RESUMO
PREMISE: In the absence of hawkmoth pollinators, chasmogamous (CH) flowers of Ruellia humilis self-pollinate by two secondary mechanisms. Other floral visitors might exert selection on CH floral traits to restore outcrossing, but at the same time preferential predation of CH seeds generates selection to increase the allocation of resources to cleistogamous (CL) flowers. METHODS: To assess the potential for an evolutionary response to these competing selection pressures, we estimated additive genetic variances ( σ A 2 ${\sigma }_{{\rm{A}}}^{2}$ ) and covariances for 14 reproductive traits and three fitness components in a Missouri population lacking hawkmoth pollinators. RESULTS: We found significant σ A 2 ${\sigma }_{{\rm{A}}}^{2}$ for all 11 floral traits and two measures of resource allocation to CL flowers, indicating the potential for a short-term response to selection on most reproductive traits. Selection generated by seed predators is predicted to increase the percentage of CL flowers by 0.24% per generation, and mean stigma-anther separation is predicted to decrease as a correlated response, increasing the fraction of plants that engage in prior selfing. However, the initial response to this selection is opposed by strong directional dominance. CONCLUSIONS: The predicted evolutionary decrease in the number of CH flowers available for potential outcrossing, combined with the apparent preclusion of potential diurnal pollinators by the pollen-harvesting activities of sweat bees, suggest that 100% cleistogamy is the likely outcome of evolution in the absence of hawkmoths. However, rare mutations with large effects, such as delaying budbreak until after sunrise, could provide pathways for the restoration of outcrossing that are not reachable by gradual quantitative-genetic evolution.
Assuntos
Acanthaceae , Manduca , Abelhas , Animais , Polinização/fisiologia , Flores/genética , Pólen/genética , Acanthaceae/fisiologia , ReproduçãoRESUMO
In 2011, Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) were collected at 16 locations covering four regions of Belgium with Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) traps and at two locations with Rothamsted suction traps (RSTs). Quantification of the collections and morphological identification showed important variations in abundance and species diversity between individual collection sites, even for sites located in the same region. However, consistently higher numbers of Culicoides midges were collected at some sites compared with others. When species abundance and diversity were analysed at regional level, between-site variation disappeared. Overall, species belonging to the subgenus Avaritia together with Culicoides pulicaris (subgenus Culicoides) were the most abundant, accounting for 80% and 96% of all midges collected with RSTs and OVI traps, respectively. Culicoides were present during most of the year, with Culicoides obsoletus complex midges found from 9 February until 27 December. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction screening for Schmallenberg virus in the heads of collected midges resulted in the first detection of the virus in August 2011 and identified C. obsoletus complex, Culicoides chiopterus and Culicoides dewulfi midges as putative vector species. At Libramont in the south of Belgium, no positive pools were identified.
Assuntos
Infecções por Bunyaviridae/epidemiologia , Ceratopogonidae/fisiologia , Insetos Vetores/fisiologia , Orthobunyavirus/fisiologia , Animais , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/virologia , Ceratopogonidae/virologia , Insetos Vetores/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Densidade Demográfica , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Although licensed batches of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) were used, and the assays were performed within an ISO/IEC 17025 accredited quality control system, certain routine runs of the ADV ELISA were not validated using the quality system criteria, even when all technical parameters were controlled. Incubation at different temperatures and batch composition were identified as parameters that could result in non-validated assays/runs. Therefore, the effect of incubation temperature and batch composition on the analytical sensitivity of the ELISA was investigated. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) standard reference serum ADV1 was diluted 1:8 and tested in 94 different glycoprotein E ELISA runs performed with different batches and different incubation temperatures. The incubation temperature and batch components had a significant influence on the qualitative result for the OIE standard reference serum. An incubation temperature of at least 22 degrees C was recommended, based on the results of this analysis. Which of the batch components caused these differences in sensitivity was not investigated further.
Assuntos
Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/normas , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/imunologia , Pseudorraiva/diagnóstico , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/análise , Animais , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/isolamento & purificação , Controle de Qualidade , Valores de Referência , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Temperatura , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly resistant viraemic virus with devastating socio-economic impact. Its present epidemiology in Eastern Europe and Russia warrants increased biosecurity measures in Western Europe. This includes proactive precautions on traffic of pork products within and between areas that are officially free from ASF. Namely, delayed notification of clinical signs or introduction of a low-virulent strain in ASF-free areas could result in presence of ASFV in veterinary inspected pork and pork by-products. The present study evaluated sensitivity of ASFV to physical and chemical processing conditions that can be applied on abattoir collected blood for production of spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP). Standard endpoint dilution assays were used to determine the sensitivity of Vero-cell adapted Lisbon/60 strain ASFV to heat treatment (H) at alkaline conditions (A) with or without peroxide (P). Time (T) dependent inactivation was evaluated in presence or absence of porcine plasma. HAPT-treatment at Hâ¯=â¯48⯰C, Aâ¯=â¯pH 10.2 and Pâ¯=â¯20.6 or 102.9â¯mM H2O2 during 10â¯min (T) inactivated (95LCL) 3.35, respectively, 4.17â¯log10 TCID50 ASFV/ml plasma. In absence of plasma, 6.99â¯log-inactivation was reached within 5â¯min. Implementation of HAPT-treatment on plasma from ASFV-free areas provides an additional safety hurdle for derived blood products in the unlikely event that blood from few undetected infected pigs would contaminate pooled veterinary inspected blood. Such an additional processing step in the production of SDPP is thus a valuable precautionary measure to overcome a potential biosecurity-break that may arise during the high-risk phase between transboundary introduction of ASFV and first notification of the disease.
Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Suína Africana/efeitos dos fármacos , Antiácidos/farmacologia , Temperatura Alta , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Matadouros , Febre Suína Africana/virologia , Animais , Plasma/metabolismo , SuínosRESUMO
A seroprevalence study carried out between June and September 2016 in the Belgian sheep population showed a significant increase in overall (from 25% to 62%) and between-herd (from 60% to 96%) seroprevalence against Schmallenberg virus (SBV) during this period, indicating the most extensive recirculation of SBV since its original emergence in 2011. SBV recirculation was confirmed by the detection of SBV RNA-positive Culicoides obsoletus complex midges collected in the region of Antwerp in August 2016, reaching a minimum infection rate of 3%. The recirculation of SBV in the largely unprotected ruminant population during summer 2016 will likely cause an increase in the number of arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly cases in newborn ruminants during the coming months.
Assuntos
Artrogripose/veterinária , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/veterinária , Hidranencefalia/veterinária , Orthobunyavirus/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia , Animais , Artrogripose/epidemiologia , Artrogripose/virologia , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/virologia , Ceratopogonidae/virologia , Hidranencefalia/epidemiologia , Hidranencefalia/virologia , Orthobunyavirus/genética , RNA Viral , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an emerging Orthobunyavirus affecting European domestic ruminants. In this study, three groups of ewes (n = 3) were inoculated with 1 ml of an SBV infectious serum, via the subcutaneous (SC), intradermal (ID) or intranasal (IN) route. The ewes were monitored for 10 days and no clinical signs were reported. IN inoculation failed to generate any detectable RNAemia. SC and ID inoculation induced typical SBV RNAemia and seroconversion upon day 6 post-inoculation in 3/3 and 2/3 sheep, respectively. In all the animals that showed RNAemia, the viral genome could be detected in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both the SC and ID routes seem suitable to properly reproduce field conditions, as comparable observations were reported regarding RNAemia, seroconversion and viral genome detection in organs.
Assuntos
Infecções por Bunyaviridae/veterinária , Orthobunyavirus/fisiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/veterinária , Administração Intranasal/veterinária , Animais , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/virologia , Feminino , Injeções Intradérmicas/veterinária , Injeções Subcutâneas/veterinária , Linfonodos/virologia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia , Baço/virologiaRESUMO
Nonoperative management with close observation represents the standard of care for blunt liver injury, unless vital signs deteriorate or an associated injury requires emergency operation. Injuries of the biliary tract remain important concomitant lesions following liver trauma. Posttraumatic extraductal biliary collections or biliomas are rare complications of blunt abdominal traumas and only a few cases have been reported in the pediatric age group. We report a 5-year-old boy who suffered from blunt abdominal trauma that resulted in liver laceration and, eventually, bilioma formation. The patient was managed nonoperatively for liver injury. The diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography (CT)-guided needle aspiration and percutaneous catheter drainage, which also allowed nonoperative management. The patient was symptom-free with normal liver function tests and a normal liver appearance on ultrasound examination six months after the accident. The possibility of missed bile duct injury should be considered when nonoperative management is used and close observation of the patient is necessary over a prolonged period.
Assuntos
Ductos Biliares/lesões , Fígado/lesões , Ferimentos não Penetrantes/complicações , Bile , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Masculino , Ferimentos não Penetrantes/diagnóstico , Ferimentos não Penetrantes/terapiaRESUMO
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a pulmonary disorder with a wide spectrum of radiologic features. Usually, these are bilateral, patchy, alveolar, or ground-glass infiltrates, but other presentations have also been described. We present a case in which the radiologic appearance was a cavitated pulmonary solitary nodule. We think that this finding may justify the inclusion of BOOP in the differential diagnosis of the pulmonary solitary nodule.
Assuntos
Bronquiolite Obliterante/diagnóstico por imagem , Pneumonia/diagnóstico por imagem , Nódulo Pulmonar Solitário/diagnóstico por imagem , Brônquios/patologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
METHODS: Four infants with Kasabach-Merrit syndrome syndrome have been treated at the University Hospital, Trabzon. They had large varied-site cutaneous hemangiomas. Diagnosis was performed with clinical and laboratory studies. All patients has severe thrombocytopenia and anemia. Fibrinogen and fibrin split products were examined in two patients and lower fibrinogen and over fibrin split products levels were detected in them. All patients were admitted to the intensive care unit and they were treated with antibiotics, fresh blood transfusion and thrombocyte suspension. Two out of four patients were previously treated with steroids unsuccessfully and one patient died due to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Three patients were treated with interferon alfa-2a and compression. RESULTS: In two patients the lesions regressed 60-80% following the five months therapy and in the other patient the lesion was completely excised after one month therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Interferon alfa-2a and compression were found to be remarkably effective in the treatment of Kasabach-Merrit syndrome.
Assuntos
Anemia/terapia , Hemangioma/terapia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/terapia , Trombocitopenia/terapia , Anemia/complicações , Feminino , Hemangioma/complicações , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Neoplasias Cutâneas/complicações , Síndrome , Trombocitopenia/complicaçõesRESUMO
Congenital malformations of the lung are rare and vary widely in their presentation and severity. However, frequently they present with dramatic symptoms resulting in the need for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Five patients with congenital lung malformations were treated in Karadeniz Technical University Farabi Medical School Pediatric Surgery Department between June 1992 and January 1997. There were one girl and four boys. The mean age was 42 days (range 1 to 120 days) and the mean weight was 3.9 kg (range 2.4 to 5.4 kg). The following cases were included; one pulmonary agenesis, two congenital lobar emphysema, one pulmonary sequestration, and one cystic adenomatoid malformation. Respiratory distress was the most common presenting symptom. The diagnosis was performed by chest X-ray with postero-anterior and lateral view and thoracic computed tomography (CT). Associated congenital anomalies were detected in one patient and the following anomalies were found; esophageal atresia, tracheo-esophageal fistula, short distal esophagus, and small intrathoracic stomach Posterolateral thoracotomy was used for all patients and complete surgical resection was performed in four patients. Corrective surgery was delayed in one patient in whom extended respiratory support was required and he died on the ninth day due to respiratory failure. In four patients prognosis was excellent. In this article, diagnosis and treatment of congenital lung malformations are discussed.
Assuntos
Pneumopatias/congênito , Pulmão/anormalidades , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Pulmão/cirurgia , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Pneumopatias/cirurgia , Masculino , Pneumonectomia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Empyemas develop following bacterial pneumonias, thoracic trauma and surgery which are still among the common diseases, causing illness and death throughout the developing world. With the advent of potent antibiotics the mortality of empyema has been drastically reduced. In this study 52 patients (29 boys and 23 girls) with thoracic empyema were evaluated retrospectively. In this series the causes of empyema were postpneumonic in 50 patients, esophageal anastomotic leak in one patient, and thoracic trauma in one patient. The diagnosis was suspected clinically and by the finding of a pleural effusion on chest roentgenogram. Definitive diagnosis was confirmed by pleural aspiration which pus was obtained. Responsible organisms included; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, pseudomonas, and Klebsiella. The most common is Staphylococcus aureus. The patients were treated in various ways; 14 patients were treated with antibiotics and thoracentesis, 38 patients were treated with a closed tube thoracostomy. Eight of 38 patients had the chest tube converted to an open empyema tubes for long term management. Fourteen of 38 patients developed abcess formation. Nine of 14 patients were treated with computed tomography guided catheter placement, five patients encountered thoracotomy and decortication. In this article, appropriate treatment and result of long-term follow-up of empyema were evaluated.
Assuntos
Empiema Pleural , Antibacterianos , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/terapia , Tubos Torácicos , Pré-Escolar , Drenagem , Quimioterapia Combinada/uso terapêutico , Empiema Pleural/epidemiologia , Empiema Pleural/etiologia , Empiema Pleural/terapia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Toracostomia , Fatores de Tempo , Turquia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In this report we discussed the case of a male infant with a large neurenteric cyst causing respiratory distress. In addition he had Th6-7 hemivertebrae. In the evaluation of the patient, X-ray and computed tomography were used. The cyst did not communicate with spinal column and intestinal tract; it was excised via a right posterolateral thoracotomy. The patient was discharged in good condition.
Assuntos
Cisto Mediastínico/cirurgia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Cisto Mediastínico/diagnóstico por imagem , Cisto Mediastínico/patologia , Insuficiência Respiratória/etiologia , Vértebras Torácicas/anormalidades , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Three patients with congenital diaphragmatic eventration have been reported. The diagnosis was established by chest radiography which showed an abnormally elevated diaphragm. Additionally fluoroscopy, ultrasonography and pulmonary function tests were used. Diaphragmatic plication was performed in order to restore normal pulmonary parenchymal volume and the diaphragm was replaced in its normal localization. All the patients had been discharged in good condition following uneventful postoperative courses. In this study we discussed the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and postoperative courses of diaphragmatic eventration.
Assuntos
Eventração Diafragmática/cirurgia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diafragma/fisiopatologia , Eventração Diafragmática/diagnóstico por imagem , Eventração Diafragmática/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Radiografia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Eight children with traumatic asphyxia were evaluated retrospectively. There were five boys and three girls. The mechanism of injuries was motor vehicle accidents in six children. A fall in one patient and compression by lift in one patient. Clinical features of traumatic asphyxia developed in all patients. Five patients were disoriented and consciousness. Associated injuries were noted in all patients often involving thorax and head. Cerebral seizures complicated head injury in one patient. No mortality was recorded.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Abdominais/complicações , Asfixia/etiologia , Traumatismos Torácicos/complicações , Acidentes por Quedas , Acidentes de Trânsito , Asfixia/fisiopatologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pressão , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Thirty four children with blunt thoracic trauma were treated at the university hospital, Trabzon. Eighteen of them were sustained in motor vehicle accidents, 14 were falls and two were a result of miscellaneous causes. Rib fracture developed in 16 patients and pulmonary contusion occurred in 18 patients. Pneumothorax existed in 19 patients, and hemothorax was noted in ten patients. Traumatic asphyxia occurred in seven patients. Associated head, abdominal, and orthopedic injuries were present in 21 patients. Chest drainage was performed in nineteen patients, while 15 patients received conservative treatment. Five patients required an emergency operation. Complications developed in five patients. Four patients were lost due to multiple system injuries. In this study, the injury patterns, complications and mortality of blunt thoracic injuries were discussed.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Torácicos/etiologia , Ferimentos não Penetrantes/etiologia , Adolescente , Asfixia/etiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Radiografia , Traumatismos Torácicos/complicações , Traumatismos Torácicos/diagnóstico por imagem , Ferimentos não Penetrantes/complicações , Ferimentos não Penetrantes/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Tracheobronchial tree injuries occur in a small number of patients after blunt chest trauma, and their occurrence is uncommon in the pediatric trauma population. The authors report two male children, one with a tracheal rupture, and the other with disruption of the main right bronchus. Mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema resulting in airway obstruction were noted in Case 1 and soft-tissue emphysema, pneumomediastinum and tension pneumothorax were evident in Case 2 at the time of presentation. In the child with bronchial disruption, a major airway injury was suspected early on, because of a massive air leak despite two properly placed chest tubes. The definitive diagnosis was established bronchoscopically, and thoracotomy and primary repair were performed. The child with rupture of the posterior tracheal wall was diagnosed at an early stage by bronchoscopy and he was successfully managed without surgery.
Assuntos
Brônquios/lesões , Enfisema Subcutâneo/etiologia , Traqueia/lesões , Ferimentos não Penetrantes/complicações , Brônquios/cirurgia , Broncoscopia , Criança , Humanos , Intubação Intratraqueal , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Radiografia , Ruptura/diagnóstico por imagem , Ruptura/etiologia , Enfisema Subcutâneo/diagnóstico por imagem , Traqueia/diagnóstico por imagem , Resultado do Tratamento , Ferimentos não Penetrantes/terapiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Gallbladder dyskinesia (GD) is a well-established disorder in adults, but it is not clearly defined in the paediatric population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review our experience in a group of children with chronic abdominal pain associated with impaired gallbladder emptying in the absence of cholelithiasis. METHODS: The records of sixteen patients who underwent cholecystectomy with the diagnosis of GD were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical presentation, symptoms, diagnostic studies, and the effect of cholecystectomy in alleviating abdominal complaints were investigated. RESULTS: All patients had symptoms of upper abdominal pain in the absence of other attributable causes associated with low gallbladder ejection fractions (GEF) < 35 %, during cholecystokinin-stimulated hepatobiliary scan (CCK-HBS), and free of gallstones on ultrasound (USG). Abdominal pain and nausea were the most common presenting symptoms. Mean GEF was 15.3 %. All patients underwent cholecystectomy. The histopathological diagnoses of all operated patients were consistent with chronic cholecystitis. Symptoms were completely relieved in all except two patients. CONCLUSION: GD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent abdominal pain in children. Patients with this condition present with biliary-type pain and investigations show no evidence of gallstones in the gallbladder. Performing a CCK-HBS establishes the diagnosis. Patients with an abnormal GEF (< 35 %) should undergo cholecystectomy. This procedure has been shown to be effective in curing the symptoms in over 80 % of patients. To avoid late diagnosis, CCK-HBS should be employed early in the evaluation of biliary colic with negative sonographic findings.
Assuntos
Dor Abdominal , Doenças da Vesícula Biliar/fisiopatologia , Esvaziamento da Vesícula Biliar , Dor Abdominal/diagnóstico , Dor Abdominal/etiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colecistectomia , Feminino , Doenças da Vesícula Biliar/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) causes persistent infections by infecting the fetus of susceptible animals during gestation. These persistently infected (PI) animals are important sources of infection. On the contrary, transiently infected (TI) animals are believed to be less important, but transient infections with a severe BVDV-2 strain can spread explosively. To assess the importance of TI cattle in the epidemiology of BVDV, two experimental infections were performed to determine basic reproduction ratios (R0). In each experiment three calves were infected via intranasal inoculation and housed together with seven susceptible animals. Two strains isolated in Belgium were used, a virulent BVDV-1b and a virulent BVDV-2a field isolate, resulting in an R0 of 0.25 (95% CI 0.01; 1.95) and 0.24 (95% CI 0.01; 2.11), respectively. A PI animal was then introduced to the remaining uninfected animals and produced an R of +∞ (95% CI 1.88; +∞). These results support the suggestion that TI animals, compared to PI animals, contribute only a limited amount to BVDV spread. Additionally, the severe clinical symptoms observed in the field with these isolates could not be reproduced during these experiments, suggesting that other factors besides strain virulence influence the clinical manifestations evoked by BVDV.
Assuntos
Doença das Mucosas por Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/microbiologia , Doença das Mucosas por Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/transmissão , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina Tipo 1/patogenicidade , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina Tipo 2/patogenicidade , Animais , Bélgica , Bovinos , VirulênciaRESUMO
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an orthobunyavirus affecting European domestic ruminants. In this study, the dose-dependent effect of experimental infection of sheep with SBV was evaluated. Four groups of three ewes were each inoculated subcutaneously with 1 mL of successive 10-fold dilutions of an SBV infectious serum. The ewes were monitored for 10 days, but no clinical signs were observed. The number of productively infected animals within each group, as evidenced by viraemia, seroconversion and viral RNA in the organs, depended on the inoculated dose, indicating that a critical dose has to be administered to obtain a homogeneous response in infected animals under experimental conditions. In the productively infected animals, no statistical differences between the different inoculation doses were found in the duration or quantity of viral RNA circulating in blood, nor in the amount of viral RNA present in virus positive lymphoid organs.
Assuntos
Infecções por Bunyaviridae/veterinária , Orthobunyavirus/fisiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia , Viremia/veterinária , Animais , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/virologia , Bovinos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Feminino , Orthobunyavirus/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Ovinos , Viremia/virologiaRESUMO
To identify possible vectors of Schmallenberg virus (SBV), we tested pools containing heads of biting midges (Culicoides) that were caught during the summer and early autumn of 2011 at several places in Belgium by real-time RT-PCR. Pools of heads originating from following species: C. obsoletus complex, C. dewulfi and C. chiopterus were found positive, strongly indicating that these species are relevant vectors for SBV.