Fatal COVID-19 in a neonate after probable late intrauterine transmission.

We report the case of a 35-week gestation infant girl born by emergent cesarean section for fetal distress in a woman with recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the infant at 24 and 48 hours of life were negative. However, at 72 hours of life, the infant's respiratory status worsened, and a repeat SARS-CoV-2 PCR was positive. The infant developed leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and progressive respiratory failure, and died on the ninth day of life. Pathologic examination of the placenta revealed findings consistent with COVID-19 placentitis, and SARS-CoV-2 RNA staining was positive, suggesting intrauterine transmission of the infection.

Long term follow up of nasolacrimal intubation in adults.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The authors have previously reported a short term mean 15 month follow up of nasolacrimal intubation in adults. The effectiveness of this procedure for long term (mean 78 months) control of epiphoria is assessed here. METHODS: 65 eyes from 40 patients who underwent nasolacrimal intubation were followed. Mean age at intubation was 59.2 years. The mean follow up period was 6.2 years. The results were based on long term symptomatic improvement. RESULTS: Complete long term resolution of symptoms was reported in 50.7%. A partial improvement was reported in 38.5%, and no improvement in 10.7%. A better outcome was associated with a canalicular than nasolacrimal duct obstruction. On long term follow up 16.9% required dacrocysto-rhinostomy (DCR). CONCLUSION: Nasolacrimal intubation, a minimally invasive procedure is successful in the long term control of epiphora. Selection of patients with canalicular duct obstruction gives higher success rates with fewer patients subsequently requiring the DCR procedure.

Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccinations are currently recommended in the care of people with COPD, but these recommendations are based largely on evidence from observational studies with very few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reported. Influenza infection causes excess morbidity and mortality in COPD patients but there is also the potential for influenza vaccination to cause adverse effects or not to be cost effective. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the evidence from RCTs for a treatment effect of influenza vaccination in COPD subjects. Outcomes of interest were exacerbation rates, hospitalisations, mortality, lung function and adverse effects. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of trials, and reference lists of articles. References were also provided by a number of drug companies we contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: RCTs that compared live or inactivated virus vaccines with placebo, either alone or with another vaccine in persons with COPD. Studies of people with asthma were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers extracted data. All entries were double checked. Study authors and drug companies were contacted for missing information. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven trials were included but only six of these were specifically performed in COPD patients. The others were conducted on elderly and high-risk individuals, some of whom had chronic lung disease. Inactivated vaccine in COPD patients resulted in a significant reduction in the total number of exacerbations per vaccinated subject compared with those who received placebo (weighted mean difference (WMD) -0.37, 95% confidence interval -0.64 to -0.11, P = 0.006). This was due to the reduction in "late" exacerbations occurring after three or four weeks (WMD -0.39, 95% CI -0.61 to -0.18, P = 0.0004). In Howells 1961, the number of patients experiencing late exacerbations was also significantly less (odds ratio 0.13, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.45, P = 0.002). Both Howells 1961 and Wongsurakiat 2004 found that inactivated influenza vaccination reduced influenza -related respiratory infections (WMD 0.19, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.48, P = 0.0005). In both COPD patient and in elderly patients (only a minority of whom had COPD), there was a significant increase in the occurrence of local adverse reactions in vaccinees, but the effects were generally mild and transient. There was no evidence of an effect of intranasal live attenuated virus when this was added to inactivated intramuscular vaccination. The studies are too small to have detected any effect on mortality. An updated search conducted in September 2001 did not yield any further studies. A search in 2003 yielded two further reports of the same eligible study Gorse 2003. A search in 2004 yielded two reports of the another eligible study Wongsurakiat 2004. The author informed us of another report of the same study Wongsurakiat 2004/2. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: It appears, from the limited number of studies performed, that inactivated vaccine reduces exacerbations in COPD patients. The size of effect was similar to that seen in large observational studies, and was due to a reduction in exacerbations occurring three or more weeks after vaccination, and due to influenza. There is a mild increase in transient local adverse effects with vaccination, but no evidence of an increase in early exacerbations.

Simple beta-lactam compounds derived from 6-aminopenicillanic acid.

As part of a general program of structural modification in beta-lactam antibiotics, we have synthesized several simple penicillins from 6-aminopenicillanic acid where the C-3 carboxyl group has been replaced by a hydroxy or an acetoxy group and the C-6 side chain has been substituted by bromine or hydrogen. Some of the compounds exhibit mild activity against the Gram-positive strain Bacillus subtilis.

Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic bronchitis.

BACKGROUND: The use of prophylactic antibiotics to reduce the frequency and severity of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis is controversial. OBJECTIVES: To determine if prophylactic antibiotics reduce the frequency of exacerbations and/or days of disability in subjects with chronic bronchitis. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Register of Clinical Trials and the bibliographies of relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of prophylactic antibiotics in patients with chronic bronchitis and/or COPD were selected. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The eligibility of studies for inclusion was evaluated by three independent reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Nine trials involving 1055 subjects were included in the analysis. All were performed before 1970. Concealment of allocation was assessed as clearly adequate in only 3 studies. The likelihood of having a exacerbation at any time during the course of the study was decreased with treatment (Relative Risk 0.91, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 0.84, 0.99). There was a small reduction in the number of exacerbations per patient per year with prophylactic antibiotics but this was not statistically significant ( Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) -0.15, 95%CI -0.34, 0.04 ). There was a modest but significant reduction of 22% in the number of days of disability per patient per month treated ( WMD -0.95, 95%CI -1.89 to - 0.01 ). A parallel reduction in the days of disability for each exacerbation (WMD -2.08, 95% CI -4.08 to -0.07) was seen. There was a small increase in adverse effects with antibiotics. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic antibiotics in chronic bronchitis / COPD have a small but statistically significant effect in reducing the days of illness due to exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. They do not have a place in routine treatment because of concerns about the development of antibiotic resistance and the possibility of adverse effects. The available data are over 30 years old, so the pattern of antibiotic sensitivity may have changed and there is a wider range of antibiotics in use.

Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccinations are currently recommended in the care of people with COPD, but these recommendations are based largely on evidence from observational studies with very few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reported. Influenza infection causes excess morbidity and mortality in COPD patients but there is also the potential for influenza vaccination to cause adverse effects or not to be cost effective. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the evidence from RCTs for a treatment effect of influenza vaccination in COPD subjects. Outcomes of interest were exacerbation rates, hospitalisations, mortality, lung function and adverse effects. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Airways Group trials register and reference lists of articles. References were also provided by a number of drug companies we contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: RCTs that compared live or inactivated virus vaccines with placebo, either alone or with another vaccine in persons with COPD. Studies of people with asthma were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers extracted data. All entries were double checked. Study authors and drug companies were contacted for missing information. MAIN RESULTS: Nine trials were included but only four of these were specifically performed in COPD patients. The others were conducted on elderly and high-risk individuals, some of whom had chronic lung disease. In one study of inactivated vaccine in COPD patients there was a significant reduction in the total number of exacerbations per vaccinated subject compared with those who received placebo (weighted mean difference (WMD) -0.45, 95% confidence interval -0.75 to -0.15, p = 0.004). This difference was mainly due to the reduction in exacerbations occurring after 3 weeks (WMD -0.44, (95% CI -0.68 to -0.20, p<0.001). The number of patients experiencing late exacerbations was also significantly less (OR= 0.13, 95%CI 0.04 to 0.45, p=0.002). There was no evidence of an effect of intranasal live attenuated virus when this was added to inactivated intramuscular vaccination. In studies in elderly patients (only a minority of whom had COPD), there was a significant increase in the occurrence of local adverse reactions in vaccinees, but the effects were generally mild and transient. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: It appears, from the limited number of studies performed, that inactivated vaccine may reduce exacerbations in COPD patients. The size of effect was similar to that seen in large observational studies, and was due to a reduction in exacerbations occurring three or more weeks after vaccination. In elderly, high risk patients there was an increase in adverse effects with vaccination, but these are seen early and are usually mild and transient.

In vitro biological activities of 6-isosteric penicillins and 7-isosteric cephalosporins.

Antibiotic and penicillinase inhibitor activities of various penicillin and cephalosporin analogs are reported. The compounds include C-6 penicillin and C-7 cephalosporin carbon, oxygen and sulfur analogs obtained by replacing the NH of the amide side chains with CH2, O and S, respectively. In almost all cases, analogs were considerably less active than the standard compounds (benzylpenicillin and cephalothin). However, some of the analogs act as penicillinase inhibitors.

Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions in Christchurch, New Zealand.

AIMS: Winter air pollution in Christchurch is dominated by particulate matter from solid fuel domestic heating. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between particulate air pollution and admissions to hospital with cardio-respiratory illnesses. METHODS: Particulate air pollution statistics (PM10) were obtained from the Canterbury Regional Council monitoring station in the city. The New Zealand Health Information Service provided data on admissions to the Princess Margaret and Christchurch Hospitals for the period June 1988 through December 1998 for both adults and children with cardiac and respiratory disorders. The relationship between PM10 and admissions was explored using a time series analysis approach controlling for weather variables. Missing values were interpolated from carbon monoxide data for the same time period, as carbon monoxide and PM10 were highly correlated. RESULTS: There was a significant association between PM10 levels and cardio-respiratory admissions. For all age groups combined there was a 3.37% increase in respiratory admissions for each interquartile rise in PM10 (interquartile value 14.8 mcg/m3). There was also a 1.26% rise in cardiac admissions for each interquartile rise in PM10. There was no relationship between PM10 and admissions for appendicitis, the control condition selected. CONCLUSIONS: In keeping with overseas studies, there is evidence in Christchurch of a relationship between ambient particulate levels and admissions with cardiac and respiratory illnesses. The size of the effect is consistent with overseas data, with the greatest impact for respiratory disorders. IMPLICATIONS: These results indicate that measures to control ambient particulate levels have the potential to reduce hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory illnesses.

Mandibular invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma: investigation by clinical examination and orthopantomogram.

Assessing the relationship of oral squamous carcinoma with the mandible prior to definitive therapy poses a perplexing problem for the head and neck oncologist. We carried out a prospective open study of 51 (21 female and 30 male; mean age of 53.4 years) patients undergoing mandibular resections for oral squamous cell carcinoma to examine the incidence of mandibular bone invasion and to assess the predictive capabilities of clinical and radiological examination in detecting bone involvement. A detailed clinical examination was followed by radiographic evaluation of mandible for bone invasion. After resection, the mandible was sectioned serially at every cm to find the pathological bone involvement. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of clinical and radiological findings were calculated. Specimens from 25 patients (49%) (4 segmental 21 hemi) demonstrated tumour invasion on histological examination. Clinical impression of mandibular invasion showed a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 65%, whereas radiological examination had a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 88%. When considered together, clinical and radiological examinations were able to detect all the cases of bone invasion, but specificity was only 58%. This study advocates careful correlation of clinical and radiological findings prior to definitive therapy, as clinical examination tends to over diagnose bone invasion in tumours adjacent to the mandible. The specificity of imaging was also found to be low pointing towards the need for more specific diagnostic tools in doubtful cases. Aggressive surgical therapy, namely segmental or hemi resection of mandible is warranted in case of tumours of the lower alveolus with definite bone invasion. In case of carcinomas of the buccal mucosa and tongue the mandibular resection can be limited to that required for clearance of margins provided the radiology is negative.

Women's use of contraception in rural India: a village-level study.

This paper examines the determinants of contraceptive use among married women in four villages in rural West Bengal, India. It uses primary quantitative data obtained from a survey of 600 women and qualitative data derived from ethnographic methods. Bi- and multi-variate analyses demonstrate that the factors that most influence a woman's use of contraception include her age, the number of living sons she has, and her religious affiliation. The study also shows that the availability and quality of permanent village-based government health care affects the use of modern contraception. The use of temporary family planning methods is negligible in the area.

Clear cell sarcoma of kidney (CCSK)--a clinicopathological study of 4 cases.

The clinical and histopathological features of four cases of clear cell sarcoma of kidney (CCSK) or Bone metastasising renal tumour of childhood (BMRTC) are presented. These cases were identified among 107 primary renal tumours in childhood over a period of 15 years (1973-1987) in the Trivandrum Medical College. Of the 107 cases 96 (89.7 percent) were nephroblastomas and 7 (6.6 percent) were Mesoblastic Nephromas. The incidence of Clear cell sarcoma was 3.7 percent. Abdominal mass and haematuria were the most common clinical features. All the four cases occurred in male children with no predilection for the right or the left kidney. At the time of presentation bone metastasis was not present in any of the four cases. Metastasis to scapula and skull was detected ten months after nephrectomy in one case. Of the four patients three were in stage I disease at the time of diagnosis. All the four cases showed the typical gross morphology and the classic microscopic pattern of Clear Cell sarcoma kidney. The treatment was similar in all the four cases with Surgery followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy (Vincristine, Adriamycin Actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide). Only one of the four patients is alive and well 12 months after surgery. The literature is reviewed along with a discussion of the gross pathology, histology and histogenesis of clear cell sarcoma of kidney.

Lemierre's and Lemierre's-like syndromes in association with infectious mononucleosis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to review cases of Lemierre's and Lemierre's-like syndromes in paediatric patients, to examine a possible association with Epstein-Barr virus as a predisposing factor, and to assess the impact of this virus on the severity of illness. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of data from the in-patient database at Winthrop University Hospital, from January 2001 to October 2007. We reviewed clinical and laboratory findings as well as the outcome of infection in patients aged 21 years or less with a diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome. An additional case of Lemierre's-like syndrome was also included. The illness severity and duration of in-patient management of those testing positive for heterophile antibody were then compared with the same parameters in patients who tested negative. RESULTS: Of the five patients diagnosed with Lemierre's syndrome, two had concomitant acute infection with Epstein-Barr virus. Additionally, a 19-year-old adolescent was admitted during this period with acute infectious mononucleosis, Fusobacterium necrophorum sepsis, sinusitis, frontal lobe abscess and ophthalmic vein thrombosis. The clinical presentation of all patients included fever, sore throat, and ear or neck pain. The duration of symptoms ranged from two days to three weeks prior to admission. The patients with acute Epstein-Barr virus infection had been diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis prior to admission, and tested positive for heterophile antibody. These patients subsequently underwent more extensive in-patient treatment, including intensive care management and ventilator support. The patients who tested negative for heterophile antibody experienced a milder course of illness, with a shorter duration of in-patient management. CONCLUSION: Two patients diagnosed with Lemierre's syndrome, and a third with Fusobacterium necrophorum sepsis, had coexisting acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. Patients who tested positive for heterophile antibody experienced a more severe course of illness. These observations suggest a possible association between Epstein-Barr virus infection and the severity of concomitant Lemierre's syndrome.

Gas exchange characteristics of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaves.

Gas exchange responses of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaves to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), internal CO(2) concentration (C(i)), leaf-air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), leaf temperature (T(l)) and time of day were investigated in plants grown in three shade treatments. Maximal photosynthetic rate (P(n(max))) per unit leaf area at light saturation did not differ significantly among plants grown in the different shade treatments despite significant morphological differences. Light compensation point (9-15 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)) and quantum yield (0.022-0.023) did not differ significantly among treatments, whereas light saturation point was significantly higher for leaves grown in 20% shade than for leaves grown in 50 or 80% shade (951, 645 and 555 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), respectively). Shade treatments significantly affected assimilation responses to varying CO(2) concentrations. At CO(2) concentrations between 600 and 1000 micro mol mol(-1), leaves from the 20% shade treatment recorded higher P(n) (6.44 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)) than leaves from the 80% shade treatment (4.57 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)). Stomatal conductance (g(s)) decreased with increasing CO(2) concentrations. Vapor pressure deficits higher than 2.5 kPa significantly decreased P(n) and g(s), whereas P(n) remained steady over a 24-33 degrees C temperature range in leaves in 80% shade and over a 27-36 degrees C range in leaves in 20 and 50% shade. Highest carbon gain during a 12-hour photoperiod was observed for leaves grown in 50% shade. The results imply that mangosteen is a shade-tolerant, lower canopy tree adapted to humid tropical lowlands. Providing low VPD in the nursery may result in maximal growth. However leaves of seedlings grown in 50 or 20% shade tolerated high VPD and temperatures better than leaves of seedlings grown in 80% shade, indicating some adaptability to the seasonally wet and dry tropics of northern Australia.

Influence of irradiance on photosynthesis, morphology and growth of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) seedlings.

The influence of shading intensity on growth, morphology and leaf gas exchange of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) seedlings was investigated over a 2-year period. Diurnal gas exchange studies revealed significantly higher carbon gain for leaves grown in 20 or 50% shade compared to leaves grown in 80% shade. Seedlings grown in 20 or 50% shade accumulated significantly more dry weight than seedlings grown in 80% shade during the 2-year study period. Seedlings grown in decreased shade showed decreased leaf size, increased leaf thickness, lower specific leaf area (SLA) and higher stomatal frequency. Less shaded seedlings also allocated relatively more dry matter to roots than shaded seedlings and exhibited a significant reduction in leaf area relative to total plant dry weight (leaf area ratio). Increased leaf number, enhanced branching and shorter internodes resulted in a more compact appearance of less shaded seedlings. Irrespective of light conditions, mangosteen seedlings exhibited inherently slow growth because of low photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area, low SLA, low leaf area ratios and inefficient root systems.