Female reproductive potential post-treatment for childhood cancer.

Survival post-treatment for childhood malignancy is now in excess of 70%. Hence female reproductive potential following treatment must be addressed. Issues concerning subsequent uterine and ovarian function, fertility options and importantly the ethics and safety of treatment approaches are discussed herein.

Local levonorgestrel regulation of androgen receptor and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression in human endometrium.

BACKGROUND: The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is a highly effective contraceptive. However, unscheduled breakthrough bleeding (BTB), leads to discontinuation in a proportion of users. The LNG-IUS down-regulates endometrial progesterone and estrogen receptors and this may play a role in the mechanism responsible for BTB. LNG is an androgenic progestogen and so we examined the regulation of the androgen receptor (AR) in endometrium exposed to intrauterine LNG. Furthermore, as the enzyme 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17betaHSD2) regulates intracellular levels of estrogens, progestins and androgens, we evaluated the changes in expression of 17betaHSD2 in the same tissue endometrial samples. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and real time quantitative RT-PCR were used to compare protein and mRNA expression of AR and 17betaHSD2 in endometrial biopsies from women with normal menstrual cycles and those using a LNG-IUS. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry showed that AR and 17betaHSD2, which were immunolocalized to the stroma and glands of endometrium respectively, were both suppressed by LNG-IUS treatment, though moderate staining of 17betaHSD2 was evident 1 month after insertion of the LNG-IUS. AR mRNA expression was down-regulated in LNG-exposed endometrium when compared with the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. 17betaHSD2 mRNA was significantly increased 3 months (but not 6-12 months) after LNG-IUS insertion. CONCLUSIONS: Endometrial intracellular estradiol levels would have been suppressed by 17betaHSD2 during the first few, but not the later, months of LNG-IUS action, and the lowered endometrial estradiol level may contribute to the frequent BTB evident in the early months of LNG-IUS use. The subsequent decline in 17betaHSD2 would lead to elevated local intracellular estradiol in the later months, when the BTB tends to subside. The suppression of AR by the LNG-IUS may also play a role in BTB, as elevated AR has been associated with amenorrhoea.