RESUMO
Preliminary evidence suggests that people and scholars of African and/or Latin American and Caribbean origin are often under-represented in mainstream attachment scholarship. In this commentary, we highlight the difficulty of conducting attachment theory research outside of the United States, particularly in Latin American countries. We reflect on the contributions by the authors of this special issue . We also identify (a) ways in which to center the experiences of Black and Brown people and scholars to push the field toward antiracism, and (b) the challenges of attachment theory and research in becoming anti-racist by considering the structural nature of racism.
Assuntos
Racismo , Etnicidade , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Apego ao Objeto , Grupos Raciais , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. The article is divided into two parts. In the first, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child's need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.
Assuntos
Custódia da Criança , Apego ao Objeto , Criança , HumanosRESUMO
Mapuche represents the largest indigenous group in Chile amounting to nearly 10% of the total population. In a longitudinal cohort of 12,398 children, we analyzed the role of ethnicity in physical and psychosocial development of Mapuche and nonindigenous Chilean toddlers (age 2.5 years), taking into account sociodemographic and caregiver characteristics. As indicated by our univariate analysis, the Mapuche developmental niche was characterized by lower income, lower maternal education, poorer quality of the home environment, longer breastfeeding, and higher parental stress. Physical development showed higher body mass index. Mapuche children showed less externalizing problems. We then analyzed the incremental contribution of ethnicity in a series of hierarchical regressions with the second wave of developmental measurements (age 4.5 years) as outcome variables, showing a significant but modest incremental contribution of ethnicity to the prediction of children's development between 2.5 and 4.5 years of age. Controlling for environmental variables, Mapuche showed less externalizing and internalizing, behavior problems. Socioeconomic status, quality of the home environment, and parenting stress were stronger predictors of socioemotional development than ethnicity per se.
Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil/etnologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/etnologia , Poder Familiar/etnologia , Comportamento Problema , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , População Branca/etnologia , Pré-Escolar , Chile/etnologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Preschoolers' vocabulary acquisition sets the stage for later reading ability and school achievement. This study examined the role of socioeconomic status (SES) and the quality of the home environment of seventy-seven Chilean majority and Mapuche minority families from low and lower-middle-class backgrounds in explaining individual differences in vocabulary acquisition of their three-and-a-half-year-old children. Additionally, we investigated whether the relation between SES and receptive and expressive vocabulary was mediated by the quality of the home environment as the Family Investment Model suggests. The quality of the home environment significantly predicted receptive and expressive vocabulary above and beyond ethnicity, SES, parental caregiver status, and quantity of daycare. Furthermore, the quality of the home environment mediated the relation between SES and expressive and receptive vocabulary acquisition.
Assuntos
Etnicidade/psicologia , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Classe Social , Meio Social , Vocabulário , Cuidado da Criança , Pré-Escolar , Chile , Escolaridade , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Poder Familiar/etnologiaRESUMO
Early substance use initiation among children represents a significant risk to public health. Research suggests that early positive perceptions and cognitions of elementary students toward substance use may predict later use during adolescence. Studies among adolescent populations have shown an inverse relationship between substance use and risk perceptions. To gain insight into alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana risk perceptions prior to adolescence, we analyzed data from the Chilean Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey (ELPI). In a sample of 5,278 families (mean age of preadolescents 10.63 years, SD = .64; 50.5% males), our findings showed that an important proportion of Chilean 10 years old did not perceive occasional tobacco, alcohol, or marijuana use to be high-risk activities. However, the majority of respondents did consider daily substance use to be a high-risk activity, with some variation across substances. Overall, older preadolescents were more likely to consider substance use to be less risky compared to their slightly younger counterparts. Our analysis also demonstrated that past month substances use by caregivers were all found to be predictive of low-medium risk perceptions among preadolescents surveyed, while conversely, caregivers' negative reactions to finding out their child had used a substance decreased the likelihood of holding low-medium risk perceptions. Individuals from single-parent households were less likely to consider substance use as being high-risk compared to their peers. Preadolescents with caregivers reporting higher average incomes were also more likely to hold lower risk perceptions of occasional substance use. Implications for public policies to prevent substance use in the pre-adolescent population are discussed.
RESUMO
Los bebés exhiben una amplia gama de comportamientos prosociales, que incluyen ayudar, compartir, consolar y cooperar. En la infancia, estos comportamientos se vuelven más sofisticados y socialmente apropiados. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar y revisar sistemáticamente la literatura que ha incorporado el estudio de la figura paterna y su impacto en el desarrollo de la conducta prosocial en los niños/as entre los 0 y 5 años. Método, utilizando la metodología PRISMA, se realiza una búsqueda y análisis de artículos científicos en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science, considerando criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. Resultados, se seleccionaron 28 artículos y el análisis de sus resultados indica que el padre tiene un impacto en el desarrollo de la conducta prosocial de los niños entre los 0 y 5 años. El ejercicio del rol paterno y el apoyo entregado por el padre, favorece que el niño/a manifieste conductas prosociales desde la infancia temprana, en la relación con sus figuras significativas y con terceros, de forma directa e indirecta, en los distintos contextos de socialización.
Infants exhibit a wide range of prosocial behaviors, including helping, sharing, comforting, and cooperating. In infancy, these behaviors become more sophisticated and socially appropriate. The aim of this research is to systematically identify and review the literature that has incorporated the study of the father figure and its impact on the development of prosocial behavior in children aged 0-5 years. Method, using the PRISMA methodology, a search and analysis of scientific articles in the Scopus and Web of Science databases was carried out, considering established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results, 28 articles were selected and the analysis of their results indicates that fathers have an impact on the development of prosocial behavior in children between 0 and 5 years of age. The exercise of the paternal role and the support provided by the father, favors the child to manifest prosocial behaviors from early childhood, in the relationship with their significant figures and with third parties, directly and indirectly, in the different socialization contexts.
RESUMO
Resumen (analítico) Este estudio piloto tuvo por objetivo conocer los vínculos de apego en niños y niñas que asisten a salas cuna. Se aplicó la Escala de apego durante estrés (ADS) a 25 díadas madre-infante (cuyos niños y niñas tenían entre 10 y 14 meses de edad), que asistían a salas cuna en la ciudad de Punta Arenas. La muestra fue no probabilística intencional, mientras que el diseño no experimental, transversal, descriptivo. Los resultados indican que la distribución de los tipos de apego es similar al patrón universal; sin embargo, una prolongada estadía en salas cuna se asocia a un mayor riesgo de apego inseguro aun cuando los efectos de la edad de ingreso son controlados. Se discuten los alcances e implicancias para futuras investigaciones.
Abstract (analytical) This pilot study had the objective of determining the distribution of attachment among children who experience early entry to daycare centers. The Attachment During Stress scale was implemented with 25 baby-mother dyads whose children were aged between 10 and 14 months old and were attending daycare centers in the city of Punta Arenas. The study used a deliberate non-probabilistic sample and it is a non-experimental, descriptive study. The results show that the distribution of attachment was similar to the universal pattern. However, a long period of time attending a daycare center is associated with a higher risk of insecure attachment even the effects of early entry are controlled. Implications and possibilities for future studies are also discussed.
Resumo (analítico) Este estudo piloto teve com objetivo conhecer os vínculos de apego em crianças que frequentam creches. Foi aplicada a Escala de Apego durante Stress (ADS) a 25 duplas materno - infante, cujas crianças estavam na faixa etária entre 10 a 14 meses de idade que frequentavam creches na cidade de Punta Arenas. A amostra foi não probabilística intencional e o desenvolvimento não experimental, transversal, descritivo. Os resultados indicam que a distribuição dos tipos de apego são similares ao padrão universal; contudo, a permanência prolongada em creches pode estar associada a um risco maior de apego inseguro mesmo quando os efeitos da idade de ingresso na creche são controlados. São discutidos os alcances e implicâncias para pesquisas futuras.
Assuntos
Recém-Nascido , CriançaRESUMO
This article discusses significant changes in childcare policy and practice in Chile. We distinguish four specific periods of childcare history: child abandonment and the creation of foundling homes in the 19th century; efforts to reduce infant mortality and the creation of the health care system in the first half of the 20th century; an increasing focus on inequality and poverty and the consequences for child development in the second half of the 20th century; and, finally, the current focus on children's social and emotional development. It is concluded that, although Chile has achieved infant mortality and malnutrition rates comparable to those of developed countries, the country bears the mark of a history of inequality and is still unable to fully guarantee the health of children from the poorest sectors of society. Recent initiatives seek to improve this situation and put a strong emphasis on the psychosocial condition of children and their families.