Rapid effects of tryptamine psychedelics on perceptual distortions and early visual cortical population receptive fields.

N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a psychedelic tryptamine acting on 5-HT2A serotonin receptors, which is associated with intense visual hallucinatory phenomena and perceptual changes such as distortions in visual space. The neural underpinnings of these effects remain unknown. We hypothesised that changes in population receptive field (pRF) properties in the primary visual cortex (V1) might underlie visual perceptual experience. We tested this hypothesis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a within-subject design. We used a technique called pRF mapping, which measures neural population visual response properties and retinotopic maps in early visual areas. We show that in the presence of visual effects, as documented by the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS), the mean pRF sizes in V1 significantly increase in the peripheral visual field for active condition (inhaled DMT) compared to the control. Eye and head movement differences were absent across conditions. This evidence for short-term effects of DMT in pRF may explain perceptual distortions induced by psychedelics such as field blurring, tunnel vision (peripheral vision becoming blurred while central vision remains sharp) and the enlargement of nearby visual space, particularly at the visual locations surrounding the fovea. Our findings are also consistent with a mechanistic framework whereby gain control of ongoing and evoked activity in the visual cortex is controlled by activation of 5-HT2A receptors.

Cucurbitacins as potential anticancer agents: new insights on molecular mechanisms.

Since ancient times, plants have been an extensive reservoir of bioactive compounds with therapeutic interest for new drug development and clinical application. Cucurbitacins are a compelling example of these drug leads, primarily present in the plant kingdom, especially in the Cucurbitaceae family. However, these natural compounds are also known in several genera within other plant families. Beyond the Cucurbitaceae family, they are also present in other plant families, as well as in some fungi and one shell-less marine mollusc. Despite the natural abundance of cucurbitacins in different natural species, their obtaining and isolation is limited, as a result, an increase in their chemical synthesis has been developed by researchers. Data on cucurbitacins and their anticancer activities were collected from databases such as PubMed/MedLine, TRIP database, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect and the information was arranged sequentially for a better understanding of the antitumor potential. The results of the studies showed that cucurbitacins have significant biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimalarial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and antitumor potential. In conclusion, there are several studies, both in vitro and in vivo reporting this important anticancer/chemopreventive potential; hence a comprehensive review on this topic is recommended for future clinical research.

Improvement of Glycaemia and Endothelial Function by a New Low-Dose Curcuminoid in an Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes.

Curcumin has been suggested as a promising treatment for metabolic diseases, but the high doses required limit its therapeutic use. In this study, a new curcuminoid is synthesised to increase curcumin anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential and to achieve hypoglycaemic and protective vascular effects in type 2 diabetic rats in a lower dose. In vitro, the anti-inflammatory effect was determined through the Griess reaction, and the antioxidant activity through ABTS and TBARS assays. In vivo, Goto-Kakizaki rats were treated for 2 weeks with the equimolar dose of curcumin (40 mg/kg/day) or curcuminoid (52.4 mg/kg/day). Fasting glycaemia, insulin tolerance, plasma insulin, insulin signalling, serum FFA, endothelial function and several markers of oxidative stress were evaluated. Both compounds presented a significant anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, the curcuminoid had a marked hypoglycaemic effect, accompanied by higher GLUT4 levels in adipose tissue. Both compounds increased NO-dependent vasorelaxation, but only the curcuminoid exacerbated the response to ascorbic acid, consistent with a higher decrease in vascular oxidative and nitrosative stress. SOD1 and GLO1 levels were increased in EAT and heart, respectively. Altogether, these data suggest that the curcuminoid developed here has more pronounced effects than curcumin in low doses, improving the oxidative stress, endothelial function and glycaemic profile in type 2 diabetes.

Phytochemical Study and Antiglioblastoma Activity Assessment of Plectranthus hadiensis (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Sprenger var. hadiensis Stems.

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most malignant form of primary astrocytoma, accounting for more than 60% of all brain tumors in adults. Nowadays, due to the development of multidrug resistance causing relapses to the current treatments and the development of severe side effects resulting in reduced survival rates, new therapeutic approaches are needed. The genus Plectranthus belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is known to be rich in abietane-type diterpenes, which possess antitumor activity. Specifically, P. hadiensis (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Sprenger has been documented for the use against brain tumors. Therefore, the aim of this work was to perform the bioguided isolation of compounds from the acetonic extract of P. hadiensis stems and to investigate the in vitro antiglioblastoma activity of the extract and its isolated constituents. After extraction, six fractions were obtained from the acetonic extract of P. hadiensis stems. In a preliminary biological screening, the fractions V and III showed the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. None of the fractions were toxic in the Artemia salina assay. We obtained different abietane-type diterpenes such as 7α-acetoxy-6ß-hydroxyroyleanone (Roy) and 6ß,7ß-dihydroxyroyleanone (DiRoy), which was also in agreement with the HPLC-DAD profile of the extract. Furthermore, the antiproliferative activity was assessed in a glioma tumor cell line panel by the Alamar blue assay. After 48 h treatment, Roy exerted strong antiproliferative/cytotoxic effects against tumor cells with low IC50 values among the different cell lines. Finally, we synthesized a new fluorescence derivative in this study to evaluate the biodistribution of Roy. The uptake of BODIPY-7α-acetoxy-6ß-hydroxyroyleanone by GB cells was associated with increased intracellular fluorescence, supporting the antiproliferative effects of Roy. In conclusion, Roy is a promising natural compound that may serve as a lead compound for further derivatization to develop future therapeutic strategies against GB.

Chemoprevention and therapeutic role of essential oils and phenolic compounds: Modeling tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary tumor of the central nervous system. Current treatments available for GBM entails surgical resection followed by temozolomide chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, which are associated with multidrug resistance and severe side effects. While this treatment could yield good results, in almost all cases, patients suffer from relapse, which leads to reduced survival rates. Thus, therapeutic approaches with improved efficiency and reduced off-target risks are needed to overcome these problems. Regarding this, natural products appear as a safe and attractive strategy as chemotherapeutic agents or adjuvants in the treatment of GBM. Besides the increasing role of natural compounds for chemoprevention of GBM, it has been proposed to prevent carcinogenesis and metastasis of GBM. Numerous investigations showed that natural products are able to inhibit proliferation and angiogenesis, to induce apoptosis, and to target GBM stem cells, which are associated with tumor development and recurrence. This review gives a timely and comprehensive overview of the current literature regarding chemoprevention and therapy of GBM by natural products with a focus on essential oils and phenolic compounds and their molecular mechanisms.

Ficus plants: State of the art from a phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological perspective.

Ficus genus is typically tropical plants and is among the earliest fruit trees cultivated by humans. Ficus carica L. is the common fig, Ficus benjamina L. is the weeping fig, and Ficus pumila L. is the creeping fig. These species are commonly used in traditional medicine for a wide range of diseases and contain rich secondary metabolites that have shown diverse applications. This comprehensive review describes for Ficus genus the phytochemical compounds, traditional uses and contemporary pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and anticonvulsant. An extended survey of the current literature (Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed) has been carried out as part of the current work. The trends in the phytochemistry, pharmacological mechanisms and activities of Ficus genus are overviewed in this manuscript: antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, antiseizure and anti-Parkinson's diseases, cytotoxic and antioxidant. Health-promoting effects, recent human clinical studies, safety and adverse effects of Ficus plants also are covered. The medical potential and long-term pharmacotherapeutic use of the genus Ficus along with no serious reported adverse events, suggests that it can be considered as being safe.

[Laboratory of Pharmacognosy of Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (Portugal): teaching and et research (1902-1980)]. / Le laboratoire de pharmacognosie de la Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université de Coimbra (Portugal): enseignement et recherche (1902-1980).

In this article the authors present a brief history of the Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal (1902-1980). The authors refer the importance of pharmacognosy in the study plans, the scientific research and the scientific collection of pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra. This heritage consists of collection of drugs prepared in the laboratory of pharmacognosy, a collection Drogen-Lehrsammlung purchased to E. Merck and a collection of botanic-didactic models of the XIXth century of the famous German manufacturer R. Brendel. The authors study the relationship between research and teaching, highlighting the importance of the collections of drugs.

Unveiling the antitumor mechanism of 7α-acetoxy-6ß-hydroxyroyleanone from Plectranthus hadiensis in glioblastoma.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive and prevalent glioma within the central nervous system. Despite considerable efforts, GB continues to exhibit a dismal 5-year survival rate (∼6%). This is largely attributed to unfavorable prognosis and lack of viable treatment options. Therefore, novel therapies centered around plant-derived compounds emerge as a compelling avenue to enhance patient survival and well-being. The South African species, Plectranthus hadiensis Schweinf. (P. hadiensis), a member of the Lamiaceae family, has a history of use in traditional medicine for treating a range of diseases, including respiratory, digestive, and liver disorders. This species exhibits diverse biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antitumoral properties, likely attributed to its rich composition of naturally occurring diterpenes, like the abietane diterpene, 7α-acetoxy-6ß-hydroxyroyleanone (Roy). Roy has demonstrated promising antitumor effects in various cancer cell lines, making it a compelling candidate for further investigation into its mechanisms against GB. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to investigate the antitumor activity and potential mechanism of Roy, a natural lead compound, in GB cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Roy was isolated from the acetonic extract of P. hadiensis and its antitumor mechanism was assessed in a panel of human GB cell lines (U87, A172, H4, U373, and U118) to mimic tumor heterogeneity. Briefly, the impact of Roy treatment on the metabolic activity of cells was evaluated by Alamar Blue® assay, while cell death, cell cycle regulation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and activated caspase-3 activity were evaluated by flow cytometry. Measurement of mRNA levels of target genes was performed by qPCR, while protein expression was assessed by Western blotting. Cell uptake and impact on mitochondrial morphology were evaluated by confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Roy induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial fragmentation, and apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and increasing the levels of activated caspase-3. The concentrations of Roy needed to achieve significant inhibitory outcomes were notably lower (6-9 fold) than those of temozolomide (TMZ), the standard first-line treatment, for achieving comparable effects. In addition, at low concentrations (16 µM), Roy affected the metabolic activity of tumor cells while having no significant impact on non-tumoral cells (microglia and astrocytes). CONCLUSION: Overall, Roy demonstrated a robust antitumor activity against GB cells offering a promising avenue for the development of novel chemotherapeutic approaches.

Nanotechnology-Based Topical Delivery of Natural Products for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic eczematous inflammatory disease that may arise from environmental, genetic, and immunological factors. Despite the efficacy of current treatment options such as corticosteroids, such approaches are mainly focused on symptom relief and may present certain undesirable side effects. In recent years, isolated natural compounds, oils, mixtures, and/or extracts have gained scientific attention because of their high efficiency and moderate to low toxicity. Despite their promising therapeutic effects, the applicability of such natural healthcare solutions is somewhat limited by their instability, poor solubility, and low bioavailability. Therefore, novel nanoformulation-based systems have been designed to overcome these limitations, thus enhancing the therapeutic potential, by promoting the capacity of these natural drugs to properly exert their action in AD-like skin lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first literature review that has focused on summarizing recent nanoformulation-based solutions loaded with natural ingredients, specifically for the management of AD. We suggest that future studies should focus on robust clinical trials that may confirm the safety and effectiveness of such natural-based nanosystems, thus paving the way for more reliable AD treatments.

Exploring Iberian Peninsula Lamiaceae as Potential Therapeutic Approaches in Wound Healing.

Skin tissue has a crucial role in protecting the human body from external harmful agents, preventing wounds that frequently demand proper healing approaches. The ethnobotanical knowledge of specific regions with further investigation on their medicinal plants has been paramount to create new and effective therapeutical agents, including for dermatological purposes. This review attempts, for the first time, to investigate the traditional applications of Lamiaceae medicinal plants that are already used by local communities in the Iberian Peninsula in wound healing. Henceforward, Iberian ethnobotanical surveys were reviewed, and the information about the traditional wound healing practices of Lamiaceae was comprehensively summarized. Afterwards, the scientific validation of each Lamiaceae species was exhaustively checked. From this, eight out of twenty-nine Lamiaceae medicinal plants were highlighted by their wound-related pharmacological evidence and are in-depth presented in this review. We suggest that future studies should focus on the isolation and identification of the active molecules of these Lamiaceae, followed by robust clinical trials that may confirm the security and effectiveness of such natural-based approaches. This will in turn pave the way for more reliable wound healing treatments.

Essential Oils from Côa Valley Lamiaceae Species: Cytotoxicity and Antiproliferative Effect on Glioblastoma Cells.

Lavandula pedunculata (Mill.) Cav., Mentha cervina L. and Thymus mastichina (L.) L. subsp. mastichina are representative species of the Côa Valley's flora, a Portuguese UNESCO World Heritage Site. L. pedunculata and T. mastichina are traditionally used to preserve olives and to aromatize bonfires on Saint John's Eve, while M. cervina is mainly used as a spice for river fish dishes. Despite their traditional uses, these aromatic plants are still undervalued, and literature regarding their bioactivity, especially anticancer, is scarce. In this work, the morphology of secretory structures was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the composition of essential oils (EOs) was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The study proceeded with cytotoxic evaluation of EOs in tumor and non-tumor cells with the cell death mechanism explored in glioblastoma (GB) cells. L. pedunculata EO presented the most pronounced cytotoxic/antiproliferative activity against tumor cells, with moderate cytotoxicity against non-tumor cells. Whereas, M. cervina EO exhibited a slightly lower cytotoxic effect against tumor cells and did not affect the viability of non-tumor cells. Meanwhile, T. mastichina EO did not induce a strong cytotoxic effect against GB cells. L. pedunculata and M. cervina EOs lead to cell death by inducing apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The present study suggests that L. pedunculata and M. cervina EOs have a strong cytotoxic and antiproliferative potential to be further studied as efficient antitumor agents.

Acrocomia aculeata associated with doxorubicin: cardioprotection and anticancer activity.

Doxorubicin (Dox) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in the clinic, whose side effects include cardiotoxicity, associated with decreased antioxidant defenses and increased oxidative stress. The association of Dox with natural antioxidants can extend its use if not interfering with its pharmacological potential. In this study, we aimed to understand the effects and mechanisms of the aqueous extract of Acrocomia aculeata leaves (EA-Aa) in cancer cells and the co-treatment with Dox, in in vitro and in vivo models. It was found that EA-Aa showed a relevant decrease in the viability of cancer cells (K562 and MCF-7) and increased apoptosis and death. The Dox cytotoxic effect in co-treatment with EA-Aa was increased in cancer cells. The therapeutic association also promoted a change in cell death, leading to a higher rate of apoptosis compared to the Dox group, which induced necrosis. In addition, in non-cancer cells, EA-Aa enhanced red blood cell (RBC) redox state with lower hemolysis and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and had no in vitro nor in vivo toxicity. Furthermore, EA-Aa showed antioxidant protection against Dox-induced cytotoxicity in H9c2 cells (cardiomyoblast), partially mediated by the NRF2 pathway. In vivo, EA-Aa treatment showed a relevant decrease in MDA levels in the heart, kidney, and brain, evaluated in C57Bl/6 mice induced to cardiotoxicity by Dox. Together, our results proved the effectiveness of EA-Aa in potentiating Dox anticancer effects, with antioxidant and cardioprotective activity, suggesting EA-Aa as a potential Dox pharmacological adjuvant.

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils and supercritical CO2 extracts of Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag.

Aerial parts of Apium nodiflorum collected in Portugal and Italy were submitted to hydrodistillation; also a supercritical fluid extract was obtained from Italian plants. The extracts were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Both essential oils, obtained from Portuguese and Italian plants, posses high content of phenylpropanoids (51.6 vs. 70.8%); in the former, the percentage split in myristicin (29.1%) and dillapiol (22.5%), whereas in the latter, the total percentage is only of dillapiol (70.8%). The co-occurrence of myristicin and dillapiol is frequent because dillapiol results from enzymatic methoxylation of myristicin. Antimicrobial activity of phenylpropanoids has been patented, what suggest the potential of plants with high amounts of these compounds. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal lethal concentration, determined according to NCCLS, were used to evaluate the antifungal activity of the essential oils against yeasts, Aspergillus species and dermatophytes. Essential oils exhibited higher antifungal activity than other Apiaceae against dermatophytes, with MIC ranging from 0.04 to 0.32 µl/ml. These results support the potential of A. nodiflorum oil in the treatment of dermatophytosis and candidosis.

The Role of Glucosinolates from Cruciferous Vegetables (Brassicaceae) in Gastrointestinal Cancers: From Prevention to Therapeutics.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is composed of rapidly renewing cells, which increase the likelihood of cancer. Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed GI cancers and currently stands in second place regarding cancer-related mortality. Unfortunately, the treatment of GI is limited, and few developments have occurred in the field over the years. With this in mind, new therapeutic strategies involving biologically active phytocompounds are being evaluated as anti-cancer agents. Vegetables such as broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and radish, all belonging to the Brassicaceae family, are high in dietary fibre, minerals, vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols, and glucosinolates. The latter compound is a secondary metabolite characteristic of this family and, when biologically active, has demonstrated anti-cancer properties. This article reviews the literature regarding the potential of Cruciferous vegetables in the prevention and/or treatment of GI cancers and the relevance of appropriate compound formulations for improving the stability and bioaccessibility of the major Cruciferous compounds, with a particular focus on glucosinolates.

Nanoparticles as phytochemical carriers for cancer treatment: News of the last decade.

INTRODUCTION: The development and application of novel therapeutic medicines for the treatment of cancer are of vital importance to improve the diseases outcome and survival rate. One noteworthy treatment approach is the use of biologically active compounds present in natural products. Even though these phytocompounds present anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, their use is limited essentially due to poor systemic delivery, low bioavailability, and water solubility concerns. To make full use of the anticancer potential of natural products, these limitations need to be technologically addressed. In this sense, nanotechnology emerges as a promising drug delivery system strategy. AREAS COVERED: In this review, the benefits and potential of nanodelivery systems for natural products encapsulation as promising therapeutic approaches for cancer, which were developed during the last decade, are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION: The nanotechnology area has been under extensive research in the medical field given its capacity for improving the therapeutic potential of drugs by increasing their bioavailability and allowing a targeted delivery to the tumor site. Thereby, the nanoencapsulation of phytocompounds can have a direct impact on the recognized therapeutic activity of natural products towards cancer.

Parvifloron D-based potential therapy for glioblastoma: Inducing apoptosis via the mitochondria dependent pathway.

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most malignant and frequent primary tumor of the central nervous system. The lack of diagnostic tools and the poor prognosis associated with this tumor type leads to restricted and limited options of treatment, namely surgical resection and radio-chemotherapy. However, despite these treatments, in almost all cases, patients experience relapse, leading to survival rates shorter than 5 years (∼15-18 months after diagnosis). Novel therapeutic approaches are urgently required (either by discovering new medicines or by repurposing drugs) to surpass the limitations of conventional treatments and improve patients' survival rate and quality of life. In the present work, we investigated the antitumor potential of parvifloron D (ParvD), a drug lead of natural origin, in a GB cell line panel. This natural drug lead induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via activation of the intrinsic mitochondria-dependent pathway. Moreover, the necessary doses of ParvD to induce pronounced inhibitory effects were substantially lower than that of temozolomide (TMZ, first-line treatment) required to promote comparable effects. Therefore, ParvD may have the potential to overcome the resistance related to TMZ and contribute to the pursuit of hopeful treatments based on ParvD as a drug lead for future chemotherapeutics.

Cytotoxic effects of Ridolfia segetum (L.) Moris phytoproducts in cancer cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The past few years have witnessed an increasing interest in essential oils (EOs) as potential therapeutic agents against a wide variety of pathologies, including cancer. EOs extracted from Ridolfia segetum (L.) Moris (R. segetum) are a clear example of a phytoproduct with therapeutic applications, as it is widely used in traditional medicine due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and these properties were already validated by previous studies. Although, it is well established that inflammation is a key hallmark of cancer, with a key role promoting tumorigenesis, and being chronic inflammation often associated with tumorigenic processes, there are no previous studies regarding the assessment of the antitumoural potential of R. segetum EOs. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study intends to be the first to evaluate the antitumoural proprieties of R. segetum EO phytoproducts in cancer cell models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this, R. segetum EOs were extracted from plants collected at either flowering (RS_Fl) or fruiting (RS_Fr) stage. The impact on proliferation and viability of treatment with R. segetum EO extracts was assessed using in vitro 2D and 3D models. RESULTS: Both R. segetum EOs presented effective antiproliferative/viability effects, evidence noted by low IC50 values in 2D models, and significant reduction of spheroid size in 3D in vitro models. Mechanistically, treatment with R. segetum EOs was associated with an altered G1 (associated with p21 stabilisation), and subsequent induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results indicate that R. segetum EOs have potential as suitable antitumoural therapeutic agents.

Nanotechnology-based formulations toward the improved topical delivery of anti-acne active ingredients.

Introduction: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects an extremely concerning percentage of teenagers (ca. 85%), gathering serious negative impacts on the social life and psychological well-being of individuals. Conventional topical formulations for acne show low tolerability and side effects, such as skin irritation, leading to a decrease in the user's adherence to therapy. Nanotechnology-based formulations were developed as new strategies for topical acne management, particularly to overcome the difficulties associated with conventional treatments.Areas covered: This paper presents a critical analysis of reviewed nanosized anti-acne technological strategies, strongly supporting controlled active ingredient release, improved skin permeation, and lower skin irritation. An updated regulatory framework, considering the promising applications in nanomedicine, and the toxicity of these nanosystems are also addressed.Expert opinion: Nanosystems evidence several advantages, attending to the possibility of controlled active ingredient release, better skin permeation, and lower skin irritation. However, novel nanotechnological strategies for acne treatment and care can lead to new side effects, but also environmental nano pollution. Little is known about the toxicology of these nanotechnology-based formulations, therefore, as future trends, more studies should be conducted to assure the consumers' health and environmental safety.

Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr. and Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal Extracts Decrease Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity on H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bark extracts of these plants (1 and 25 µg/mL) were added 3 hours before coincubating H9c2 cardiomyoblasts with Dox (0.5 and 1 µM) for 24 hours more. We measured cell mass and metabolic viability, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, superoxide anion content, and activity-like of caspase-3 and caspase-9 following treatment with the extracts and/or Dox. Also, selenium and vitamin C contents were measured in the plant extracts. RESULTS: The results confirmed that Dox treatment decreased cell mass, mitochondrial membrane potential and metabolic viability, increased mitochondrial superoxide anion, and stimulated caspase-3 and caspase-9-like activities. Pretreatment of the cells with the plant extracts significantly inhibited Dox cytotoxicity, with more significant results at the higher concentration. Measurements of selenium and vitamin C in the extracts revealed higher concentration of both when compared with other Cameroonian spices. CONCLUSION: Both extracts of A. lepidophyllus and M. myristica were effective against Dox-induced cytotoxicity, most likely due to their content in antioxidants.

Salvia ceratophylla L. from South of Jordan: new insights on chemical composition and biological activities.

In Jordan, Salvia ceratophylla L. is traditionally used in the treatment of cancer, microbial infections, and urinary disorders. This study aimed: (1) to chemically characterize S. ceratophylla essential oil (EO) from South Jordan, by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); and (2) to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antiprotozoal activities of the EO, it's predominant components, and the hexane (A), ethyl acetate (B), methanol (C) and crude-methanol extracts (D). The analysis revealed that the EO has 71 compounds, with linalool (54.8%) as main constituent. Only the hexane extract (A) showed some cytotoxic activity against SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, SK-OV-3, LLC-PK1 and VERO cells lines with IC50 between 60 and > 100 µg/mL. The EO inhibited NO production (IC50 90 µg/mL) and NF-κB activity (IC50 38 µg/mL). The extracts A, B, and D inhibited NO production and NF- κB activity with IC50 between 32 and 150 µg/mL. Linalool considerably inhibited NO production (IC50 18 µg/mL). The extracts tested did not exhibit antileishmanial activity. Regarding antitrypanosomal activity, the EO exhibited significant results with IC50 2.65 µg/mL. In conclusion, Jordan S. ceratophylla EO represents a rich source of linalool and bears a promising therapeutic potential for further antitrypanosomal drug development.