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1.
Parasite ; 14(1): 77-82, 2007 Mar.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17432060

RESUMO

Specific mortality and morbidity have been quantified in goats experimentally infected with Schistosoma bovis or S. curassoni strains from Niger. The study involved nine animals followed during 380 days after infection with, respectively, 1,800 or 2,400 cercariae. S. bovis was significatively more pathogenic than S. curossoni in terms of mortality, weight loss and packed cell volume decrease. In addition, the intensity of clinical symptoms was significatively and positively correlated to the levels of fecal egg excretion. Compared to non-infected controls, a growth differential of, respectively, 1,600 and 880 grams per month should incite to consider S. bovis and S. curassoni as parasites of serious economical impact in sahelian countries.


Assuntos
Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Cabras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esquistossomose/veterinária , Aumento de Peso , Animais , Bulinus/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Doenças das Cabras/mortalidade , Doenças das Cabras/patologia , Hematócrito/veterinária , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Schistosoma , Esquistossomose/mortalidade , Esquistossomose/parasitologia , Esquistossomose/patologia , Redução de Peso
2.
Genetics ; 142(1): 217-25, 1996 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8770599

RESUMO

In some species of self-fertile pulmonate snails, two sexual morphs co-occur in natural populations: regular individuals and aphallic individuals that cannot transmit sperm to other snails. Purely aphallic populations therefore reproduce obligatorily by selfing. Understanding the evolution of aphally and selfing in these snails requires a precise knowledge of phally determination. In this paper, we investigate the genetic and environmental determination of aphally in Bulinus truncatus by a survey of the family (offspring) aphally ratio of 233 individuals originating from seven natural populations and a study of the reaction norm of the family aphally ratio to temperature using 60 individuals from 10 selfed lineages of one population. Our results indicate a high genetic variability for the determination of aphally between populations and within some populations, associated with a high level of genetic determination. Our second experiment indicates a significant temperature and lineage effect though no interaction between these two effects. We discuss our results in the framework of threshold models developed for dimorphic traits with polygenic inheritance. We propose that the sexual morph of an individual at a given temperature is determined by a temperature threshold value depending on both the individual genotype and probabilistic processes.


Assuntos
Bulinus/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Meio Ambiente , Feminino , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Masculino , Reprodução/genética , Caracteres Sexuais , Temperatura
3.
Genetics ; 142(4): 1237-47, 1996 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8846901

RESUMO

Hermaphrodite tropical freshwater snails provide a good opportunity to study the effects of mating system and genetic drift on population genetic structure because they are self-fertile and they occupy transient patchily distributed habitats (ponds). Up to now the lack of detectable allozyme polymorphism prevented any intrapopulation studies. In this paper, we examine the consequences of selfing and bottlenecks on genetic polymorphism using microsatellite markers in 14 natural populations (under a hierarchical sampling design) of the hermaphrodite freshwater snail Bulinus truncatus. These population genetics data allowed us to discuss the currently available mutation models for microsatellite sequences. Microsatellite markers revealed an unexpectedly high levels of genetic variation with < or = 41 alleles for one locus and gene diversity of 0.20-0.75 among populations. The values of any estimator of Fis indicate high selfing rates in all populations. Linkage disequilibria observed at all loci for some populations may also indicate high levels of inbreeding. The large extent of genetic differentiation measured by Fst, Rst or by a test for homogeneity between genic distributions is explained by both selfing and bottlenecks. Despite a limited gene flow, migration events could be detected when comparing different populations within ponds.


Assuntos
Bulinus/genética , DNA Satélite , Repetições de Microssatélites , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Fertilidade/genética , Heterozigoto , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Polimorfismo Genético
4.
Am Nat ; 160(6): 741-55, 2002 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18707462

RESUMO

The limitations of both population demography and genetics highlight the need to combine these approaches when inferring the influence of demographic processes and modes of migration on genetic structure. The aim of this study was to use spatiotemporal genetic and demographic surveys to reveal the microevolutionary forces acting on the metapopulation dynamics of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi. We also analyzed the consequences of population turnover on temporal genetic differentiation, an aspect that has been little explored. Genetic drift was revealed by both the demographic survey, which indicated severe bottlenecks or extinction during the rainy (resp. dry) season in open (resp. closed) habitats, and the genetic approach, which indicated high selfing rates and strong temporal differentiation. Genetic reassignments and temporal differentiation both confirmed the results of the demographic survey, which suggests that migration occurs in closed (resp. open) habitats during the hot and dry (resp. rainy) season, and indicated that source-sink functioning may be envisaged. A propagule pool mode of colonization was inferred in the open habitats during the rainy season and a migrant pool in the closed habitats during the dry season. Our study also suggests that selection might be inferred from patterns of neutral genetic markers when recombination is limited.

5.
Acta Trop ; 66(1): 35-44, 1997 Jun 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9177094

RESUMO

Cercarial emergence patterns were used to analyse the intraspecific variability within and between nine populations of Schistosoma haematobium collected along a transect line from the north to the South of the Ivory Coast (Africa) and using Bulinus truncatus or Bulinus globosus as intermediate snail hosts. Statistical comparison demonstrated the existence of a chronobiological polymorphism and the existence of three homogeneous groups of S. haematobium isolates with mean shedding times of the cercariae decreasing from the North to the South. The chronobiological variability observed was not correlated with the species of Bulinus (B. truncatus vs. B. globosus) implicated in the parasite transmission but with the climatic and vegetal features of the transmission area. S. haematobium from shaded sites of the forest zone (South) showed cercarial emergence patterns significantly earliest than that of S. haematobium from open sites of the savanna zone (North). Differences in sensitivity to light intensity could characterize the existence of eco-geographical races of S. haematobium one of the forest, the other from the savanna.


Assuntos
Schistosoma haematobium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Bulinus/parasitologia , Fenômenos Cronobiológicos , Côte d'Ivoire , Geografia
6.
J Parasitol ; 78(1): 61-3, 1992 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1738069

RESUMO

The emergence pattern of Schistosoma curassoni cercariae from Bulinus umbilicatus, whose adult worms parasitize bovine, caprine, and ovine ungulates in Niger, is of a circadian type with a mean emission time at 0855 hr +/- 1 hr 6 min, characteristic of the schistosome species parasitizing domestic or wild cattle. The comparison of this cercarial emergence pattern with those of the other 3 sympatric species of schistosomes (Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma bovis, and Schistosoma mansoni) shows a significant difference between the chronobiology of the cercariae infective for human and those infective for bovine hosts. This difference may improve epidemiological surveys based on snail prevalences by allowing the distinction between bulinids infected with human and bovine parasites.


Assuntos
Bulinus/parasitologia , Schistosoma/fisiologia , Animais , Ritmo Circadiano , Níger , Schistosoma haematobium/fisiologia , Especificidade da Espécie
7.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot ; 83(2): 249-56, 1990.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2119898

RESUMO

In two villages of the Aïr (Republic of Niger) the authors have found a Schistosoma haematobium overall prevalence of 24.1% at Timia and 43.5% at El Meki. At El Meki, the distribution of prevalences by age group accords to that which is usually found. The maximum is found in the 5-14 years age group and highest in men than in women. At Timia, the prevalence among young pupils is low, this seems to be due to the application of sanitary education measures. At El Meki, Bulinus truncatus rohlfsi, present in a permanent pool ("guelta") is the intermediate host of schistosomes. The role of this snail in the transmission of urinary schistosomiasis at Timia has not been demonstrated. The role of Bulinus senegalensis, found in both villages has yet to be proved.


Assuntos
Esquistossomose Urinária/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Bulinus/parasitologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Vetores de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Níger/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Esquistossomose Urinária/transmissão
8.
ISRN Toxicol ; 2013: 792452, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24236236

RESUMO

Recent data suggest that apart from its well-known role in the regulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, AhR is also involved in inflammation. However, the influence of inflammation on AhR expression remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that proinflammatory conditions induced by either PMA or IL-1 ß enhance AhR expression in Caco-2 cells. This was associated with an increase in AhR promoter activity. By means of directed mutagenesis experiments and the use of proteasome inhibitors, we demonstrated that inflammation-induced AhR expression involved the NF κ B pathway but not AP-1. Moreover, conditioned media from PMA-treated Caco-2 cells were also able to induce AhR expression, and this induction was repressed by anti-IL-1 ß blocking antibodies. Similar results were obtained with conditioned media from PMA-treated THP-1 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that AhR could be involved in vivo in an inflammatory loop. AhR was recently suspected to be implicated in inflammatory bowel disease. Our results support this hypothesis and suggest that AhR could be a new target for inflammatory bowel disease patient management.

12.
Parasitol Res ; 76(2): 138-45, 1989.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2533355

RESUMO

Results are reported of enzyme analyses by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels of individual extracts from Schistosoma mansoni (Guadeloupe), S. rodhaini (Burundi), and their experimental hybrids (first and second generation). The distinctive patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), acid phosphatase (AcP), phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) enable the characterization of the two parental strains and the hybrids. Particular observations, such as the existence of a polymorphism at both MDH-1 and MDH-2 loci and a sex-linked heredity for GPI, are discussed. A genetic interpretation is proposed to explain the patterns observed for MDH and GPI (with a dimeric structure) and for PGM (monomeric structure); a comparison is made with electrophoretic data available for S. mansoni and S. rodhaini.


Assuntos
Cruzamentos Genéticos , Isoenzimas/análise , Schistosoma mansoni/enzimologia , Schistosoma/enzimologia , Fosfatase Ácida/análise , Animais , Feminino , Glucose-6-Fosfato Isomerase/análise , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/análise , Hexoquinase/análise , Focalização Isoelétrica , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/análise , Malato Desidrogenase/análise , Masculino , Camundongos , Fosfoglucomutase/análise , Schistosoma/genética , Schistosoma mansoni/genética , Caramujos
13.
Comp Biochem Physiol B ; 93(1): 33-7, 1989.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2752731

RESUMO

1. An isoenzymatic study on Schistosoma mansoni from Guadeloupe has been carried out using isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. 2. Among the seven systems examined (LDH, MDH, G6PD, PGI, PGM, AcP, HK), only MDH showed variation at the MDH-1 locus and mdh-1a allele frequencies were used to characterise eight strains derived either from human or murine hosts, and representative of different transmission sites. 3. In comparison with criteria previously employed to type these strains (ecological context of their transmission sites, cercarial emergence patterns), mdh-1a frequency variations have been correlated to the degree of participation of the murine host reservoir in the parasite transmission dynamics within the different foci of Guadeloupe.


Assuntos
Isoenzimas/genética , Malato Desidrogenase/genética , Schistosoma mansoni/enzimologia , Alelos , Animais , Vetores de Doenças , Ecologia , Variação Genética , Humanos , Muridae/parasitologia , Polimorfismo Genético , Schistosoma mansoni/genética , Schistosoma mansoni/isolamento & purificação , Especificidade da Espécie , Índias Ocidentais
14.
Mol Ecol ; 11(11): 2213-28, 2002 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12406234

RESUMO

Current evolutionary forces and historical processes interact to shape the distribution of neutral genetic variability within and among populations. Focusing on the genetics of recently introduced organisms offers a good opportunity to understand the relative importance of these factors. This study concerns variation at 8 polymorphic microsatellite loci in 30 populations of Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The sampling area spans most of the species' range in Madagascar where it was probably introduced recently. Extremely low variation was found within all populations studied, which may partly result from high selfing rates. However, this cannot account for the variance of variation across populations, which is better explained by habitat openness (that reflects environmental stochasticity), the prevalence of the parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni and historical demography (colonization and subsequent bottlenecks). Large global differentiation was also observed, suggesting that current gene flow among populations is limited to small distances, within watersheds and to few individuals. Our data set also allowed us to test several hypotheses regarding colonization, based on bottleneck and admixture tests. The observed pattern requires at least two independent introductions from slightly differentiated genetic sources in the western part of Madagascar. Another introduction, from a very different genetic origin, should also be postulated to explain the genetic composition of eastern populations. That this introduction occurred recently suggests that the colonization of Madagascar by B. pfeifferi is an ongoing process.


Assuntos
Biomphalaria/fisiologia , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Animais , Biomphalaria/parasitologia , Demografia , Madagáscar , Repetições de Microssatélites , Schistosoma mansoni/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia
15.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz ; 92(5): 725-8, 1997.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9566246

RESUMO

The Centre de Recherche sur les Méningites et les Schistosomes (CERMES) is a research institute depending on the Organisation de Coordination et de Coopération pour la lutte contre les Grandes Endémies--a West African Organization for Public Health--devoted to the studies on schistosomiasis and meningitis. The staff includes 32 persons with 11 scientists and one financial officer. The activities of the CERMES involving schistosomiasis concern three research units: (a) ecology of human and animal schistosomiasis transmission; the CERMES defined the different patterns of schistosomiasis transmission in Niger (involving African dry savana); in this field, we have shown, (i) the existence of important variability in conditions of transmission of S. haematobium and, (ii) natural hybridization between parasitic species of the ruminants (S. bovis and S. curassoni) and genetic interaction between human and animal parasites; (b) definition of morbidity indicators usable for rapid assessment methods, for appraisal of the severity of the disease and for the evaluation of the efficiency of control methods; we have established the correlation between ultrasonographic data and some cheap and simple field indicators; (c) immune response and protective immunity induced by recombinant glutathion S-transferase (Sm28, Sb28 and Sh28) in homologous and heterologous animal models including goats, sheep and non human primates (Erythrocebus patas). In Niger, we participate in all control programs against schistosomiasis to define control strategies, to supervise operations and to participate in their evaluation with external experts. International collaborations constitute a frame including four laboratories in Africa and six laboratories in developed countries (Europe and USA).


PIP: The Centre de Recherche sur les Meningites et les Schistosomoses (CERMES), a research center in Niamey, Niger, affiliated with a West African public health organization, conducts studies in the areas of parasitology, epidemiology, and immunology. Significant variability in factors related to transmission of Schistosoma haematobium have been noted. Experimental research on the Schistosoma-bulinid compatibility and field surveys of the geographic distribution and role of snails in transmission have been essential to the design of parasite control interventions in West Africa. A CERMES-sponsored project, supported by the European Community, is examining urinary schistosomiasis control in the Niger river valley and the impact of treatment on ultrasonically visualized urologic lesions. The Experimental Vaccine Unit seeks to improve the route of administration and choice of adjuvant and to propose a vaccine protocol for field testing. Recombinant proteins have been found to alter the development of the parasite either by inducing a reduction in the parasite burden or an inhibition of the fecundity of the parasite.


Assuntos
Esquistossomose/epidemiologia , Esquistossomose/imunologia , Esquistossomose/parasitologia , Vacinas/imunologia , Animais , Cabras/imunologia , Humanos , Níger/epidemiologia , Primatas/imunologia , Schistosoma haematobium/parasitologia , Organização Mundial da Saúde
16.
Parasitology ; 123 Suppl: S261-75, 2001.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11769288

RESUMO

Of the four species of Bulinus found on Madagascar, three species: B. obtusispira, B. liratus and B. bavayi are endemic while the fourth, B. forskalii, is probably a recent introduction from the African mainland. The evolutionary relationships of these species with Bulinus species from Africa were studied by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence variation at two mitochondrial loci: cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and large ribosomal subunit (LSU) or 16S. The observed levels of nucleotide divergence within Bulinus were substantial but may underestimate the true levels as there was evidence of 'saturation' of transitional substitutions at both loci. A putative secondary structure model for the sequenced segment of the 16S was developed. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis using transversional changes only for both loci, showed that there were contrasting levels of divergence within the four species groups. B. obtusispira was consistently placed within the B. africanus group, appearing ancestral to this group and was closest to the basal node within Bulinus. Together with B. bavayi, the two species appear to have been isolated on Madagascar for a long time, contrasting with both B. liratus and B. forskalii that appear more recent colonisers; however, estimate of exact times of divergence is problematic. A PCR-RFLP assay was developed to enable identification and discrimination of B. obtusispira and B. liratus using discriminatory variation within the COI. To enable population genetic analysis within B. obtusispira, microsatellite markers were developed using an enrichment method and 8 primer pairs are reported. Laboratory infection experiments using Madasgacan S. haematobium from the Mahabo area showed that certain populations of B. obtusispira, B. liratus and B. bavayi were compatible.


Assuntos
Bulinus/genética , Evolução Molecular , Schistosoma haematobium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Bulinus/química , Bulinus/parasitologia , DNA Mitocondrial/química , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/química , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Humanos , Madagáscar/epidemiologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , RNA Ribossômico 16S/química , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Esquistossomose Urinária/epidemiologia , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico
17.
Heredity (Edinb) ; 70 ( Pt 1): 33-7, 1993 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8432659

RESUMO

Allelic frequency variation at the malate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.37) polymorphic locus (Mdh-1) was analysed during several successive generations in four strains of Schistosoma mansoni from Guadeloupe, maintained experimentally on mice. A rapid evolution of the frequency of the Mdh-1a allele is interpreted as being the result of an interaction between experimental drift and selection induced by the murine laboratory host. These experimental results are compared to the genetic structures observed among the corresponding natural populations of S. mansoni in Guadeloupe (West Indies). They strengthen the hypothesis of a natural host-induced selection by the murine host (Rattus rattus), which, in Guadeloupe, plays the role of host reservoir for this human schistosome.


Assuntos
Schistosoma mansoni/genética , Esquistossomose mansoni/parasitologia , Seleção Genética , Alelos , Animais , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genes de Helmintos , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/genética , Humanos , Malato Desidrogenase , Masculino , Camundongos , Muridae , Ratos , Índias Ocidentais
18.
C R Acad Sci III ; 316(7): 667-70, 1993 Jul.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8019888

RESUMO

Characterization of schistosome populations from human in eastern Niger, through intra-uterine egg morphology of female parasites and phenotopic analyses of worms observed for acid phosphatase using electrophoretic separation, renders results that suggest an intogression of S. haematobium from man by genes of S. bovis, a parasite of domestic livestock. The origin of this introgression, that could implicate S. curassoni as well, another livestock parasite that hybridize with S. bovis, is discussed.


Assuntos
Genoma , Schistosoma haematobium/genética , Schistosoma/genética , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Humanos , Hibridização Genética , Focalização Isoelétrica , Masculino , Níger , Fenótipo
19.
J Helminthol ; 71(2): 175-81, 1997 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9192707

RESUMO

Studies on human and murine isolates of Schistosoma mansoni, from Richard-Toll, Senegal, were carried out by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Seven enzyme systems; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), acid phosphatase (AcP), hexokinase (HK), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM), were used to compare the two isolates. All systems tested, apart from LDH, were found to be polymorphic for both isolates. Interestingly, one phenotype is more frequent than the remainder. The results show that there is no significant genetic variation between the S. mansoni isolates from man and the rodents, Arvicanthis niloticus and Mastomys huberti.


Assuntos
Schistosoma mansoni/genética , Fosfatase Ácida/química , Doenças dos Animais/parasitologia , Animais , Variação Genética , Glucose-6-Fosfato Isomerase/química , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/química , Hexoquinase/química , Humanos , Focalização Isoelétrica , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/química , Malato Desidrogenase/química , Fenótipo , Fosfoglucomutase/química , Ratos , Schistosoma mansoni/enzimologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/parasitologia , Senegal
20.
Parasite Immunol ; 17(7): 361-9, 1995 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8552409

RESUMO

The capacity of a recombinant glutathione S-transferase from Schistosoma mansoni (rSm28GST) to vaccinate primates (Erythrocebus patas) against a heterologous infection with Schistosoma haematobium has been tested. Two injections of the purified molecule with Muramyl-Di-Peptide (MDP) as adjuvant resulted in a high level antibody response in the five immunized animals and in a significant reduction in worm fecundity compared to the controls which received adjuvant alone. Mean levels of daily egg excretion in urine an faeces were reduced by respectively 55% and 74% although perfusion revealed that worm burdens were similar in both groups. The protective effect was long lasting since it was maintained up to the end of the experiment, 42 weeks after infection. Hatching rates and the numbers of intra-uterine eggs were also significantly affected by the vaccination. Tissue eggs were also drastically diminished in the urogenital system (-80%) but the reduction was not statistically significant. One animal was not protected by the immunization. There was a good correlation between parasitological data and the intensity of bladder lesions assessed by microscopic examination. Polypoid formations together with an intense exudation of the lamina propria were frequently seen in the controls but rarely in the vaccinated group where formation of scar tissue was predominant. These results underline the vaccine potential of the recombinant Sm28GST as a possible valuable prophylactic tool for the control of egg-induced pathology and transmission of African schistosomes.


Assuntos
Glutationa Transferase/imunologia , Vacinas Protozoárias , Schistosoma haematobium/enzimologia , Esquistossomose Urinária/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Sintéticas , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/análise , Clonagem Molecular , Erythrocebus patas , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Fertilidade/imunologia , Mesentério/parasitologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Vacinas Protozoárias/imunologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Schistosoma haematobium/imunologia , Schistosoma haematobium/isolamento & purificação , Esquistossomose Urinária/imunologia , Esquistossomose Urinária/urina , Urina/parasitologia , Sistema Urogenital/parasitologia , Vacinação , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia
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