Demographic distributions and clinical results of assisted reproduction techniques in Turkey in 2019: a descriptive survey.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe characteristics and outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles performed in 2019 in Turkey. Material and Methods: One-hundred and sixty-five ART centers in Turkey were invited to submit data. The survey was sent to center directors via e-mail with anonymous links by Qualtrics™. The survey involved questions about their patient characteristics, clinical practices, and outcomes. Results: Forty-one (24.8%) centers responded to e-mails, and data gathered from 25 centers was included in the analyses. In 25 centers, 18,127 fresh or frozen transfers were carried out during the study period, of which 7796 (43.0%) were fresh and the rest were either frozen (45.2%) or embryo transfers (ET) with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) (11.8%). The live birth rate per ET was as 30.6%, 40.1%, and 50.7% in fresh, frozen and PGT cycles, respectively. A single embryo was transferred in 65.3% of all transfers and singleton live births comprised 86.1% of all deliveries. For cycles with intrauterine insemination, 1407 were started in 2019, and 195 clinical pregnancies, 150 live births with 19 multiple pregnancies occurred. A total of 1513 ART cycles were initiated for foreign patients. Russia (29.6%), Germany (7.4%), Iraq (4.6%), Uzbekistan (3.1%), and Syria (1.4%) were the top five countries with most patients coming to Turkey for ART. Conclusion: The survey results are in parallel with the reports of international institutions and organizations. With repeated editions, the data collected with annual surveys can be used to inform ART practices in the coming years.

Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on sperm motility and survival.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are present in both male and female reproductive systems. In this experimental study, the effect of different concentrations of VEGF on sperm motility and survival in vitro was investigated. Human spermatozoa, collected from voluntary, proven fertile donors, were incubated in sperm washing medium containing different concentrations of VEGF (5, 10, 15, 20 ng/ml) for 24 h in a university reproductive endocrinology laboratory setting. Assessment of VEGF action on sperm motion characteristics was evaluated using a computer-assisted semen analyser. Sperm survival was determined by hypo-osmotic swelling and eosin-Y dye tests. VEGF had a positive effect on some parameters of sperm motility in a concentration-dependent manner. Maximal effect was observed at a concentration of 15 ng/ml; motility, progression, straight-line velocity and curvilinear velocity of VEGF-exposed spermatozoa were significantly increased (P < 0.05) at this concentration. However, sperm viability was not prolonged at any concentration of VEGF as shown by hypo-osmotic swelling and eosin-Y dye tests. VEGF may increase some sperm motility parameters, but not survival, in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro.

Investigation of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) C609T polymorphism in prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a part of the antioxidant defense system. NQO1 protects cells from oxidative stress by maintaining antioxidant forms of ubiquinone and vitamin E and this enzymatic activity can be sufficient to protect against carcinogenesis. Oxidative stress may contribute to carcinogenesis as an important risk factor. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between prostate cancer and NQO1 C609T polymorphism in a Turkish population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients with prostate cancer and fifty healthy controls were included in this study. Gene polymorphism was determined by a restricted fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS: The NQO1 TT genotype was demonstrated to be increased in patients, there were no significant differences between distributions of NQO1 C609T genotypes in the study groups. Serum PSA and alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated in patients carrying T alleles (TT > CT > CC). There were no correlations between tumor size, node classification, metastasis or stage and NQO1 genotypes. CONCLUSION: The results of our study of Turkish prostate cancer patients suggests that mutation of the NQO1 gene may effect the serum PSA and alkaline phosphatase levels. However there were no differences between the NQO1 genotypes in the study groups.

Spectroscopic analysis of embryo culture media for predicting reproductive potential in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization.

OBJECTIVE: To predict the reproductive potential of embryos via Raman spectroscopy evaluation of the spent culture media as well as with a conventional morphologic evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women of reproductive age (n=31) who were treated for unexplained infertility and scheduled for single embryo transfer were invited to participate in this prospective study. After the embryos were removed from the culture, the spent culture media were stored at -80 °C after snap-freezing in liquid nitrogen. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were clinically pregnant, and 16 patients were clinically non-pregnant. Clinical pregnancy was predicted using Raman spectroscopy in 93% (14/15) of clinically pregnant patients, and in 62.5% (10 out of 16) of clinically non-pregnant patients. The sensitivity of the Raman spectroscopic analysis was 93% and the specificity was 62.5%. CONCLUSION: Metabolomic evaluation of spent embryo culture media is an emerging technique with promising objective results. However, there is clearly room for improvement.

The association between follicular fluid levels of cathepsin B, relaxin or AMH with clinical pregnancy rates in infertile patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of cathepsin B, relaxin and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in follicular fluid (FF) with pregnancy rates in infertility patients. STUDY DESIGN: Seventy-nine infertile couples who underwent ICSI were included in the study. The FF levels of cathepsin B, relaxin and AMH were measured using ELISA kits. RESULTS: The FF cathepsin B levels were statistically higher in pregnant patients compared with non-pregnant patients (0.20±0.13 versus 0.13±0.03; P<0.001). There were statistically significant differences in the total number of oocytes (10.00±6.85 versus 5.96±3.94); the mean number of M2 oocytes (8.65±5.63 versus 4.58±3.36) between the pregnant and non-pregnant patients (P<0.05). There were no significant correlations between pregnancy rates and relaxin and AMH (P>0.05). The area under the curve of cathepsin B for prediction of pregnancy was 0.662 (p=0.024, 95% Confidence Interval 0.528-0.797). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that increased level of cathepsin B in FF significantly correlates with a better chance of clinical pregnancy. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of cathepsin B in the reproductive process of humans.

Effect of leukaemia inhibitory factor on long-term sperm motility and survival.

Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is expressed at high constitutive levels in the human Fallopian tubal epithelium. In this study, the effect of human recombinant LIF on sperm motility and survival in vitro was investigated. Human spermatozoa were incubated in sperm washing medium that contained various concentrations of LIF at 37 degrees C and under 5% of CO(2) in air for up to 48 h. Sperm motion characteristics were measured using a sperm motility analyser. Sperm survival was determined by the hypo-osmotic swelling test. The effect of LIF on sperm motility was concentration-dependent and maximal effect was observed at a concentration of 5 ng/ml. Sperm motility was significantly higher after 24 h exposure to LIF compared with control (P < 0.001). Sperm survival was also prolonged in a concentration-dependent manner. LIF significantly enhanced sperm survival at higher concentrations (10 ng/ml) and the result was significant after 48 h exposure (P < 0.05). LIF increased long-term sperm motility and survival in vitro.