Influence of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Micro-Bioplastics and Polyethylene Terephthalate Microplastics on the Soil Organic Matter Structure and Soil Water Properties.

Adverse effects of microplastics on soil abiotic properties have been attributed to changes in the soil structure. Notably, however, the effects on the supramolecular structure of soil organic matter (SOM) have been overlooked, despite their key role in most soil properties. This work accordingly investigated the influence of plastic residues at various concentrations on the SOM supramolecular structure and soil water properties. To model plastic residues of micro-bioplastics, spherical or spherical-like poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) was used, while polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was used as a model of conventional microplastics. The results suggest that both types of plastic residues affect SOM properties, including physical stability (represented by water molecule bridges), water binding (represented by decreased desorption enthalpy or faster desorption), and the stability of SOM aliphatic crystallites. The results further showed that the polyester-based microplastics and micro-bioplastics affected the SOM abiotic characteristics and that therefore the observed effects cannot be attributed solely to changes in the whole soil structure. Notably, similar adverse effects on SOM were observed for both tested plastic residues, although the effect of PHB was less pronounced compared to that of PET.

A Simple Method for Quantification of Polyhydroxybutyrate and Polylactic Acid Micro-Bioplastics in Soils by Evolved Gas Analysis.

Conventional plastics are being slowly replaced by biodegradable ones to prevent plastic pollution. However, in the natural environment, the biodegradation of plastics is usually slow or incomplete due to unfavorable conditions and leads to faster micro-bioplastic formation. Many analytical methods were developed to determine microplastics, but micro-bioplastics are still overlooked. This work presents a simple method for determining poly-3-hydroxybutyrate and polylactic acid micro-bioplastics in soil based on the thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry analysis of low molecular gases evolved during pyrolysis. For the method development, model soils containing different soil organic carbon contents were spiked with micro-bioplastics. Specific gaseous pyrolysis products of the analytes were identified, while the ratio of their amounts appeared to be constant above the level of detection of the suggested method. The constant ratio was explained as a lower soil influence on the evolution of the gaseous product, and it was suggested as an additional identification parameter. The advantages of the presented method are no sample pretreatment, presumably no need for an internal standard, low temperature needed for the transfer of gaseous products and the possibility of using its principles with other, cheaper detectors. The method can find application in the verification of biodegradation tests and in the monitoring of soils after the application of biodegradable products.

Evaluation of Jatropha curcas L. leaves mulching on wheat growth and biochemical attributes under water stress.

BACKGROUND: Organic mulches are widely used in crop production systems. Due to their benefits in improving soil fertility, retention of soil moisture and weed control. Field experiments were conducted during wheat growing seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 to evaluate the effects of Jatropha leaves mulch on the growth of wheat varieties 'Wadan-17' (rainfed) and 'Pirsabaq-2013' (irrigated) under well irrigated and water stress conditions (non-irrigated maintaining 40% soil field capacity). Jatropha mulch was applied to the soil surface at 0, 1, 3 and 5 Mg ha-1 before sowing grains in the field. Under conditions of water stress, Jatropha mulch significantly maintained the soil moisture content necessary for normal plant growth. RESULTS: We noted a decrease in plant height, shoot and root fresh/dry weight, leaf area, leaf relative water content (LRWC), chlorophyll, and carotenoid content due to water stress. However, water stress caused an increase in leaf and root phenolics content, leaf soluble sugars and electrolytes leakage. We observed that Jatropha mulch maintained LRWC, plant height, shoot and root fresh/dry weight, leaf area and chlorophyll content under water stress. Moreover, water stress adverse effects on leaf soluble sugar content and electrolyte leakage were reversed to normal by Jatropha mulch. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it may be concluded that Jatropha leaves mulch will minimize water stress adverse effects on wheat by maintaining soil moisture and plant water status.

Rhizosphere Bacteria in Plant Growth Promotion, Biocontrol, and Bioremediation of Contaminated Sites: A Comprehensive Review of Effects and Mechanisms.

Agriculture in the 21st century is facing multiple challenges, such as those related to soil fertility, climatic fluctuations, environmental degradation, urbanization, and the increase in food demand for the increasing world population. In the meanwhile, the scientific community is facing key challenges in increasing crop production from the existing land base. In this regard, traditional farming has witnessed enhanced per acre crop yields due to irregular and injudicious use of agrochemicals, including pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, but at a substantial environmental cost. Another major concern in modern agriculture is that crop pests are developing pesticide resistance. Therefore, the future of sustainable crop production requires the use of alternative strategies that can enhance crop yields in an environmentally sound manner. The application of rhizobacteria, specifically, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), as an alternative to chemical pesticides has gained much attention from the scientific community. These rhizobacteria harbor a number of mechanisms through which they promote plant growth, control plant pests, and induce resistance to various abiotic stresses. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of rhizobacteria involved in plant growth promotion, biocontrol of pests, and bioremediation of contaminated soils. It also focuses on the effects of PGPR inoculation on plant growth survival under environmental stress. Furthermore, the pros and cons of rhizobacterial application along with future directions for the sustainable use of rhizobacteria in agriculture are discussed in depth.

Polluted brownfield site converted into a public urban park: A place providing ecosystem services or a hidden health threat?

The conversion of old brownfield sites into places once again serving society is becoming an upward global trend, especially in urban areas. Due to the increasingly growing pressure on the expansion of urban green spaces, such sites can become, for instance, urban parks. The aim of the study was to assess whether the solution is appropriate and if it does not pose a potential health risk. Heavy pollution of soils was found out by means of the example of the urban park newly established in a reclaimed area of a historic mining town. The high average values in the topsoil were found out mainly in As (132 mg/kg), Cd (6.8 mg/kg), Pb (535 mg/kg) and Zn (1604 mg/kg). The assessment of the non-carcinogenic health risk has revealed possible As-related adverse health effects in children even at irregular park visits. According to the carcinogenic risk assessment, As, Cd, Cr and Ni can be ranked in the category of an acceptable total risk for regulatory purposes. The health status of park vegetation as a significant component of the urban ecosystem was also assessed. Soil phytotoxicity brought about severe damage to the seedlings, with a mortality rate of up to 84% locally. The results indicate that heavily polluted brownfield sites with historic mining-related activities are not suitable for establishing urban parks even after reclamation and nature-based solutions may not be invariably appropriate. Based on the findings, the management steps that ought to be implemented in the process of brownfield redevelopment into the urban park even after its establishment have been highlighted in order to minimize the health risk to park visitors while providing the required ecosystem services by vegetation.

Assisted phytostabilization of soil from a former military area with mineral amendments.

Due to the presence of toxic pollutants, soils in former military areas need remedial actions with environmentally friendly methods. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the aided phytostabilization of multi-heavy metals (HMs), i.e. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, in post-military soil by Festuca rubra and three mineral amendments (diatomite, dolomite and halloysite). The amendments were applied at 0 and 3.0% to each pot filled with 5 kg of polluted soil. After seven weeks of the phytostabilization, selected soil properties, biomass yield of F. rubra and immobilization of HMs by their accumulation in plant and redistribution among individual fractions in soil were determined. In addition, ecotoxicology parameters of non-amended and amended soil were established using Phytotoxkit (Sinapsis alba) and Ostracodtoxkit (Heterocypris incongruens) tests. The addition of halloysite significantly increased F. rubra biomass. Diatomite significantly increased both the Cd, Cu, Pb and Cr concentrations in the roots and the pH of the soil. The application of halloysite significantly decreased the Cd and Zn contents of the soil after the completion of the experiment. Dolomite and halloysite were more effective in HM immobilization in soil by decreasing their content in an exchangeable fraction than diatomite. These soil amendments significantly differentiated the length of S. alba roots and had a positive effect on the development of H. incongruens.

Oxidative Stress and Heavy Metals in Plants.

Oxidative stress is a pathological process related to not only animal kingdom but also plants. Regarding oxidative stress in plants, heavy metals are frequently discussed as causative stimuli with relevance to ecology. Because heavy metals have broad technological importance, they can easily contaminate the environment. Much of previous effort regarding the harmful impact of the heavy metals was given to their toxicology in the animals and humans. Their implication in plant pathogeneses is less known and remains underestimated.The current paper summarizes basic facts about heavy metals, their distribution in soil, mobility, accumulation by plants, and initiation of oxidative stress including the decline in basal metabolism. The both actual and frontier studies in the field are summarized and discussed. The major pathophysiological pathways are introduced as well and link between heavy metals toxicity and their ability to initiate an oxidative damage is provided. Mobility and bioaccessibility of the metals is also considered as key factors in their impact on oxidative stress development in the plant. The metals like lead, mercury, copper, cadmium, iron, zinc, nickel, vanadium are depicted in the text.Heavy metals appear to be significant contributors to pathological processes in the plants and oxidative stress is probably an important contributor to the effect. The most sensitive plant species are enlisted and discussed in this review. The facts presented here outline next effort to investigate pathological processes in the plants.

Effect of arsenic (III and V) on oxidative stress parameters in resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.

The presented study deals with the observation of properties of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the toxic arsenic environment and influence of arsenic on antioxidant capacity. Two forms of arsenic (As(III), As(V)) with different concentrations were used for induction of the oxidative stress in tested strains. Microbiological methods showed that the growth inhibition of MSSA was higher than that of MRSA in presence of both arsenic ions. As(III) showed 24% and 33% higher anti-microbial effects than As(V) against MSSA and MRSA respectively. A similar result was found also in the experiment of reduction of biofilm-formation. By using spectrophotometry, it was revealed that As(III) induced higher antioxidant production in both bacterial cultures. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus produced an app. 50 mg equivalent of gallic acid (GAE/1 mg of protein) and MRSA produced an app. 15 mg of GAE/1 mg of protein. The productions of metallothionein in MSSA and MRSA were decreased up to 62.41% and 55.84% respectively in presence of As ions. Reduction of As(III) and As(V) concentrations leads to a decrease in antioxidant production and increased the formation of metallothionein. All of these changes in the results were found to be significant statistically. Taken together, these experiments proved that in comparison with MSSA, MRSA is less susceptible not only to the antimicrobial effects of antibiotics but also against effects caused by metalloids, as arsenic. Thus, it can be stated that MRSA abounds with complex defensive mechanisms, which may in the future constitute significant problem in the efficiency of antibiotics alternatives as metal ions or nanoparticles.

DNA interaction with platinum-based cytostatics revealed by DNA sequencing.

The main mechanism of action of platinum-based cytostatic drugs - cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin - is the formation of DNA cross-links, which restricts the transcription due to the disability of DNA to enter the active site of the polymerase. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed as a simplified model of the amplification process in the cell nucleus. PCR with fluorescently labelled dideoxynucleotides commonly employed for DNA sequencing was used to monitor the effect of platinum-based cytostatics on DNA in terms of decrease in labeling efficiency dependent on a presence of the DNA-drug cross-link. It was found that significantly different amounts of the drugs - cisplatin (0.21 µg/mL), oxaliplatin (5.23 µg/mL), and carboplatin (71.11 µg/mL) - were required to cause the same quenching effect (50%) on the fluorescent labelling of 50 µg/mL of DNA. Moreover, it was found that even though the amounts of the drugs was applied to the reaction mixture differing by several orders of magnitude, the amount of incorporated platinum, quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, was in all cases at the level of tenths of µg per 5 µg of DNA.

Amalgam Electrode-Based Electrochemical Detector for On-Site Direct Determination of Cadmium(II) and Lead(II) from Soils.

Toxic metal contamination of the environment is a global issue. In this paper, we present a low-cost and rapid production of amalgam electrodes used for determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in environmental samples (soils and wastewaters) by on-site analysis using difference pulse voltammetry. Changes in the electrochemical signals were recorded with a miniaturized potentiostat (width: 80 mm, depth: 54 mm, height: 23 mm) and a portable computer. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated for the geometric surface of the working electrode 15 mm² that can be varied as required for analysis. The LODs were 80 ng·mL-1 for Cd(II) and 50 ng·mL-1 for Pb(II), relative standard deviation, RSD ≤ 8% (n = 3). The area of interest (Dolni Rozinka, Czech Republic) was selected because there is a deposit of uranium ore and extreme anthropogenic activity. Environmental samples were taken directly on-site and immediately analysed. Duration of a single analysis was approximately two minutes. The average concentrations of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in this area were below the global average. The obtained values were verified (correlated) by standard electrochemical methods based on hanging drop electrodes and were in good agreement. The advantages of this method are its cost and time effectivity (approximately two minutes per one sample) with direct analysis of turbid samples (soil leach) in a 2 M HNO3 environment. This type of sample cannot be analyzed using the classical analytical methods without pretreatment.

Anticarcinogenic Effect of Spices Due to Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds-In Vitro Evaluation on Prostate Cells.

This study shows the effects of spices, and their phenolic and flavonoid compounds, on prostate cell lines (PNT1A, 22RV1 and PC3). The results of an MTT assay on extracts from eight spices revealed the strongest inhibitory effects were from black pepper and caraway seed extracts. The strongest inhibitory effect on prostatic cells was observed after the application of extracts of spices in concentration of 12.5 mg·mL-1. An LC/MS analysis identified that the most abundant phenolic and flavonoid compounds in black pepper are 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and naringenin chalcone, while the most abundant phenolic and flavonoid compounds in caraway seeds are neochlorogenic acid and apigenin. Using an MTT assay for the phenolic and flavonoid compounds from spices, we identified the IC50 value of ~1 mmol·L-1 PNT1A. The scratch test demonstrated that the most potent inhibitory effect on PNT1A, 22RV1 and PC3 cells is from the naringenin chalcone contained in black pepper. From the spectrum of compounds assessed, the naringenin chalcone contained in black pepper was identified as the most potent inhibitor of the growth of prostate cells.

Changes in the oxidative stress/anti-oxidant system after exposure to sulfur mustard and antioxidant strategies in the therapy, a review.

Sulfur mustard, in a chemical name bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, is a chemical warfare agent. It is cytotoxic and blister forming once spread over the skin. Though exact molecular mechanism of sulfur mustard toxic action remains unknown, inflammation and oxidative stress development are considered as the most relevant pathological consequences. Applications of either low-molecular weight antioxidants or cofactors for enzymatic antioxidants are considered as suitable ways how to ameliorate the poisoning. In this article, survey of literature on countermeasures against sulfur mustard poisoning are given and evidence of oxidative stress role during sulfur mustard poisoning and availability of antioxidants for the therapy are discussed.

Seasonal variation of arsenic in PM10 and PMx in an urban park: The influence of vegetation-related biomethylation on the distribution of its organic species and air quality.

Arsenic (As) levels in particulate matter (PM) are routinely monitored in cities of developed countries. Despite advances in the knowledge of its inorganic species in PM in urban areas, organic species are often overlooked with no information on their behaviour in urban parks - areas with increased potential for As biomethylation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize As distribution, bioaccessibility, seasonal variation and speciation (AsIII, AsV, MMA, DMA and TMAO) in PMx-PM10 of an urban park. Two sites with different distance from the road were selected for winter and summer sampling. From the PM samples, we gravimetrically determined PM10 concentrations in the air and via ICP-MS the total As content there. To assess the portion of bioaccessible As, water extractable As content was analysed. Simultaneously, the As species in PM10 water extracts were analysed via coupling of HPLC with ICP-MS method. There was no seasonal difference in PM10 concentration in the park, probably due to the increased summer PM load related to recreational activities in the park and park design. Spatial distribution of total As in PM10 and As fractional distribution in PMx suggested that As mostly didn't originate from traffic although highest As content was observed in the fine fraction (PM2.5) related to combustion processes. However, significant winter increase of As (determined by AsIII and AsV) despite the unchanged concentration of PM10 indicated a decisive influence of household heating-related combustion and possibly influence of reduced vegetation density. As present in the PM10 was mostly in bioaccessible form. Seasonal influence of As biomethylation was clearly demonstrated on the TMAO specie during the summer campaign. Except the significant summer TMAO increase, the results also indicated the biomethylation influence on DMA. Therefore, an increased risk of exposure to organic As species in urban parks can be expected during summer.

Biodegradation of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate after soil inoculation with microbial consortium: Soil microbiome and plant responses to the changed environment.

Biodegradable plastics play a vital role in addressing global plastics disposal challenges. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) is a biodegradable bacterial intracellular storage polymer with substantial usage potential in agriculture. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate and its degradation products are non-toxic; however, previous studies suggest that P3HB biodegradation negatively affects plant growth because the microorganisms compete with plants for nutrients. One possible solution to this issue could be inoculating soil with a consortium of plant growth-promoting and N-fixing microorganisms. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a pot experiment using lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L.) grown in soil amended with two doses (1 % and 5 % w/w) of P3HB and microbial inoculant (MI). We tested five experimental variations: P3HB 1 %, P3HB 1 % + MI, P3HB 5 %, P3HB 5 % + MI, and MI, to assess the impact of added microorganisms on plant growth and P3HB biodegradation. The efficient P3HB degradation, which was directly dependent on the amount of bioplastics added, was coupled with the preferential utilization of P3HB as a carbon (C) source. Due to the increased demand for nutrients in P3HB-amended soil by microbial degraders, respiration and enzyme activities were enhanced. This indicated an increased mineralisation of C as well as nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), and phosphorus (P). Microbial inoculation introduced specific bacterial taxa that further improved degradation efficiency and nutrient turnover (N, S, and P) in P3HB-amended soil. Notably, soil acidification related to P3HB was not the primary factor affecting plant growth inhibition. However, despite plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and N2-fixing microorganisms originating from MI, plant biomass yield remained limited, suggesting that these microorganisms were not entirely successful in mitigating the growth inhibition caused by P3HB.

Does poly-3-hydroxybutyrate biodegradation affect the quality of soil organic matter?

The search for eco-friendly substitutes for traditional plastics has led to the production of biodegradable bioplastics. However, concerns have been raised about the impact of bioplastic biodegradation on soil health. Despite these concerns, the potential negative consequences of bioplastics during various stages of biodegradation remain underexplored. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of micro-bioplastics made of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) on the properties of three different soils. In our ten-month experiment, we investigated the impact of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) on Chernozem, Cambisol, and Phaeozem soils. Our study focused on changes in soil organic matter (SOM), microbial activity, and the level of soil carbon and nitrogen. The observed changes indicated an excessive level of biodegradation of SOM after the soils were enriched with micro-particles of P3HB, with concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 3%. The thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the presence of residual P3HB (particularly in the 3% treatment) and underscored the heightened biodegradation of SOM, especially in the more stable SOM fractions. This was notably evident in Phaeozem soils, where even the stable SOM pool was affected. Elemental analysis revealed changes in soil organic carbon content following P3HB degradation, although nitrogen levels remained constant. Enzymatic activity was found to vary with soil type and responded differently across P3HB concentration levels. Our findings confirmed that P3HB acts as a bioavailable carbon source. Its biodegradation stimulates the production of enzymes, which in turn affects various soil elements, indicating complex interactions within the soil ecosystem.

Unlocking the potential of biofilm-forming plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for growth and yield enhancement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) boost crop yields and reduce environmental pressures through biofilm formation in natural climates. Recently, biofilm-based root colonization by these microorganisms has emerged as a promising strategy for agricultural enhancement. The current work aims to characterize biofilm-forming rhizobacteria for wheat growth and yield enhancement. For this, native rhizobacteria were isolated from the wheat rhizosphere and ten isolates were characterized for plant growth promoting traits and biofilm production under axenic conditions. Among these ten isolates, five were identified as potential biofilm-producing PGPR based on in vitro assays for plant growth-promoting traits. These were further evaluated under controlled and field conditions for their impact on wheat growth and yield attributes. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis further indicated that the biochemical composition of the biofilm produced by the selected bacterial strains includes proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). Inoculated plants in growth chamber resulted in larger roots, shoots, and increase in fresh biomass than controls. Similarly, significant increases in plant height (13.3, 16.7%), grain yield (29.6, 17.5%), number of tillers (18.7, 34.8%), nitrogen content (58.8, 48.1%), and phosphorus content (63.0, 51.0%) in grains were observed in both pot and field trials, respectively. The two most promising biofilm-producing isolates were identified through 16 s rRNA partial gene sequencing as Brucella sp. (BF10), Lysinibacillus macroides (BF15). Moreover, leaf pigmentation and relative water contents were significantly increased in all treated plants. Taken together, our results revealed that biofilm forming PGPR can boost crop productivity by enhancing growth and physiological responses and thus aid in sustainable agriculture.

The impacts of mining on soil pollution with metal(loid)s in resource-rich Mongolia.

As Mongolia is considered one of the most resource extraction-dependent countries globally, significant mining-related environmental and human health risks are expected. The aim of this study was to (I) assess the impacts of mining on soil pollution with metals in Mongolia's key coal mining towns (Baganuur, Nalaikh and Sharyn Gol) and (II) review the current knowledge on soil pollution with metal(loid)s and related health risks in Mongolia. The results showed predominantly low soil contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn and a related absence of severe pollution and potential health risk in the coal mining towns. Urban design, rather than the presence of mines, controlled the pollution distribution. Despite the methodological shortcomings of several studies on soil pollution in Mongolia, their results suggest a similarly low threat in the three largest cities (Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan, Erdenet) and several mining areas. While the generally highlighted risk of As seems like an artificially escalated issue, the content of Cr in urban soil may be a neglected threat. Further pollution research in Mongolia should focus on street dust and drinking water pollution.

Possibility of using tannins to control greenhouse gas production during digestate storage.

The presented paper deals with the testing of a possibility to reduce emissions of undesirable greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2; NOx) and their mixture (biogas) during the storage of digestate using applications of secondary plant metabolites (tannins). The experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions in which the digestate was placed in fermentation chambers. Prior to the fermentation process, preparations were applied to the digestate, which contained tannins: Tanenol Antibotrytis (TA), Tanenol Clar (TC) and Tanenol Rouge (TR) in three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% w/w). The application of these preparations demonstrably affected the production of biogas and the contents of CH4, CO2 and N therein. The application of TR preparation in the concentration of 1.0% and 2.0% significantly reduced the production of biogas as compared with all variants. The preparation further inhibited the process of CH4 development. In contrast, the other preparations with the content of different kinds of TA and TC increased the production of biogas (on average by 15%), CH4 (on average by 7%) and CO2 (on average by 12%) as compared with the control variant and TR variant. These two variants reduced the concentration of N in biogas on average by 38%. Thus, the tested Tanenol tannin preparations can be used in different concentrations either to control emissions of greenhouse gases during the storage of digestate or, in case of increased production of CO2 for its reuse in order to increase methane yields in the process of anaerobic fermentation.

Does biochar in combination with compost effectively promote phytostabilization of heavy metals in soil under different temperature regimes?

The article presents the effect of a combined amendment, i.e., biochar+compost (BC), on the process of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn immobilization in soil cultivated with L. perenne under freezing and thawing conditions (FTC). In particular, the speciation analysis of the examined elements in phytostabilized soils based on their response using the sequential extraction, and the variability of the soil microbiome using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing were systematically assessed. Metal stability in soils was evaluated by the reduced distribution index (Ir). Plants were grown in pots for 52 days under greenhouse conditions. After termination, phytostabilization was continued in a temperature chamber for 64 days to provide FTC. As a result, it was noted that biomass yield of L. perenne was promoted by BC (39 % higher than in the control pots) and reduced by FTC (45 % lower than in the BC-enriched soil not exposed to FTC). An efficacious level of phytostabilization, i.e., higher content of heavy metals in plant roots, was found in the BC-enriched soil, regardless of the changes in soil temperature conditions. BC improved soil pH before applying FTC more than after applying FTC. BC had the greatest impact on increasing Cu stability by redistributing it from the F1 and F2 fractions to the F3 and F4 fractions. For most metals, phytostabilization under FTC resulted in an increase in the proportion of the F1 fraction and a decrease in its stability. Only for Pb and Zn, FTC had greater impact on their stability than BC addition. In all soil samples, the core genera with about 2-3 % abundances were Sphingomonas sp. and Mycobacterium sp. FTC favored the growth of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria in soil. Microbial taxa that coped well with FTC but only in the absence of BC were Rhodococcus, Alkanindiges sp., Flavobacterium sp., Williamsia sp. Thermomonas sp.