Surveillance of avian malaria and related haemoparasites in common terns (Sterna hirundo) on the Atlantic coast of South America.

Haemosporidia (Apicomplexa, Haemosporida) are protozoa that infect vertebrate blood cells and are transmitted by vectors. Among vertebrates, birds possess the greatest diversity of haemosporidia, historically placed in 3 genera: Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium, the causative agent of avian malaria. In South America, existing data on haemosporidia are spatially and temporally dispersed, so increased surveillance is needed to improve the determination and diagnosis of these parasites. During the non-breeding season in 2020 and 2021, 60 common terns (Sterna hirundo) were captured and bled as part of ongoing research on the population health of migratory birds on the Argentinian Atlantic coast. Blood samples and blood smears were obtained. Fifty-eight samples were screened for Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon, as well as for Babesia parasites by nested polymerase chain reaction and by microscopic examination of smears. Two positive samples for Plasmodium were found. The cytochrome b lineages detected in the present study are found for the first time, and are close to Plasmodium lineages found in other bird orders. The low prevalence (3.6%) of haemoparasites found in this research was similar to those reported for previous studies on seabirds, including Charadriiformes. Our findings provide new information about the distribution and prevalence of haemosporidian parasites from charadriiforms in the southernmost part of South America, which remains understudied.

Morphological and molecular characterization of Bertiella sp. (Cestoda, Anoplocephalidae) infection in a human and howler monkeys in Argentina.

Bertiella sp. is a typical parasite in non-human primates and only a few cases of bertiellosis have been reported in humans. We present a new case study of bertiellosis in a 42-year-old woman caretaker of howler monkeys in a wild rehabilitation center in Argentina. Bertiella sp. infection was also diagnosed in the monkeys. Proglottids and feces were collected from the caretaker and monkeys; the samples were submitted for parasitological examination by morphological characterization and molecular identification using both nuclear (18S and ITS1-5.8-ITS2 rDNA) and mitochondrial (cox1) markers. Morphological and molecular data were consistent and allowed the classification of the specimen to the genus level. The analyses also showed the presence of cysts of Giardia lamblia and oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in howler monkeys, and cysts of Blastocystis sp. in both the caretaker and monkeys. This study recorded the fourth case of bertiellosis in a human host from Argentina and the eighth case in South America. Moreover, this is the first study that compares the morphological and molecular features of Bertiella sp. found in both a human and monkeys from the same geographical region. These results suggest that the cohabitation between humans and monkeys increases the opportunities of infection by Bertiella sp. and other potential zoonotic parasites.

Morphological and molecular characterization of Maritrema kostadinovae n. sp. (Digenea: Microphallidae) from the yellow-crowned night heron Nyctanassa violacea (Aves: Ardeidae) in Mexico.

A new species of microphallid trematode was collected from the intestine of the yellow-crowned night heron Nyctanassa violacea (L.) (Pelecaniformes: Ardeidae) from Veracruz, Mexico. Maritrema kostadinovae n. sp. differs distinctly from other members of Maritrema Nicoll, 1907 from the Americas by its smaller body size (262-435 × 242-363 µm), the extension of caeca (reaching to anterior level of ventral sucker), the size and shape of the cirrus (short, tubular and unarmed) and metraterm (simple and thin-walled), the position of the genital pore (sinistrolateral to ventral sucker) and the arrangement of the vitellaria (horseshoe-shaped with posteriorly directed opening). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses, based on partial 28S rDNA sequences, depicted M. kostadinovae n. sp. within the genus Maritrema with strong support. The new species is in a sister position to other available members of Maritrema, except for M. subdolum Jägerskiöld, 1909 that branches as the early divergent species in the Maritrema clade. The new species is the third species of Maritrema described from birds in Mexico. Comparative morphometric data for Maritrema taxa from birds and mammals from the Americas is provided.

Morphological, molecular and histopathological characterization of Plagiorhynchus crassicollis (Acanthocephala: Plagiorhynchidae) from a neotropical shorebird in Patagonia, Argentina.

In this work we report Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) crassicollis from Patagonia, Argentina. Specimens were collected from the small intestine of a charadriid shorebird with Neotropical distribution, the Two-banded Plover (Charadrius falklandicus). Both morphological and molecular characterization, plus pathological aspect of this species is provided. Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) crassicollis is characterized by having a proboscis with 18-20 longitudinal rows of hooks and 11-14 hooks per row. Sequences of the small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were obtained and compared with other sequences available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses inferred with each molecular marker consistently showed that P. (P.) crassicollis is sister taxa to Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) aznari, a parasite of the long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) from northern Mexico. Pathologic findings associated with the parasites include ulcerative enteritis, granulomatous inflammation, diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, serositis, and peritonitis. This record expands the host and geographical record of P. (P.) crassicollis, provide baseline information on its pathological aspects, and represents the first molecular characterization of P. crassicollis in the Neotropics.

A new species of Maritrema (Trematoda: Microphallidae) parasitizing the Baird's sandpiper Calidris bairdii, and comments about diversity of Microphallidae in two Nearctic shorebirds at Patagonian sites in Argentina.

Birds are hosts of a wide diversity of trematodes. Between them, the Microphallidae is a common family with a cosmopolitan distribution. Nevertheless, only 10 Maritrema species have been recorded previously in South America. The aim of the present paper is to describe a new species of Maritrema parasitizing the Nearctic Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii in its wintering areas in Patagonia, Argentina. We also analyze and compare the microphallid diversity in two host species. We collected 44 C. bairdii and 50 Calidris fuscicollis in search of helminths. Trematodes were found only in C. bairdii. A total of 694 trematodes belonging to 4 microphallid species were found parasitizing the intestine and caeca. Four microphallid species were found: Maritrema formicae, Odhneria odhneri, Levinseniella cruzi and Maritrema pichi n. sp. M. formicae showed the highest prevalence, while M. pichi n. sp. was the species with the highest mean intensity and mean abundance. The new species M. pichi n. sp. differs from congeners by the position of the acetabulum that is included within the vitellarium ring, the ovary is anterior to the acetabulum, and the testes are lateral to it. We discuss the parasitological results in relation with the biological and ecological characteristics of both different host species.