that damages sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. However, morphometric characteristics and mating compatibility between individuals from soybean and sunflower fields have not been assessed. Eight hundred eighty stalks of soybean and sunflower residues infested with Dectes were collected from Texas and Kansas. Outside stalk diameter of sunflower (22.6 mm) was 3.2 times greater than that of soybean. Diameters of tunnels by Dectes in sunflower and soybean were 7.0 and 3.4 mm, respectively. Widths of head capsules and pronotums were approximately 1.3 times greater for Dectes larvae from sunflower than soybean. Larval, pupal, and adult Dectes from sunflower were approximately 2.5 times heavier and 1.3 times longer than from soybean. Adults reared from residues of soybean and sunflower were paired to evaluate mating compatibility. Although individuals collected and reared from different crop residues differed significantly in size, percentage of mating success by Dectes from the two crops (26.2%) did not differ significantly from that by adults from the same kind of crop (34.9%). Results indicated that Dectes that infest soybean and sunflower are the same species and reconfirmed that farmers should not plant soybean and sunflower in rotation or in adjacent fields.

Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae): A New Pest on Sorghum in North America.

In 2013, the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a new invasive pest of sorghum species in North America, was confirmed on sorghum in 4 states and 38 counties in the United States. In 2015, the aphid was reported on sorghum in 17 states and over 400 counties as well as all sorghum-producing regions in Mexico. Ability to overwinter on living annual and perennial hosts in southern sorghum-producing areas and wind-aided movement of alate aphids appear to be the main factors in its impressive geographic spread in North America. Morphological characteristics of the sugarcane aphid include dark tarsi, cornicles, and antennae, allowing easy differentiation from other aphids on the crop. Sugarcane aphid damages sorghum by removing sap and covering plants with honeydew, causing general plant decline and yield loss. Honeydew and sooty mold can disrupt harvesting. The aphid's high reproductive rate on susceptible sorghum hybrids has resulted in reports of yield loss ranging from 10% to greater than 50%. In response, a combination of research-based data and field observations has supported development of state extension identification, scouting, and treatment guides that aid in initiating insecticide applications to prevent yield losses. Highly efficacious insecticides have been identified and when complemented by weekly scouting and use of thresholds, economic loss by sugarcane aphid can be minimized. Some commercial sorghum hybrids are partially resistant to the aphid, and plant breeders have identified other lines with sugarcane aphid resistance. A very diverse community of predators and parasitoids of sugarcane aphid has been identified, and their value to limit sugarcane aphid population growth is under investigation.