Immunohistochemical detection of Lp25 and LipL32 proteins in skeletal and cardiac muscles of fatal human leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis is an acute infection caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira, which affects humans and animals in all world. In severe forms of the disease, kidneys, liver and lungs are the main affected organs, resulting in acute kidney injury, jaundice and pulmonary hemorrhage. Previous post-mortem studies have shown that lesions are not limited to these organs. Cardiac and striated muscle injuries have already been reported, but the pathophysiology of cardiac and skeletal lesions in leptospirosis is not fully understood. It has been suggested that the tissue damage observed in leptospirosis could be directly mediated by leptospires or by their toxic cellular components. LipL32 and Lp25 are leptospira membrane proteins with unknown functions, that are present only in pathogenic strains of Leptospira spp. Both proteins induce skeletal muscle lesions similar to those observed when normal guinea pigs are inoculated with leptospires. Through immunohistochemistry, this study showed the presence of LipL32 and Lp25 proteins on muscle cell membranes and in the underlying cytoplasm of skeletal muscles, as well as focal lesions in cardiac tissues of fatal cases of leptospirosis. Altogether, these results reinforce that both proteins can be important factors in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.

Prevalence of celiac disease among blood donors in São Paulo: the most populated city in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Celiac disease is a permanent enteropathy caused by the ingestion of gluten, which leads to an immunemediated inflammation of the small intestine mucosa. The prevalence of celiac disease varies among different nations and ethnic backgrounds, and its diversity is determined by genetic and environmental factors. São Paulo city is one of the largest cities in the world, with a vast population and an important history of internal migratory flow from other Brazilian regions, as well as immigration from other, primarily European, countries, resulting in significant miscegenation. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of adults with undiagnosed celiac disease among blood donors of São Paulo by collecting information on the ancestry of the population studied. METHODS: The prevalence of celiac disease was assessed by screening for positive IgA transglutaminase and IgA endomysium antibodies in 4,000 donors (volunteers) in the Fundação Pró-Sangue Blood Center of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. The antibody-positive subjects were asked to undergo a small bowel biopsy. RESULTS: Of the 4,000 subjects, twenty-four had positive tests, although both antibody tests were not always concordant. For example, ten subjects were positive for IgA tissue transglutaminase only. In twenty-one positive patients, duodenal biopsies were performed, and the diagnosis of celiac disease was confirmed in fourteen patients (Marsh criteria modified by Oberhuber). In this group, 67% claimed to have European ancestry, mainly from Italy, Portugal and Spain. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of celiac disease is at least 1:286 among supposedly healthy blood bank volunteers in São Paulo, Brazil.

Distinct outcomes of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in hamsters are related to myocardial parasitism, cytokine/chemokine gene expression, and protein expression profile.

BACKGROUND: Trypanosoma cruzi-infected outbred hamsters reproduce the range of different outcomes of Chagas disease noted in humans. We tested whether myocarditis, its mediators, and myocardial protein expression are related to the severity of the acute phase of T. cruzi infection in the hamster model. METHODS: Myocardium left ventricles (LVs) obtained from Syrian hamsters infected with T. cruzi were collected 21 days after infection. Myocarditis and the T. cruzi nest/antigen area were analyzed by histological and morphometric analysis. Cytokine and chemokine messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was analyzed using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by 2-dimensional electrophoresis, followed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS: While in the acute phase of infection, 50% of animals displayed weight loss and signs of acute-phase infection (hereafter referred to as "acute-phase signs" [APS]) (e.g., lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea). Both the T. cruzi nest/antigen area and the expression of interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, and CCL3 mRNA were significantly increased in the LVs of animals with APS, compared with the LVs of animals without APS. Animals with APS, those without APS, and uninfected animals demonstrated distinct myocardial expression of contractile, stress response, and metabolism proteins. CONCLUSIONS: The distinct outcomes of acute T. cruzi infection in Syrian hamsters are related to cardiac parasitism, cytokine expression, and changes in the expression of structural/contractile and stress response proteins that may be associated with alterations in the cardiomyocyte cytoskeleton.

Prevalence of celiac disease among blood donors in São Paulo: the most populated city in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: Celiac disease is a permanent enteropathy caused by the ingestion of gluten, which leads to an immunemediated inflammation of the small intestine mucosa. The prevalence of celiac disease varies among different nations and ethnic backgrounds, and its diversity is determined by genetic and environmental factors. São Paulo city is one of the largest cities in the world, with a vast population and an important history of internal migratory flow from other Brazilian regions, as well as immigration from other, primarily European, countries, resulting in significant miscegenation. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of adults with undiagnosed celiac disease among blood donors of São Paulo by collecting information on the ancestry of the population studied. METHODS: The prevalence of celiac disease was assessed by screening for positive IgA transglutaminase and IgA endomysium antibodies in 4,000 donors (volunteers) in the Fundação Pró-Sangue Blood Center of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. The antibody-positive subjects were asked to undergo a small bowel biopsy. RESULTS: Of the 4,000 subjects, twenty-four had positive tests, although both antibody tests were not always concordant. For example, ten subjects were positive for IgA tissue transglutaminase only. In twenty-one positive patients, duodenal biopsies were performed, and the diagnosis of celiac disease was confirmed in fourteen patients (Marsh criteria modified by Oberhuber). In this group, 67% claimed to have European ancestry, mainly from Italy, Portugal and Spain. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of celiac disease is at least 1:286 among supposedly healthy blood bank volunteers in São Paulo, Brazil.

Revisäo: dificuldades no diagnóstico de glomerulopatia esquistossomótica / Revision: difficulties in diagnosing esquistossomotic glomerulopathy

A imunomicroscopia eletrônica, feita com anticorpo monocional preparado a partir do Schistosoma mansoni adulto e marcado pelo ouro coloidal, permite a localizaçäo precisa, na biopsia renal, do antígeno esquistossomótico depositado nas estruturas glomerulares. Após terem publicado uma série de pacientes com glomerulopatia esquitossomótico estudados por esse método, os autores atualizam o seu diagnóstico diferencial. A necessidade de excluir as glomerulopatias dos vírus das hepatites B e C, que podem produzir quadro patológicosemelhante ao da glomerulopatia esquitossomótica, é ressaltada. As diferenças com as lesöes renais descritas no Egito säo comentadas (au)

Intestinal spirochetosis: first cases reported in Brazil and the use of immunohistochemistry as an aid in histopathological diagnosis

A colonizacao do colo e reto por espiroquetas intestinais foi detectada pela primeira vez no Brasil em 4 de 282 (1,41 por cento) pacientes submetidos a sigmoidoscopia e/ou colonoscopia com o diagnostico histopatologico de colite cronica inespecifica. A frequencia e provavelmente menor que a real, uma vez que especimens cirurgicos nao foram considerados no presente estudo. O diagnostico histopatologico foi feito atraves de coloracoes de rotina, tais como a hematoxilina-eosina, que mostraram franja basofilica de 3u de espessura sobre a borda em escova do epitelio e por impregnacoes pela prata como o metodo de Whartin-Starry. Metodos imunohistoquimicos, usando dois soros primarios policlonais, um contra o Treponema pallidum e outro contra Leptospira interrogans, serovar copenhageni serogrupo...

Fonsecaea pedrosoi cerebral phaeohyphomycosis ("chromoblastomycosis"): first human culture-proven case reported in Brazil

Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis ("chromoblastomycosis") is a rare intracranial lesion. We report the first human culture-proven case of brain abscesses due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi in Brazil. The patient, a 28 year-old immunocompetent white male, had ocular manifestations and a hypertensive intracranial syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a main tumoral mass involving the right temporo-occipital area and another smaller apparently healed lesion at the left occipital lobe. A cerebral biopsy was performed and the pathological report was cerebral chromoblastomycosis. The main lesion was enucleated surgically and culture of the necrotic and suppurative mass grew a fungus identified as Fonsecaea pedrosoi. The patient had received a knife wound sixteen years prior to his hospitalization and, more recently, manifested a pulmonary granulomatous lesion in the right lung with a single non-pigmented form of a fungus present. It was speculated that the fungus might have gained entrance to the host through the skin lesion, although a primary respiratory lesion was not excluded. The patient was discharged from the hospital still with ocular manifestations and on antimycotic therapy and was followed for eight months without disease recurrence. Few months after he had complications of the previous neuro-surgery and died. A complete autopsy was performed and no residual fungal disease was found

Schistosoma mansoni circulating polysaccharide and protein antigens recognized by sheep antisera in patients with different clinical forms of schistosomiasis before and after treatment

Dois antissoros produzidos em carneiros, um dos quais contra a fracao polissacaridica (Po) e outro contra componentes proteicos (Pt) de vermes adultos de Schistosoma mansoni, foram avaliados quanto ao seu desempenho na deteccao de antigenos parasitarios circulantes em pacientes com diferentes formas ciclicas da esquistossomose mansonica, atraves de um ensaio imunoenzimatico, (ELISA). O primeiro antissoro revelava antigenos parasitarios no granuloma hepatico e o segundo, nos glomerulos renais de pacientes com esquistossomose mansonica, bem como em camundongos experimentalmente infectados pelo S. mansoni....

Disfunção ventricular esquerda em hamsters com doença de Chagas tratados com etanercept / Left ventricular dysfunction in hamsters with Chagas disease and treated with etanercept

Objetivo: a doença afeta mais de 10 milhões de pessoas na América Latina. Leva a cardiomiopatia dilatada inflamatória em 30% dos pacientes como conseqüência tardia da infecção pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, com pior prognóstico que as outras cardiomiopatias dilatadas. estudos prévios mostram aumento dos níveis circulantes do fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-x) em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chagásica crônica. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar efeito do bloqueio do TNF-x com Etanercept na função ventricular esquerda em hamsters sírios cronicamente infectados pelo T. cruzi...

An immunohistochemic assay to localize leptospires in tissue specimens

Os autores apresentam uma técnica de imunoperoxidase para a identificaçäo de leptospiras em cortes de rim fixados em formol e emblocados em parafina. A variante metodológica inclui a utilizaçäo do complexo peroxidase-antiperoxidase, conferindo alta sensibilidade à reaçäo. Säo, ainda, discutidas algumas possíveis aplicaçöes do método ao estudo do acometimento renal na leptospirose

Avaliaçäo, em modelo experimental, da possibilidade do alopurinol impedir reativaçäo da infecçäo pelo Trypanosoma cruzi na vigência de imunodepressäo / Experimental model for the evaluation of the allopurinol as an agent to avoid the reactivation of Trypanosoma cruzi infection during immunodepression

Pacientes com a doença de Chagas na fase crônica têm sido tratados por meio de transplante de coraçäo, em determinadas circunstâncias, e em virtude de imunodepressäo pode ocorrer reativaçäo da infecçäo devida ao Trypanosoma cruzi. Foi verificado que o alopurinol mostrou-se apto a arrefecer esse acontecimento. Por isso, utilizando modelo experimental, procuramos verificar se tal fármaco é capaz de evitar a reativaçäo parasitária quando usado preventivamente. Verificamos, contudo, que propriedade dessa natureza näo ficou comprovada.