RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of HIV in the adult population of Paraguay for 2014 and analyze its distribution and associated uncertainty according to risk behavior. METHODS The UNAIDS model was applied according to modes of transmission (MoT). Data were obtained from a detailed review of documents prepared between 1996 and 2013. Uncertainty of the estimated values was analyzed. RESULTS: The estimated incidence for 2014 was 0.091% (3,081 new infections). Both the percentage of new infections (74.75%, CI95%: 64.19%-81.47%) and the incidence rate per 10,000 population (9,518) were greater in the group of men who have sex with men (MSM). The second most affected group was made up of those who have stable heterosexual sex (9.9%). Heterosexual transmission accounted for 23% of new cases and 8% corresponded to couples (men and women) who engaged in high-risk behavior for HIV transmission. Female sex workers and intravenous drug users accounted for 1%. CONCLUSIONS: The resulting estimate of the incidence of HIV and its distribution among groups at risk is consistent with national-level reports and with the characteristics of the MSM population, which accounts for the greatest number of cases in the epidemic. Preventive actions should be aimed at this group in order to have a significant impact on the course of the epidemic in the country. Furthermore, it is recommended that preventive activities aimed at stable couples in at-risk groups and the general population be expanded and strengthened.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Modelos Teóricos , Adulto , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Assunção de Riscos , Trabalho Sexual , Comportamento Sexual , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/epidemiologia , Populações VulneráveisRESUMO
The objective of this study was to identify prognostic factors of death in patients with tuberculous meningitis (TM) and show the impact of infection by multidrug-resistant strains on the outcome of this disease. We retrospectively analysed clinical charts of HIV-infected patients with culture-confirmed TM attending our institution during 1996-2004. The following variables were associated with death during hospitalization: neurological signs at admission, a CD4 T-cell count less than 50 cells/microl and infection by multidrug-resistant strains.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose Meníngea/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/imunologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Meníngea/imunologia , Tuberculose Meníngea/microbiologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/imunologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/microbiologiaRESUMO
A 21 year old man, previously healthy, presented with subcutaneous nodes consistent with gummas. Ultrasonography disclosed multiple subcutaneous abscesses and images suitable with piomiositis, pleural and pericardium effusion. A puncture-aspirate with fine-needle was performed and produced purulent material, with isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion showed resistant to cefalotin, erythromycin and clindamycin, and susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. Methicilin-resistance was confirmed by Staphyslide agglutination testing (Biomérieux). The patient was treated with ciprofloxacin and rifampicin during four weeks, with a good clinical response. The frequency of CA-MRSA infections is increasing, and these are reported in patients without identified predisposing risks leading to failure on empiric therapy for community infections presumed to be due to staphylococcal agents.
Assuntos
Resistência a Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Abscesso/microbiologia , Adulto , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapêutico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Risco , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Estimar la incidencia del VIH en la población adulta del Paraguay para 2014, y analizar su distribución con la incertidumbre asociada según comportamiento de riesgo. MÉTODOS: Se aplicó el modelo de ONUSIDA según modos de transmisión (MoT). Los datos se obtuvieron de la revisión detallada de documentos elaborados entre 1996 y 2013. Se realizó el análisis de incertidumbre de los valores estimados. RESULTADOS: La incidencia estimada para 2014 fue 0,091% (3 081 nuevas infecciones). Tanto el porcentaje de nuevas infecciones (74,75%, intervalo de confianza de 95%: 64,19-81,47) como la tasa de incidencia por 10 000 personas (9 518) fueron mayores en el grupo de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) y el segundo grupo más afectado fue el de personas que tienen sexo heterosexual estable (9,9%). La transmisión heterosexual se produjo en 23% de nuevos casos y 8% de ellos corresponde a parejas (hombres y mujeres) de personas con comportamiento de alto riesgo de transmisión del VIH. El 1% está relacionado con el trabajo sexual de mujeres y el uso de drogas inyectables. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de la estimación de la incidencia de VIH y su distribución entre los grupos en riesgo son congruentes con los de los informes a escala nacional y con la población de HSH, la que acumula más casos de la epidemia. Las acciones de prevención deben dirigirse a este grupo para producir un impacto importante en el curso de la epidemia en el país. Además, se recomienda ampliar y fortalecer las actividades preventivas en las parejas estables de grupos en riesgo y en la población general.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of HIV in the adult population of Paraguay for 2014 and analyze its distribution and associated uncertainty according to risk behavior. METHODS The UNAIDS model was applied according to modes of transmission (MoT). Data were obtained from a detailed review of documents prepared between 1996 and 2013. Uncertainty of the estimated values was analyzed. RESULTS: The estimated incidence for 2014 was 0.091% (3,081 new infections). Both the percentage of new infections (74.75%, CI95%: 64.19%-81.47%) and the incidence rate per 10,000 population (9,518) were greater in the group of men who have sex with men (MSM). The second most affected group was made up of those who have stable heterosexual sex (9.9%). Heterosexual transmission accounted for 23% of new cases and 8% corresponded to couples (men and women) who engaged in high-risk behavior for HIV transmission. Female sex workers and intravenous drug users accounted for 1%. CONCLUSIONS: The resulting estimate of the incidence of HIV and its distribution among groups at risk is consistent with national-level reports and with the characteristics of the MSM population, which accounts for the greatest number of cases in the epidemic. Preventive actions should be aimed at this group in order to have a significant impact on the course of the epidemic in the country. Furthermore, it is recommended that preventive activities aimed at stable couples in at-risk groups and the general population be expanded and strengthened.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Paraguai/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Se presenta un caso de enfermedad invasora por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente (SAMR)adquirido en la comunidad (SAMR-c). Paciente varón de 21 años, previamente sano, que consultó por nódulos subcutáneos compatibles con gomas. La ultrasonografía reveló múltiples abscesos subcutáneos e imágenes consistentes con piomiositis, además de derrame pleural y pericárdico. En el cultivo del material purulentoobtenido por punción-aspiración con aguja fina de las lesiones se aisló S. aureus. El antibiograma por difusiónmostró resistencia a cefalotina, eritromicina y clindamicina, y sensibilidad a trimetroprima-sulfametoxazol, ciprofloxacina y rifampicina. La meticilino resistencia se confirmó por aglutinación con partículas de látex sensibilizadas con anticuerpos monoclonales dirigidos contra la proteína ligadora de penicilina 2A. El paciente fue tratado con ciprofloxacina y rifampicina durante cuatro semanas, con evolución favorable. La frecuencia de infecciones por SAMR-c está en aumento, observándose en personas sin factores de riesgo aparentes. Esto llevaría a fracaso en el tratamiento empírico para infecciones de la comunidad en los que se presume etiología estafilocócica
A 21 year old man, previously healthy, presented with subcutaneous nodes consistent with gummas. Ultrasonography disclosed multiple subcutaneous abscesses and images suitable with piomiositis, pleural and pericardium effusion. A puncture-aspirate with fine-needle was performed and produced purulent material, with isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion showed resistant to cefalotin, erythromycin and clindamycin, and susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. Methicilin-resistance was confirmed by Staphyslide agglutination testing (Biomérieux). The patient was treatedwith ciprofloxacin and rifampicin during four weeks, with a good clinical response. The frequency of CA-MRSAinfections is increasing, and these are reported in patients without identified predisposing risks leading to failureon empiric therapy for community infections presumed to be due to staphylococcal agent