Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 confers autophagic promotion of gasdermin E-mediated pyroptosis in aristolochic acid-induced acute kidney injury.

Aristolochic acid (AA) exposure is a severe public health concern worldwide. AAs damage the kidney with an inevitable acute phase that is similar to acute kidney injury (AKI). Gasdermin E (GSDME) is abundant in the kidney; thus; it-mediated pyroptosis might be essential in connecting cell death and inflammation and promoting AAs-AKI. However, the role and exact mechanism of pyroptosis in AAs-AKI have not been investigated. In this study, aristolochic acid I (AAI) was used to establish AKI models. The expression and translocation results showed GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in AAI-AKI. Knocking down GSDME attenuated AAI-induced cell death and transcription of proinflammatory cytokines. Mechanistic research inhibiting caspase (casp) 3, casp 8, and casp 9 with specific chemical antagonists demonstrated that GSDME was activated by cleaved casp 3. Furthermore, the kinase activity of upstream receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) was significantly elevated, and inhibiting RIPK1 with specific inhibitors markedly improved AAI-induced cell damage. In addition, the level of autophagy was obviously increased. Pretreatment with a specific autophagic inhibitor (3-methyladenine) or knockdown of autophagic genes (Atg5 or Atg7) evidently reduced the activity of RIPK1 and downstream apoptosis and pyroptosis, thus attenuating AA-induced cell injury, which suggested that RIPK1 was a novel link conferring autophagic promotion of pyroptosis. These findings reveal GSDME-mediated pyroptosis for the first time in AAI-induced AKI, propose its novel role in the transcription of cytokines, and demonstrate that autophagy promotes pyroptosis via the RIPK1-dependent apoptotic pathway. This study promotes the understanding of the toxic effects and exact mechanisms of AAs. This will contribute to evaluating the environmental risk of AA exposure and might provide potential therapeutic targets for AA-AKI.

Erythropoietin Protects against Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Mice by Regulating Macrophage Polarization through the EPOR/JAK2/STAT3 Axis.

Macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). The immunomodulation of macrophage responses might be a potential approach for the prevention and treatment of DAH. Erythropoietin (EPO) could regulate macrophage bioactivities by binding to the EPO receptor expressing on macrophages. This study assessed the effects of EPO on DAH protection using an immune-mediated DAH murine model with macrophages as the major contributor. A DAH murine model was established in female C57BL/6 mice by an i.p. injection of pristane. We found that EPO administration alleviates DAH by reducing pulmonary macrophages recruitment and promoting phenotype switch toward M2 macrophages in vivo. EPO drove macrophages to the anti-inflammatory phenotype in the primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and macrophages cell line RAW 264.7 with LPS, IFN-γ, and IL-4 in vitro. Moreover, EPO treatment increases the expression of EPOR and decreases the expression of miR-494-3p, resulting in increased phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3. In conclusion, EPO can be a potential therapeutic agent in DAH by reducing cell apoptosis and regulating macrophage polarization through the EPOR/JAK2/STAT3 axis. Further studies are also needed to validate the direct target of miR-494-3p in regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling transduction.

Advances in understanding the innate immune-associated diabetic kidney disease.

Millions of human deaths occur annually due to chronic kidney disease, caused by diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Despite having effective drugs controlling the hyperglycemia and high blood pressure, the incidence of DKD is increasing, which indicates the need for the development of novel therapies to control DKD. In this article, we discussed the recent advancements in the basic innate immune mechanisms in renal tissues triggered under the diabetes environment, leading to the pathogenesis and progression of DKD. We also summarized the currently available innate immune molecules-targeting therapies tested against DKD in clinical and preclinical settings, and highlighted additional drug targets that could potentially be employed for the treatment of DKD. The improved understanding of the disease pathogenesis may open avenues for the development of novel therapies to rein in DKD, which consequently, can reduce morbidity and mortality in humans in the future.

Autophagy promotes GSDME-mediated pyroptosis via intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia reoxygenation-acute kidney injury.

Cobalt is a transition element that abundantly exists in the environment. Besides direct hypoxia stress, cobalt ions indirectly induce hypoxia-reoxygenation injury (HRI), the main cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), a life-threatening clinical syndrome characterized by the necrosis of the proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) and inflammation. Pyroptosis, a type of inflammatory programmed cell death, might play an essential role in HRI-AKI. However, whether pyroptosis is involved in cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced HRI-AKI remains unknown. Autophagy is a cellular biological process maintaining cell homeostasis that is involved in cell damage in AKI, yet the underlying regulatory mechanism of autophagy on pyroptosis has not been fully understood. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo models of CoCl2-induced HRI-AKI were established with HK-2 cell line and C57BL/6J mouse. Pyroptosis-related markers were detected with western blotting and immunofluorescence assays, and results showed that gasdermin E (GSDME)-mediated pyroptosis was involved in the cell damage in HRI-AKI. Specific chemical inhibitors of caspase 3, caspase 8, and caspase 9 significantly inhibited GSDME-mediated pyroptosis, verifying that GSDME-mediated pyroptosis was induced via the activation of caspase 3/8/9. The western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were adopted to detect the accumulation of the autophagosomes, and results suggested that HRI increased the autophagic level. The effects of autophagy on apoptosis and pyroptosis were evaluated using lentivirus transfection assays to knock down autophagy-specific genes atg5 and fip200, and results demonstrated that autophagy induced GSDME-mediated pyroptosis via apoptotic pathways in HRI-AKI. Our results revealed the involvement of GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in CoCl2-induced HRI-AKI and promoted the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of GSDME cleavage. Our study might provide a potential therapeutic target for HRI-AKI, and will be helpful for the risk evaluation of cobalt exposure.

Identification of fenoldopam as a novel LSD1 inhibitor to abrogate the proliferation of renal cell carcinoma using drug repurposing strategy.

Although targeted therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has achieved good therapeutic effects in clinic, a considerable number of patients develop drug resistance over time. So, there is still an urgent need to develop new drugs for RCC treatment. As LSD1 is considered as a promising drug target in diverse cancers, including RCC, we tried to find new LSD1 inhibitor using drug repurposing strategy from a compound library, and fenoldopam, an FDA-approved drug, was identified as a potent LSD1 inhibitor with IC50 = 0.8974 µM in a reversible manner. Molecular docking predicted that fenoldopam occupied the FAD cavity of LSD1, forming hydrogen bonds with surrounding residues. Moreover, fenoldopam inactivated LSD1 and performed antiproliferative activity against ACHN cells and promoted cells apoptosis in vitro. Taken together, fenoldopam was identified as a novel LSD1 inhibitor firstly, and may serve as a new skeleton for RCC therapy.

EGFRvIII-specific CAR-T cells produced by piggyBac transposon exhibit efficient growth suppression against hepatocellular carcinoma.

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy employing chimeric antigen receptors-modified T (CAR-T) cells has demonstrated promising antitumor effects in hematologic cancers. However, CAR-T therapy confront many challenges in solid tumors like immunosuppressive microenvironment, molecular heterogeneity, etc. The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) revealed many genetic characteristic and molecular tumorigenesis. EGFRvIII is a tumor specific antigen widely expressed in a variety of cancers including HCC and an ideal therapeutic target for cancer therapy. The liver cancer cell line SMMC7721 express high level EGFRvIII and widely applied in HCC investigations. Herein, we developed EGFRvIII CAR-T cells by piggyBac transposon system, and detected its specific killing effect against SMMC7721 cells in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that transduction efficiency of CAR reached 53.1%. Expression of CAR protein was verified by immunoblotting as a band of approximate 57KD. The killing effect of CAR-T cells against SMMC7721 was positively correlated with E/T ratio (E:T=5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 40:1), and exceeded 50% at 20:1 ratio. Significant increase in IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion were detected in the co-culture supernatant of CAR-T cells and SMMC7721, comparable to the level of exogenous EGFRvIII-expressing U87 cells. The killing activity and cytokine secretion were both dependent on the expression level of EGFRvIII in target cells. In HCC xenograft models, CAR-T cells could effectively suppress the growth of SMMC7721. In conclusion, EGFRvIII CAR-T cells demonstrated specific antitumor effect against SMMC7721 in vitro and in vivo, providing basis for immunotherapy of HCC in future clinical use.

Hsa_circ_0035483 sponges hsa-miR-335 to promote the gemcitabine-resistance of human renal cancer cells by autophagy regulation.

Renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common pathological type of renal carcinoma and drug resistance often occurs. We studied the effect of hsa_circ_0035483 on gemcitabine sensitivity in RCC, and explored its regulatory effect on downstream hsa-miR-335 and Cyclin B1 (CCNB1). High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the differentially expressed circRNA in RCC. The expressions of hsa_circ_0035483, hsa-miR-335, CCNB1, and autophagy-related proteins were detected by RT-PCR or Western blot. The target relationships were revealed by RNA pulldown assay and dual luciferase report assay. Autophagy marker LC3 was detected by immunofluorescence. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Hsa_circ_0035483 can facilitate gemcitabine-induced autophagy, and enhance the resistance of RCC to gemcitabine. Hsa-miR-335 is the target regulatory point of hsa_circ_0035483. In addition, hsa_circ_0035483 promotes autophagy and tumor growth and enhances gemcitabine resistance in RCC by regulating hsa-miR-335/CCNB1, and silenced hsa_circ_0035483 can enhance gemcitabine sensitivity in vivo. Hsa_circ_0035483 may be the target of gemcitabine resistance in the treatment of RCC.

Human vascular progenitor cells derived from renal arteries are endothelial-like and assist in the repair of injured renal capillary networks.

Vascular progenitor cells show promise for the treatment of microvasculature endothelial injury. We investigated the function of renal artery progenitor cells derived from radical nephrectomy patients, in animal models of acute ischemic and hyperperfusion injuries. Present in human adventitia, CD34positive/CD105negative cells were clonal and expressed transcription factors Sox2/Oct4 as well as surface markers CXCR4 (CD184)/KDR(CD309) consistent with endothelial progenitor cells. Termed renal artery-derived vascular progenitor cells (RAPC), injected cells were associated with decreased serum creatinine after ischemia/reperfusion, reduced albuminuria after hyperperfusion, and improved blood flow in both models. A small population of RAPC integrated with the renal microvasculature following either experimental injury. At a cellular level, RAPC promoted local endothelial migration in co-culture. Profiling of RAPC microRNA identified high levels of miRNA 218; also found at high levels in exosomes isolated from RAPC conditioned media after cell contact for 24 hours. After hydrogen peroxide-induced endothelial injury, RAPC exosomes harbored Robo-1 transcript; a gene known to be regulated by mir218. Such exosomes enhanced endothelial cell migration in culture in the absence of RAPC. Thus, our work shows the feasibility of pre-emptive pro-angiogenic progenitor cell procurement from a targeted patient population and potential therapeutic use in the form of autologous cell transplantation.

Malignant transformation of craniopharyngioma with detailed follow-up.

A 29-year-old male patient was admitted into hospital with the main complaint of progressive visual disturbance. Both CT SCAN and MRI demonstrated a cystic-solid contrast-enhancing sellar-suprasellar mass with obvious calcification. Histopathological examination of the first resected specimen showed a typical appearance of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. The patient received gamma knife therapy after his first operation because of partial tumor removal. He experienced two relapses in the subsequent 2 years, for which only surgical resection was performed. The later histopathology presented malignant appearance with tumor cells moderate to severe pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, increased nuclear cytoplastic ratio, high mitotic activity (30/10 high power fields) and focal coagulative necrosis. The patient died 9 months after identification of histologic malignancy. Clinical and histopathological features, biological behavior of one case of malignant craniopharyngioma were discussed, with a brief review of the relevant literature.

Preparation of biocompatibility coating on magnesium alloy surface by sodium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel.

Magnesium alloy is an excellent material for biodegradable cerebrovascular stents. However, the rapid degradation rate of magnesium alloy will make stent unstable. To improve the biocompatibility of magnesium alloy, in this study, biodegradable sodium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan (SA/CMCS) was used to coat onto hydrothermally treated the surface of magnesium alloy by a dipping coating method. The results show that the SA/CMCS coating facilitates the growth, proliferation, and migration of endothelial cells and promotes neovascularization. Moreover, the SA/CMCS coating suppresses macrophage activation while promoting their transformation into M2 type macrophages. Overall, the SA/CMCS coating demonstrates positive effects on the safety and biocompatibility of magnesium alloy after implantation, and provide a promising therapy for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis in the future.

Development of a novel disulfidptosis-related lncRNA signature for prognostic and immune response prediction in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Disulfidptosis, a novel form of regulated cell death, occurs due to the aberrant accumulation of intracellular cystine and other disulfides. Moreover, targeting disulfidptosis could identify promising approaches for cancer treatment. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to be critically implicated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) development. Currently, the involvement of disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs in ccRCC is yet to be elucidated. This study primarily dealt with identifying and validating a disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs-based signature for predicting the prognosis and immune landscape of individuals with ccRCC. Clinical and RNA sequencing data of ccRCC samples were accessed from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted for the identification of the disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs. Additionally, univariate Cox regression analysis, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator Cox regression, and stepwise multivariate Cox analysis were executed to develop a novel risk prognostic model. The prognosis-predictive capacity of the model was then assessed using an integrated method. Variation in biological function was noted using GO, KEGG, and GSEA. Additionally, immune cell infiltration, the tumor mutational burden (TMB), and tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) scores were calculated to investigate differences in the immune landscape. Finally, the expression of hub disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs was validated using qPCR. We established a novel signature comprised of eight lncRNAs that were associated with disulfidptosis (SPINT1-AS1, AL121944.1, AC131009.3, AC104088.3, AL035071.1, LINC00886, AL035587.2, and AC007743.1). Kaplan-Meier and receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated the acceptable predictive potency of the model. The nomogram and C-index confirmed the strong correlation between the risk signature and clinical decision-making. Furthermore, immune cell infiltration analysis and ssGSEA revealed significantly different immune statuses among risk groups. TMB analysis revealed the link between the high-risk group and high TMB. It is worth noting that the cumulative effect of the patients belonging to the high-risk group and having elevated TMB led to decreased patient survival times. The high-risk group depicted greater TIDE scores in contrast with the low-risk group, indicating greater potential for immune escape. Finally, qPCR validated the hub disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs in cell lines. The established novel signature holds potential regarding the prognosis prediction of individuals with ccRCC as well as predicting their responses to immunotherapy.

KMT2A and chronic inflammation as potential drivers of sporadic parathyroid adenoma.

BACKGROUND: Sporadic parathyroid adenoma (PA) is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism, yet the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. METHODS: Surgically removed PA samples, along with normal parathyroid gland (PG) tissues that were incidentally dissected during total thyroidectomy, were analysed using single-cell RNA-sequencing with the 10× Genomics Chromium Droplet platform and Cell Ranger software. Gene set variation analysis was conducted to characterise hallmark pathway gene signatures, and single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering were utilised to analyse transcription factor regulons. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to validate cellular components of PA tissues. siRNA knockdown and gene overexpression, alongside quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and cell proliferation assays, were conducted for functional investigations. RESULTS: There was a pervasive increase in gene transcription in PA cells (PACs) compared with PG cells. This is associated with high expression of histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A). High KMT2A levels potentially contribute to promoting PAC proliferation through upregulation of the proto-oncogene CCND2, which is mediated by the transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3). PA tissues are heavily infiltrated with myeloid cells, while fibroblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages in PA tissues are commonly enriched with proinflammatory gene signatures relative to their counterparts in PG tissues. CONCLUSIONS: We revealed the previously underappreciated involvement of the KMT2A‒STAT3/GATA3‒CCND2 axis and chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of PA. These findings underscore the therapeutic promise of KMT2A inhibition and anti-inflammatory strategies, highlighting the need for future investigations to translate these molecular insights into practical applications. HIGHLIGHTS: Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals a transcriptome catalogue comparing sporadic parathyroid adenomas (PAs) with normal parathyroid glands. PA cells show a pervasive increase in gene expression linked to KMT2A upregulation. KMT2A-mediated STAT3 and GATA3 upregulation is key to promoting PA cell proliferation via cyclin D2. PAs exhibit a proinflammatory microenvironment, suggesting a potential role of chronic inflammation in PA pathogenesis.

Diagnostic value of serum cathepsin S in type 2 diabetic kidney disease.

Background: Identification of risk factors that have causal effects on the occurrence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is of great significance in early screening and intervening for DKD, and in delaying the progression of DKD to end-stage renal disease. Cathepsin S (Cat-S), a novel non-invasive diagnostic marker, mediates vascular endothelial dysfunction. The diagnostic value of Cat-S for DKD has rarely been reported in clinical studies. Objective: To analyze whether Cat-S is a risk factor for DKD and evaluate the diagnostic value of serum Cat-S for DKD. Methods: Forty-three healthy subjects and 200 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients were enrolled. T2DM patients were divided into subgroups according to various criteria. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum Cat-S levels among different subgroups. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze correlations between serum Cat-S and clinical indicators. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze risk factors for the occurrence of DKD and decreased renal function in T2DM patients. Results: Spearman analysis showed that serum Cat-S level was positively correlated with urine albumin creatinine ratio (r=0.76, P<0.05) and negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (r=-0.54, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that increased serum Cat-S and cystatin C(CysC) were independent risk factors for DKD and decreased renal function in T2DM patients (P<0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.900 of serum Cat-S for diagnosing DKD, and when the best cut-off value was 827.42 pg/mL the sensitivity and specificity were 71.6% and 98.8%, respectively. Thus, serum Cat-S was better than CysC for diagnosing DKD (for CysC, the area under the ROC curve was 0.791, and when the cut-off value was 1.16 mg/L the sensitivity and specificity of CysC were 47.4% and 98.8%, respectively). Conclusion: Increased serum Cat-S were associated with the progression of albuminuria and decreased renal function in T2DM patients. The diagnostic value of serum Cat-S was better than that of CysC for DKD. Monitoring of serum Cat-S levels could be helpful for early screening DKD and assessing the severity of DKD and could provide a new strategy for diagnosing DKD.

Anesthesia management experience for pediatric day-case PDA ligation under thoracoscopy assisted by a robot: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: To summarize the anesthesia management experience for pediatric day-case patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation under robot-assisted thoracoscopy and explore the key points of anesthesia management for this procedure. METHODS: The clinical data of 72 pediatric patients who underwent robot-assisted thoracoscopic day-case PDA ligation at the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from April 2021 to February 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. 0.3% ropivacaine local infiltration combined with S-ketamine 0.2 mg/kg intravenous injection was used for postoperative analgesia The patient's basic information and intraoperative conditions were analyzed, which included gender, age, weight, surgery time, anesthesia time, extubation time, intraoperative blood loss, MAP before pneumothorax, PaCO2 before pneumothorax, etc. Postoperative conditions were also monitored, such as PACU stay time, agitation during the recovery period, pain, and the incidence of nausea and vomiting. After discharge, the recovery status was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 70 pediatric patients who met the criteria for day-case PDA ligation were included in this study. Before the occurrence of pneumothorax, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of these 70 patients was 69.58 ± 12.52 mmHg, and during controlled hypotension, the MAP was 54.96 ± 11.23 mmHg. Before the occurrence of pneumothorax, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was 38.69 ± 3.38 mmHg, and during controlled hypotension, the PaCO2 was 51.42 ± 4.05 mmHg. Three cases experienced agitation during the recovery period, and four cases had mild pain, but there was no moderate or severe pain, nausea, or vomiting. Only 1 case of postoperative respiratory tract infection and 1 case of postoperative pneumothorax occurred. Within 30 days after discharge, the unplanned revisit rate, unplanned readmission rate, and surgical wound infection rate were all 0. The residual shunt rate detected by echocardiography was 0 after 1 month. CONCLUSIONS: The children under the robot-assisted thoracoscopic day case PDA surgeries in this study have limited trauma, little bleeding, and little postoperative pain, though still at a risk of respiratory infection and pneumothorax.

Study on the correlation between mineral bone metabolism and CRP in patients with SHPT during perioperative period.

OBJECTIVE: This study mainly observes changes in perioperative mineral bone metabolism-related indicators and inflammatory factors in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), and analyzed the correlation between mineral bone metabolism-related indicators and inflammatory factors. METHODS: Clinical data were collected. The study detects mineral bone metabolism-related indicators and inflammatory factor of perioperative patients with SHPT before and 4 days after operation. The production of high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in human hepatocytes cells (LO2 cells) stimulated by different concentrations of parathyroid hormone-associated protein was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and western blot. RESULTS: The levels of mineral bone metabolism-related indicators and hs-CRP in SHPT group were significantly higher than those of control group. After operation, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, iPTH, FGF-23 decreased, and the level of osteoblast active biomarkers increased, while the level of osteoclast active biomarkers decreased. The levels of hs-CRP decreased significantly after operation. With the increase of PTHrP concentration, hs-CRP level in supernatant of LO2 cells decreased first and then increased. RT-PCR and western blot shows the same trend. CONCLUSION: Parathyroidectomy can significantly improve bone resorption and inflammation in SHPT patients. We speculate that there may be an optimal range of PTH concentrations to minimize inflammation in the body.

Efficacy and safety of low-dose aspirin on preventing transplant renal artery stenosis: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is a vascular complication after kidney transplantation associated with poor outcomes. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of low-dose aspirin for preventing TRAS. METHODS: After kidney transplantation, patients were enrolled from January 2018 to December 2020 in Henan Provincial People's Hospital. A total of 351 enrolled recipients were randomized to an aspirin group with low-dose intake of aspirin in addition to standard treatment ( n = 178), or a control group with only standard treatment ( n = 173). The patients was initially diagnosed as TRAS (id-TRAS) by Doppler ultrasound, and confirmed cases were diagnosed by DSA (c-TRAS). RESULTS: In the aspirin and control groups, 15.7% (28/178) and 22.0% (38/173) of the recipients developed id-TRAS, respectively, with no statistical difference. However, for c-TRAS, the difference of incidence and cumulative incidence was statistically significant. The incidence of c-TRAS was lower in the aspirin group compared with the control group (2.8% [5/178] vs. 11.6% [20/173], P = 0.001). Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox regression model identified the cumulative incidence and hazard ratio (HR) of TRAS over time in two groups, showing that recipients treated with aspirin had a significantly lower risk of c-TRAS than those who were not treated (log-rank P  = 0.001, HR = 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09-0.62). The levels of platelet aggregation rate ( P  < 0.001), cholesterol ( P  = 0.028), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P  = 0.003) in the aspirin group were decreased compared with the control group in the third-month post-transplantation. For the incidence of adverse events, there was no statistical difference. CONCLUSION: Clinical application of low-dose aspirin after renal transplant could prevent the development of TRAS with no significant increase in adverse effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04260828.

VCAM1 Drives Vascular Inflammation Leading to Continuous Cortical Neuronal Loss Following Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion.

BACKGROUND: Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is associated with neuronal loss and blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment in vascular dementia (VaD). However, the relationship and the molecular mechanisms between BBB dysfunction and neuronal loss remain elusive. OBJECTIVE: We explored the reasons for neuron loss following CCH. METHODS: Using permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO) rat model, we observed the pathological changes of cortical neurons and BBB in the sham group as well as rats 3d, 7d, 14d and 28d post 2VO. In order to further explore the factors influencing neuron loss following CCH with regard to cortical blood vessels, we extracted cortical brain microvessels at five time points for transcriptome sequencing. Finally, integrin receptor a4ß1 (VLA-4) inhibitor was injected into the tail vein, and cortical neuron loss was detected again. RESULTS: We found that cortical neuron loss following CCH is a continuous process, but damage to the BBB is acute and transient. Results of cortical microvessel transcriptome analysis showed that biological processes related to vascular inflammation mainly occurred in the chronic phase. Meanwhile, cell adhesion molecules, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction were significantly changed at this phase. Among them, the adhesion molecule VCAM1 plays an important role. Using VLA-4 inhibitor to block VCAM1-VLA-4 interaction, cortical neuron damage was ameliorated at 14d post 2VO. CONCLUSION: Injury of the BBB may not be the main reason for persistent loss of cortical neurons following CCH. The continuous inflammatory response within blood vessels maybe an important factor in the continuous loss of cortical neurons following CCH.

LncRNA LIMp27 Regulates the DNA Damage Response through p27 in p53-Defective Cancer Cells.

P53 inactivation occurs in about 50% of human cancers, where p53-driven p21 activity is devoid and p27 becomes essential for the establishment of the G1/S checkpoint upon DNA damage. Here, this work shows that the E2F1-responsive lncRNA LIMp27 selectively represses p27 expression and contributes to proliferation, tumorigenicity, and treatment resistance in p53-defective colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) cells. LIMp27 competes with p27 mRNA for binding to cytoplasmically localized hnRNA0, which otherwise stabilizes p27 mRNA leading to cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. In response to DNA damage, LIMp27 is upregulated in both wild-type and p53-mutant COAD cells, whereas cytoplasmic hnRNPA0 is only increased in p53-mutant COAD cells due to translocation from the nucleus. Moreover, high LIMp27 expression is associated with poor survival of p53-mutant but not wild-type p53 COAD patients. These results uncover an lncRNA mechanism that promotes p53-defective cancer pathogenesis and suggest that LIMp27 may constitute a target for the treatment of such cancers.

Both the Complexity of Tight Junctions and Endothelial Transcytosis Are Increased During BBB Postnatal Development in Rats.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises a single layer of endothelial cells and maintains a safe and homeostatic environment for proper neuronal function and synaptic transmission. BBB is not a discrete physical barrier, but a complex, dynamic, and adaptable interface. BBB continues to mature under the influence of the neural environment within a short period of time after birth. However, the basic mechanism of BBB formation and maintenance remains a mystery. Early studies have identified two structural characteristics of microvascular endothelium: special tight junctions (TJs) and a very low transcellular vesicle transport rate. Previous studies believed that BBB damage was mainly due to the destruction of tight junctions, and the role of vesicle transcytosis was neglected, so there was a lack of research on its impact on blood-brain barrier. It is urgent to get a better clarification of the unique structural and functional characteristics of the BBB endothelium to explain the role of BBB injury in neurological diseases. RNA sequencing was used to study the molecular characterization of cerebral cortex vascular endothelium by isolating them from neonatal, adolescent and adult rats. For investigation the maintenance mechanism of the BBB, we focused on the cellular and molecular regulation of barrier formation and the two characteristics of microvascular endothelial cells. Interestingly, we found that during the development of the blood-brain barrier, although the tight junctions gradually mature, endothelial cell transcytosis is gradually enhanced, resulting in an increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. This study suggested that under physiological conditions, low vesicle transport is playing an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. This study not only summarized the unique characteristics of microvascular endothelial cells, but also illustrated a clarified mechanism of the development and maintenance of BBB which can provide new therapeutic opportunities for central nervous system drug delivery. Raw data of RNA sequencing were deposited in NCBI Sequence Read Archive database (PRJNA790676).

Effect of intrarenal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on renal function in patients after cardiac surgery.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of intrarenal RAS on the decrease of renal function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. This observational study investigated the activation of intrarenal RAS in 24 patients with AKI after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The activation of intrarenal RAS was determined by urinary angiotensinogen (uAGT), which was measured at 12 hours before surgery, 0 and12 hours after surgery. The results were compared with those of 21 patients without AKI after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. Compared with baseline, all patients with cardiac surgery had activation of intrarenal RAS at 0 and 12 hours after surgery. The activation of intrarenal RAS was found significantly higher at both 0 and 12 hours after surgery in AKI group versus non AKI group (6.18 ±â€Š1.93 ng/mL vs 3.49 ±â€Š1.71 ng/mL, 16.38 ±â€Š7.50 ng/mL vs 6.04 ±â€Š2.59 ng/mL, respectively). There was a positive correlation between the activation of RAS at 0 hour after surgery and the decrease of renal function at 48 hours after surgery (r = 0.654, P = .001). These findings suggest that uAGT might be a suitable biomarker for prediction of the occurrence and severity of AKI after cardiac surgery. Inhibition of intrarenal RAS activation might be one the path of future treatment for this type of disease.