Effects of Gait Training With Body Weight Support on a Treadmill Versus Overground in Individuals With Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of gait training with body weight support (BWS) on a treadmill versus overground in individuals with chronic stroke. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals (N=28) with chronic stroke (>6mo from the stroke event). INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to receive gait training with BWS on a treadmill (n=14) or overground (n=14) 3 times a week for 6 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gait speed measured using the 10-meter walk test, endurance measured using the 6-minute walk test, functional independence measured using the motor domain of the FIM, lower limb recovery measured using the lower extremity domain of the Fugl-Meyer assessment, step length, step length symmetry ratio, and single-limb support duration. Measurements were obtained at baseline, immediately after the training session, and 6 weeks after the training session. RESULTS: At 1 week after the last training session, both groups improved in all outcome measures except paretic step length and step length symmetry ratio, which were improved only in the overground group (P=.01 and P=.01, respectively). At 6 weeks after the last training session, all improvements remained and the treadmill group also improved paretic step length (P<.001) but not step length symmetry ratio (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with chronic stroke equally improve gait speed and other gait parameters after 18 sessions of BWS gait training on either a treadmill or overground. Only the overground group improved step length symmetry ratio, suggesting a role of integrating overground walking into BWS interventions poststroke.

Effects of limited knee flexion movement in intra-limb gait coordination.

This study aimed to investigate intra-limb coordination in non-disabled individuals walking with and without a constrained knee and in individuals with stroke. We hypothesized that a constrained knee would modify the intra-limb coordination of non-disabled individuals and that non-disabled individuals walking with a constrained knee would present coordination patterns similar to those presented by individuals with stroke. Twelve individuals with chronic stroke (age: 54.1 ± 9.9 years) and 12 age- and sex-matched individuals (age: 54.8 ± 9.2 years) with no known gait impairment (non-disabled individuals) participated in this study. Non-disabled individuals walked with and without an orthosis on one of their knees, limiting flexion to 40°, which was the average maximum knee flexion presented by the participants with stroke. Lower limb coordination was assessed on the basis of vector coding for the thigh-shank and shank-foot couplings during stance and swing periods of gait. Constrained knee flexion in non-disabled individuals mainly affected the thigh-shank coupling but not the shank-foot coupling of the constrained limb. There was reduced anti-phase coordination during the stance and swing periods and a marked increase in in-phase coordination during the swing period. Non-disabled individuals presented most changes toward the coordination pattern presented by individuals with stroke, except for the thigh-phase mode during the swing period, which was lower than that in individuals with stroke. Reduced knee flexion movement caused similar alterations in the intra-limb coordination pattern in non-disabled individuals compared to those observed in individuals with stroke. Therefore, diminished knee flexion movement, which is presented by individuals with stroke, can be considered a key disturbance that leads to impairment in lower extremity intra-limb coordination.

Gait initiation and partial body weight unloading for functional improvement in post-stroke individuals.

BACKGROUND: To better understand gait initiation in individuals with stroke and suggest possible training strategies, we compared the gait initiation of individuals with stroke and age-matched controls, and we examined the influence of different amounts of body weight support (BWS) during the execution of gait initiation in individuals with stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve individuals with stroke and 12 age-matched controls initiated gait after a verbal command at a self-selected and comfortable speed, and individuals with stroke also initiated gait wearing a harness with 0%, 15%, and 30% of BWS. Length and velocity of the first step, distance between heels, and weight bearing in both lower limbs in the initial position were calculated. We also assessed the displacement and average velocity of the center of pressure (CoP) in the medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions in 3 distinct sections during gait initiation, which correspond to the CoP position toward the swing limb, stance limb and progression line, respectively. RESULTS: Individuals with stroke presented shorter and slower step, shorter and slower CoP-ML and CoP-AP toward swing limb and Cop-ML towards stance limb, and longer and faster CoP-AP toward stance limb compared to their peers. The BWS lead individuals with stroke to decrease step length and to increase CoP-ML displacement and average velocity toward stance limb. CONCLUSION: Individuals with stroke present impairments in executing gait initiation mainly during the preparation period and the employment of an overground BWS system promotes a better performance. These results suggest that BWS is a functional strategy that enables individuals with stroke to modulate gait initiation and it could be adopted for gait intervention.

Gait alterations during walking with partial body weight supported on a treadmill and over the ground.

Understanding the changes induced by body weight support (BWS) systems when non-disabled adults walk can help develop appropriate rehabilitation protocols. The purpose of this study was to investigate spatial-temporal gait alterations during walking with BWS on a treadmill and over the ground. Fourteen non-disabled young adults (including seven women) walked over the ground and on a treadmill with 0%, 10%, and 20% of BWS at 80% of their self-selected comfortable walking speed (baseline). The stride length and speed, step length, and stance and double-limb support durations were calculated and compared among the different conditions. The non-disabled adults modulated their spatial-temporal gait parameters according to the surface and percentage of BWS. They walked with shorter and slower strides and shorter steps and spent more time in contact with the support surface as they walked on the treadmill than as they did over the ground. Walking on the treadmill promoted less variability and a higher rate of change than did walking over the ground. Both the surface and amount of BWS should be taken into consideration when using BWS systems for (re)learning and/or reestablishing gait.

Intralimb gait coordination of individuals with stroke using vector coding.

Individuals with stroke often present functional impairment and gait alteration. Among different aspects, intralimb coordination of these individuals is one of the key points that should be considered before implementing any gait intervention protocol. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stroke on intralimb gait coordination of the lower limbs using a vector coding technique. Twenty-five individuals with stroke and 18 non-disabled individuals (control), between 46 and 71 years old, participated in this study. A computerized analysis system registered data from reflective markers placed on specific body landmarks to define thigh, shank, and foot of both body sides, as participants walked at self-selected comfortable speed. Coordination modes, such as in-phase, anti-phase, proximal-segment-phase, and distal-segment-phase, and variability of thigh-shank, and shank-foot were analyzed for the paretic, non-paretic and control limbs during the stance and swing periods, and the entire gait cycle using the vector coding technique. During the stance period, individuals with stroke presented higher frequency of thigh-phase and lower frequency of shank-phase for the thigh-shank coupling and higher frequency of shank-phase for the shank-foot coupling compared to non-disabled controls, indicating that the proximal segment of each pair leads the movement. During the swing period, the paretic limb presented higher frequency for in-phase than non-paretic and control limbs for the thigh-shank coupling. Adaptations in the non-paretic limb were observed in the swing period, with higher frequency than paretic and control limbs in the thigh-phase for the thigh-shank coupling, and higher frequency than the paretic limb in the foot-phase for the shank-foot coupling. No differences in coordination variability were found between paretic, non-paretic, and control limbs. The vector coding technique constitutes a useful tool for identifying gait alterations in intralimb coordination of individuals with stroke. Our coordination results demonstrate a shift from distal to more proximal control during the stance phase in both legs for the individuals with stroke and an inability to decouple segment coordination during the swing phase in the paretic limb. The results indicate that it is more suitable to consider the stance and swing periods separately instead of considering the entire gait cycle to investigate intralimb gait coordination of individuals with stroke.

Gait characteristics of children with cerebral palsy as they walk with body weight unloading on a treadmill and over the ground.

Body weight support (BWS) has become a typical strategy for gait training, in special with children with cerebral palsy (CP). Although several findings have been reported in the literature, it remains uncertain how different types of surfaces and gradual amount of BWS can facilitate the mobility of children with CP. The aim of this study was to investigate gait kinematic parameters of children with CP by manipulating BWS and two different types of ground surfaces. Ten children (7.7 ± 2.1 years old) diagnosed with spastic CP and GMFCS classification between levels II and IV were asked to walk on a treadmill and over the ground. In both conditions, BWS was manipulated to minimize gravitational effects and spatial-temporal gait parameters and lower limb joints were analyzed. The results revealed that the type of ground surface causes greater impact on the gait pattern of children with CP as compared to body weight unloading. This finding may provide new insights into the behavioral heterogeneity of children with CP, and offers critical information to be considered on interventional programs specifically designed to improve mobility on this population.

Ground reaction forces during level ground walking with body weight unloading.

BACKGROUND: Partial body weight support (BWS) systems have been broadly used with treadmills as a strategy for gait training of individuals with gait impairments. Considering that we usually walk on level ground and that BWS is achieved by altering the load on the plantar surface of the foot, it would be important to investigate some ground reaction force (GRF) parameters in healthy individuals walking on level ground with BWS to better implement rehabilitation protocols for individuals with gait impairments. OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of body weight unloading on GRF parameters as healthy young adults walked with BWS on level ground. METHOD: Eighteen healthy young adults (27 ± 4 years old) walked on a walkway, with two force plates embedded in the middle of it, wearing a harness connected to a BWS system, with 0%, 15%, and 30% BWS. Vertical and horizontal peaks and vertical valley of GRF, weight acceptance and push-off rates, and impulse were calculated and compared across the three experimental conditions. RESULTS: Overall, participants walked more slowly with the BWS system on level ground compared to their normal walking speed. As body weight unloading increased, the magnitude of the GRF forces decreased. Conversely, weight acceptance rate was similar among conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Different amounts of body weight unloading promote different outputs of GRF parameters, even with the same mean walk speed. The only parameter that was similar among the three experimental conditions was the weight acceptance rate.

Ground reaction forces during level ground walking with body weight unloading

Background: Partial body weight support (BWS) systems have been broadly used with treadmills as a strategy for gait training of individuals with gait impairments. Considering that we usually walk on level ground and that BWS is achieved by altering the load on the plantar surface of the foot, it would be important to investigate some ground reaction force (GRF) parameters in healthy individuals walking on level ground with BWS to better implement rehabilitation protocols for individuals with gait impairments. Objective: To describe the effects of body weight unloading on GRF parameters as healthy young adults walked with BWS on level ground. Method: Eighteen healthy young adults (27±4 years old) walked on a walkway, with two force plates embedded in the middle of it, wearing a harness connected to a BWS system, with 0%, 15%, and 30% BWS. Vertical and horizontal peaks and vertical valley of GRF, weight acceptance and push-off rates, and impulse were calculated and compared across the three experimental conditions. Results: Overall, participants walked more slowly with the BWS system on level ground compared to their normal walking speed. As body weight unloading increased, the magnitude of the GRF forces decreased. Conversely, weight acceptance rate was similar among conditions. Conclusions: Different amounts of body weight unloading promote different outputs of GRF parameters, even with the same mean walk speed. The only parameter that was similar among the three experimental conditions was the weight acceptance rate. .