[3.0 T MRI with a high resolution protocol for the study of benign disease of the anus and rectum. Part one: High resolution protocol for 3.0 T MRI, anatomic review, benign tumors, and congenital or acquired alterations of the sphincter complex]. / La patología benigna de ano y recto con Resonancia Magnética 3.0T. 1a Parte: Protocolo de alta resolución, revisión anatómica, tumores benignos y alteraciones congénitas o adquiridas del complejo esfinteriano.

Benign anorectal disease comprises a broad group of processes with very diverse origins; these processes may be congenital or acquired as well as inflammatory or tumor related. However, benign anorectal disease has received less attention in the scientific literature than malignant disease. We present an image-based review of the most common benign diseases of the anus and rectum. In this first part, we review the anatomy of the region and provide a brief description of the peculiarities of the high resolution protocol that we use with 3.0 T MRI. We go on to describe the most common benign anorectal tumors and developmental cystic lesions, together with their differential diagnoses, as well as congenital and acquired anomalies of the anorectal sphincter complex.

[3.0T MRI with a high resolution protocol for the study of benign disease of the anus and rectum. Part 2: Anorectal inflammatory disease. Postsurgical anatomy and complications after treatment]. / La patología benigna de ano y recto con RM 3.0T. 2.(a) Parte: patología inflamatoria ano-rectal. Anatomía postquirúrgica y complicaciones postratamiento.

Benign anorectal disease comprises a broad group of processes with very diverse origins; these processes may be congenital or acquired as well as inflammatory or tumor related. However, benign anorectal disease has received less attention in the scientific literature than malignant disease. In this second part of this image-based review of benign anorectal disease, we describe the most common inflammatory and fistulous diseases, the postsurgical anatomy, and complications that can occur after surgical treatment or radiotherapy for anorectal disease.

[Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: what other structures are involved in the development of acquired adult flat foot?]. / Disfunción del tendón tibial posterior: ¿qué otras estructuras están implicadas en el desarrollo del pie plano adquirido del adulto?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and lesions of diverse ankle structures diagnosed at MRI with radiologic signs of flat foot. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively compared 29 patients that had posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (all 29 studied with MRI and 21 also studied with weight-bearing plain-film X-rays) with a control group of 28 patients randomly selected from among all patients who underwent MRI and weight-bearing plain-film X-rays for other ankle problems. In the MRI studies, we analyzed whether a calcaneal spur, talar beak, plantar fasciitis, calcaneal bone edema, Achilles' tendinopathy, spring ligament injury, tarsal sinus disease, and tarsal coalition were present. In the weight-bearing plain-film X-rays, we analyzed the angle of Costa-Bertani and radiologic signs of flat foot. To analyze the differences between groups, we used Fisher's exact test for the MRI findings and for the presence of flat foot and analysis of variance for the angle of Costa-Bertani. RESULTS: Calcaneal spurs, talar beaks, tarsal sinus disease, and spring ligament injury were significantly more common in the group with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (P<.05). Radiologic signs of flat foot and anomalous values for the angle of Costa-Bertani were also significantly more common in the group with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (P<.001). CONCLUSION: We corroborate the association between posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and lesions to the structures analyzed and radiologic signs of flat foot. Knowledge of this association can be useful in reaching an accurate diagnosis.

[Magnetic resonance enterography: review of the technique for the study of Crohn's disease]. / Entero-resonancia magnética: revisión de la técnica para el estudio de la enfermedad de Crohn.

Crohn's disease is a chronic disease with an unpredictable course. Patients with Crohn's disease will have to undergo numerous imaging tests. Crohn's disease often affects young people, who are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of repeated exposure to ionizing radiation. The high resolution of tissues on MR enterography give it a diagnostic accuracy similar to that of CT; however, MR enterography does not have the drawback of ionizing radiation. The clinical indices used to assess Crohn's disease are subjective and not very accurate; thus, enterographic techniques are becoming more common in clinical practice as a means to follow up patients objectively. In this article, we describe the MR enterography technique we use to evaluate Crohn's disease. We illustrate the most relevant imaging findings, and we review the subtypes of the disease, the related scientific literature, and the MR indices used to assess the severity of Crohn's disease.

[Median arcuate ligament syndrome: a controversial entity.]. / Síndrome del ligamento mediano arcuato: una entidad controvertida.

Median arcuate ligament syndrome is a disorder resulting from compression of the origin of the celiac trunk by the arcuate ligament, a fibrous arch that connects the right and left diaphragmatic crura. This is a controversial entity because the clinical manifestations are often nonspecific and isolated compression of the celiac trunk is relatively common in asymptomatic individuals. We report two cases of median arcuate ligament syndrome and review the radiographic features necessary for the imaging workup of this entity.

Essential Subcortical Tracts in Language and Reading. 3D-Tractography for Clinical Practice and Anatomic Correlation with Intraoperative Subcortical Electrostimulation.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography provide the neurosurgeon with a valid 3D view of the white matter tracts of the brain for the presurgical planning of the treatment of lesions close to eloquent areas, this being one of the principal clinical applications of this technique. In this article, we describe through practical cases the anatomic relationships of white matter tracts that are essential for language and reading, based on DTI studies and the excellent anatomic correlation with the intraoperative subcortical map.