CHOROIDAL VASCULARITY AND VISUAL OUTCOMES IN MACULA-OFF RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT.

PURPOSE: To investigate the association between visual outcomes and choroidal changes in patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. METHODS: This study retrospectively reviewed 63 eyes of patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment who underwent vitrectomy. Their fellow eyes were analyzed as a control group. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI), ellipsoid zone/external limiting membrane integrity, central foveal thickness, and subfoveal choroidal thickness were documented and analyzed. Linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors affecting the final best-corrected visual acuity. RESULTS: Eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment showed increased CVI (68.8 ± 4.1) compared with the control group (66.1 ± 8.8, P = 0.028). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that patients with a poor final best-corrected visual acuity had a longer detachment duration ( P = 0.002), worse baseline best-corrected visual acuity ( P = 0.034), thinner central foveal thickness ( P = 0.005), and greater CVI ( P = 0.001) and were more likely to be tamponated with silicone oil ( P = 0.001). Choroidal vascularity index was particularly increased in eyes with poor ellipsoid zone/external limiting membrane integrity, prolonged detachment duration, thin central foveal thickness, and worse best-corrected visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Increased CVI could indicate poor visual outcomes in patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Choroidal remodeling could be associated with the disruption of the ellipsoid zone/external limiting membrane integrity.

Cataract surgery with new monofocal intraocular lens enhanced for intermediate vision and standard monofocal intraocular lens for retinal disorder.

AIM: To investigate the difference in the initial surgical results between a new monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) with enhanced intermediate vision and the standard monofocal IOL in patients with retinal disease. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with retinal disease who underwent cataract surgery due to accompanying cataracts. Types of retinal diseases were investigated and best-corrected distant visual acuity, distant uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), intermediate UCVA, near UCVA, and spherical equivalent were recorded at each visit. The surgical results were investigated at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after surgery. RESULTS: Seventeen eyes treated with a new monofocal IOL enhanced for intermediate vision (ICB00 group) and 18 eyes treated with the standard monofocal IOL (AAB00 group) were included in this study. There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics, including the type of underlying retinal disease, between the groups. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of distant, intermediate, or near UCVA at day 1 and week 1 after surgery. However, at 1 month after surgery, the ICB00 group showed a significantly better intermediate vision improvement than the AAB00 group (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Even in patients with cataract accompanied by retinal disease, the use of the ICB00 IOL showed significant improvement in intermediate vision compared to the use of the AAB00 (standard monofocal) IOL. The ICB00 IOL might be a good option for patients with cataract and retinal disease in the era of increased intermediate vision needs in daily life.

CHOROIDAL INFLAMMATION AND CHORIOCAPILLARIS ISCHEMIA IN FOCAL CHOROIDAL EXCAVATION IN COMPARISON TO PACHYCHOROID NEOVASCULOPATHY.

PURPOSE: To investigate the choriocapillaris and choroidal characteristics of focal choroidal excavation (FCE) to establish pathomechanisms of the disease. METHODS: Thirty eyes with FCE, 26 eyes with pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV), and 25 participants without any conditions (control group) were analyzed retrospectively. The thickness of both choriocapillaris equivalent and whole choroid was measured at three different points: under the lesion (excavation or neovascularization), in the normal retina, and in the fovea of fellow eye. Indocyanine green angiographic images were collected to confirm choriocapillaris ischemia and the presence of choroidal inflammation. RESULTS: In both FCE and PNV, choriocapillaris-equivalent attenuation was observed under the lesion compared with other region of the retina (28.1 ± 11.3 µm vs. 69.4 ± 20.0 µm in FCE; 23.5 ± 9.7 µm vs. 62.3 ± 14.7 µm in PNV; both P < 0.001). We also observed focal thinning of the whole choroid under the lesion (149.7 ± 88.7 µm vs. 296.6 ± 83.2 µm; P < 0.001) in FCE but not in PNV. Pachyvessels distribution on optical coherence tomography and numerous dark areas on indocyanine green angiography implied that choroidal inflammation was related to the FCE occurrence. CONCLUSION: Choriocapillaris ischemia was related to both FCE and PNV. The choroidal thinning under the excavation and adjacent pachyvessels observed in FCE suggested that focal inflammation and scarring may contribute to choriocapillaris ischemia and eventual retinal pigment epithelium retraction with dysfunction in the pathomechanism.

SYSTEMIC FACTORS AND EARLY TREATMENT RESPONSE TO INTRAVITREAL INJECTION FOR DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA: The Role of Renal Function.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of systemic factors on early treatment response to intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVBI) and intravitreal dexamethasone implant (IVDI) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 117 treatment naïve DME patients who underwent IVBI. We divided the patients according to their IVBI response. An IVDI was performed in patients with poor response to IVBIs. We investigated the various systemic factors of diabetic patients and examined the relationship between systemic factors and the treatment response to IVBI and IVDI. RESULTS: In a total of 117 treatment naïve DME eyes, 61 eyes (52.14%) were classified as IVBI responders. An IVDI was performed in 23 of 56 eyes with poor response to IVBI, and 17 eyes (73.91%) had a good response. Among various systemic factors of patients with diabetes, renal function (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate) showed a significant negative correlation with central subfield retinal thickness improvement after treatment (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference in HbA1C levels regarding the treatment response to IVBI and IVDI. CONCLUSION: Renal function was significantly worse in patients with a poor response to IVBI and IVDI. Renal function could be used as a possible predictor for treatment response in certain patients with DME. Furthermore, for patients with DME with poor responses to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor or steroid treatments, assessment of renal function could help explain the poor treatment response.

THE NATIONWIDE INCIDENCE OF RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION FOLLOWING DIALYSIS AS A RESULT OF END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE: 2004 Through 2013.

PURPOSE: To examine the incidence and risk of retinal artery occlusion (RAO) in patients who have undergone dialysis in Korea. METHODS: A nationwide, population-based study using South Korean national health insurance data from 2004 to 2013 was used for analysis. All patients who began dialysis between 2004 and 2013 and the same number of control subjects were selected via propensity score matching. The incidence of RAO in the dialysis and control cohorts was calculated for 2004 to 2013 using washout data from 2003. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the risk of developing RAO in dialysis patients. Cumulative RAO incidence curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Whether dialysis modalities influenced the incidence of RAO was also evaluated. RESULTS: Seventy-six thousand seven hundred and eighty-two end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis were included in the dialysis cohort, and 76,782 individuals were included in the control cohort. During the study period, 293 patients in the dialysis cohort and 99 patients in the control cohort developed RAO. The person-years incidence of RAO was significantly higher in the dialysis cohort than in the control cohort (dialysis = 1.1/1,000 person-years; control = 0.3/1,000 person-years; P < 0.001). The incidence of RAO was not significantly different between the two methods of dialysis (hemodialysis vs. peritoneal dialysis; P = 0.25, log-rank test). CONCLUSION: The current study provided epidemiological evidence that undergoing dialysis for end-stage renal disease was associated with an increased risk of developing RAO. The incidence of RAO rapidly increased as the duration of dialysis increased. These results strengthen the significant role of the renal function in retinal vascular disease.

Analyses of the effects of persistent subretinal fluid on visual/anatomic outcomes according to the type of macular neovascularization during the relaxed treat-and-extend protocol in age-related macular degeneration patients.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the long-term effects of persistent subretinal fluid (SRF) on visual/anatomic outcomes according to the type of macular neovascularization (MNV) during relaxed treat-and-extend regimen with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients. METHODS: Patients with fovea-involving type 1 or type 2 MNV, treated with a relaxed treat-and-extend regimen for 2 years were retrospectively reviewed. Eyes with SRF observed more than three times per year were defined as the 'persistent SRF (+) group'. To exclude the effects of IRF as much as possible, the eyes with persistent IRF were excluded. The effects of persistent SRF on the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield retinal thickness (CST), and changes in the photoreceptor layer (PRL) thickness and outer retinal bands (external limiting membrane, ellipsoid zone, and cone outer segment tip line) after anti-VEGF injection were analyzed for each MNV type. RESULTS: Seventy-seven eyes with type 1 MNV (44 eyes with persistent SRF) and 53 eyes with type 2 MNV (18 eyes with persistent SRF) were enrolled. Following a relaxed treat-and-extend regimen with anti-VEGF agents, BCVA and CST improved for each MNV type. In comparison between persistent SRF (+) and persistent SRF (-) group, there were no differences in the amount of change in BCVA and CST between the two groups for each MNV type during 2-year follow-up periods. In addition, there were no differences in the amount of reduction in PRL thickness and state of the outer retinal bands between the two groups for each MNV type. CONCLUSIONS: Using a relaxed treat-and-extend regimen with anti-VEGF agents, persistent SRF did not have additional effects on visual and anatomic outcomes by 2 years, regardless of the MNV type.

The Nationwide Incidence of Retinal Vein Occlusion Following Dialysis due to End-stage Renal Disease in Korea, 2004 through 2013.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the incidence and risk of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis in Korea. METHODS: In this nationwide cohort study, we used Korean National Health Insurance Service data between 2004 and 2013 for analysis. ESRD patients who started dialysis from 2004 to 2013 and an equal number of controls were selected through propensity score matching. RVO incidence in both cohorts were calculated for 2004-2013 using washout data from 2003. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the risk of RVO in dialysis cohort. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to generate the cumulative RVO incidence curve. Whether the dialysis modality affects the development of RVO was also evaluated. RESULTS: In this study, 74,551 ESRD patients on dialysis and the same number of controls were included. The incidence of RVO was significantly higher in the dialysis cohort than in the control cohort (dialysis = 7.3/1,000 person-years [PY]; control = 1.9/1,000 PY; P < 0.001). The cumulative-incidence of RVO was also significantly higher in the dialysis cohort than in the control cohort (P < 0.001; log-rank test). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of RVO between the two dialysis methods (P = 0.550; log-rank test). CONCLUSION: This study provided epidemiological evidence that receiving dialysis for ESRD could increase the risk of developing RVO. We also found a rapid increase in the incidence of RVO with a longer dialysis period. These results strengthen the relationship between retinal vascular disease and renal function.

FLAT IRREGULAR PIGMENT EPITHELIUM DETACHMENT IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY: A Form of Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy?

PURPOSE: To investigate the differences in natural course, intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVB) responsiveness, and optical coherence tomography angiography findings according to the type of pigment epithelial detachment (PED) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: A retrospective review of angiographically proven CSC patients was conducted. Pigment epithelium detachment was classified as flat irregular or focal. To identify the natural course of CSC, we had observed whether subretinal fluid was improved without any treatment until symptom duration was >3 months. When CSC symptom duration was >3 months, IVB injection was performed. Symptom duration, central subfield thickness, subfoveal choroidal thickness, presence of subretinal fluid, natural course, optical coherence tomography angiography findings, and IVB responsiveness were compared between the PED types. RESULTS: One hundred eyes were included (64 flat irregular PED vs. 34 focal PED). Flat irregular PED had a longer symptom duration than focal PED (7.20 ± 11.52 vs. 3.69 ± 3.98 months, P = 0.03). In untreated cases, the rate of complete resolution of subretinal fluid was significantly lower in flat irregular PED than in focal PED (34.78% vs. 65.22%, P = 0.017). In contrast to the natural course, responsiveness to IVB was significantly better in flat irregular PED (72.41% vs. 31.58%, P = 0.005). Optical coherence tomography angiography revealed more CNV in flat irregular PED (42.90% vs. 10.00%, P = 0.014). Subfoveal choroidal thickness in flat irregular PED was significantly thicker. CONCLUSION: In CSC patients with flat irregular PED, the natural course was poor, but treatment response to IVB was favorable. Flat irregular PED patients showed longer symptom duration and thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness than those with focal PED. Optical coherence tomography angiography revealed more choroidal neovascularization in flat irregular PED. These findings suggest that CSC with flat irregular PED could be considered a form of pachychoroid neovasculopathy.

Visual Prognostic Factors of Epiretinal Membrane Surgery in Patients with Pseudophakia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual prognostic factors in patients with pseudophakic epiretinal membrane (ERM) after vitrectomy using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHOD: A retrospective review of patients with pseudophakic ERM having undergone vitrectomy was conducted. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and SD-OCT were conducted before and 1, 3, and 6 months after vitrectomy. Known visual prognostic factors, such as inner-retina irregularity index, central foveal thickness (CFT), central inner retinal layer thickness (CIRLT), cone outer segment tip defect length, and photoreceptor outer segment length, were reviewed and their correlation with BCVA was analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-three patients (mean age: 64.88 ± 10.46 years) with pseudophakic ERM were included. BCVA significantly improved after vitrectomy (logMAR 0.30 ± 0.24 vs. 0.11 ± 0.14, p < 0.001). The preoperative high inner-retina irregularity index significantly correlated with poor postoperative BCVA in patients with pseudophakic ERM (correlation coefficient 0.583, p < 0.001). Postoperative improvements of inner retinal SD-OCT findings, such as inner-retina irregularity index, CFT, and CIRLT, were significantly associated with the amount of BCVA improvement after ERM surgery (correlation coefficients were as follows: inner-retina irregularity index - 0.711, p < 0.001; CFT - 0.462, p = 0.002; CIRLT - 0.596, p < 0.001). However, preoperative outer retinal SD-OCT findings were not associated with postoperative visual prognosis. CONCLUSION: From this study, we determined the visual prognostic factors of ERM surgery without confounding factors, such as visual acuity improvement following combined cataract surgery, and inner retinal SD-OCT findings more significantly associated with the visual prognosis of ERM surgery compared to outer retinal SD-OCT findings.

Relationship between Clinical Features of Diabetic Retinopathy and Systemic Factors in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the relationship between clinical features of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and systemic factors in patients with newly diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Retrospective review of newly diagnosed T2DM-patients who underwent complete ophthalmic examinations at the time of T2DM diagnosis were conducted. We reviewed DM related systemic factor data and investigated systemic factors related to the presence of DR at T2DM diagnosis. In DR patients, the relationship between DR severity and systemic factors was analyzed. RESULTS: Of 380 patients, forty (10.53%) patients had DR at the initial ophthalmologic examination. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR), and urine microalbumin level were significantly higher in DR patients than in patients without DR. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, high HbA1C was a significant risk factor for the presence of DR at new T2DM diagnosis (odds ratio, 2.372; P < 0.001). HbA1C, FPG, UACR, and urine microalbumin level showed significantly positive correlations with DR severity . CONCLUSION: In patients with newly diagnosed T2DM, 10.53% have DR at initial ophthalmologic examination and high HbA1C, FPG, UACR and urine microalbumin levels. These factors are significantly positively correlated with DR severity. Therefore, more careful fundus examination is needed for newly diagnosed T2DM patients with high HbA1C, FPG, UACR, and urine microalbumin levels.

Near reading speed changes after panretinal photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy patients: a prospective study using an iPad application for the measurement of reading speed.

PURPOSE: To investigate the changes in the near reading speed after panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in diabetic retinopathy patients. METHODS: This non-randomized, prospective, clinical study enrolled diabetic retinopathy patients who underwent PRP from January 2016 to June 2017. The near reading speed was measured before and 1 week, 1 month, and 4 months after PRP by using an iPad application for the assessment of reading speed; near best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were also analyzed. The reading speed of age-matched healthy individuals was compared with that of diabetic retinopathy patients. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were enrolled in this study. The baseline near reading speed of diabetic retinopathy patients was significantly slower than that of age-matched healthy controls. The near reading speed was reduced at 1 week after PRP, but recovered at 1 and 4 months after PRP. Near BCVA showed a similar pattern after PRP. SFCT increased at 1 week after PRP and significantly decreased at both 1 and 4 months after PRP. CONCLUSION: The near reading speed of diabetic patients was significantly slower than that of age-matched healthy controls. The speed was temporarily reduced at 1 week after PRP, potentially due to short-term impairment of parasympathetic nerve innervation.

CHANGES IN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE UNDERGOING DIALYSIS FOR THE FIRST TIME.

PURPOSE: To investigate the spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings before and after dialysis in patients with diabetic end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis for the first time. METHODS: A retrospective medical review of patients with diabetic end-stage renal disease who recently started dialysis was conducted. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings before and after initiation of dialysis were analyzed. Systemic blood pressure, body weight, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (Cr), albumin, hemoglobin (Hb), and total CO2 were measured before and 1 month after starting dialysis. The correlations between the changes in these variables and the degree of decrease of the central subfield thickness after initiation of dialysis were analyzed. RESULTS: A total 26 eyes from 15 patients were included. Among them, 14 started hemodialysis, and 1 started peritoneal dialysis. After initiation of dialysis, the incidence of any macular edema significantly decreased from 69.2% (18/26) to 26.9% (7/26) (P = 0.001). The central subfield thickness (317.92 ± 91.41 vs. 287.77 ± 57.55 µm, P = 0.006) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (313.31 ± 85.89 vs. 288.81 ± 92.02; P = 0.024) also significantly decreased. Improvement in blood urea nitrogen, Cr, Hb, and total CO2 levels in serum and estimated glomerular filtration rate was observed. A significant positive correlation between the amount of central subfield thickness decrease and the decrease in serum blood urea nitrogen was found (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.481, P = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Macular edema and central subfield thickness significantly decreased after initiation of dialysis in patients with diabetic chronic renal failure without any ocular treatment. This may be related to the improvement in uremia and volume overload after the initiation of dialysis.

Reliability of a new modified tear breakup time method: dry tear breakup time.

BACKGROUND: Tear breakup time (TBUT) is a useful technique for diagnosing dry eye disease (DED). The conventional method of measuring TBUT using fluorescein strips adds supplemental normal saline (NS) to the tear film (wet tear breakup time, WBUT) but does not represent the actual state of the tear film. We introduced a new TBUT method-dry tear breakup time (DBUT)-and investigated its reliability. METHODS: We included DED patients with mild symptoms and a Schirmer test of 6 mm or more. Patients using tear substitutes and/or suffering from Sjogren's syndrome were excluded. For measuring DBUT, 1 µl of 5 % fluorescein solution was instilled on the end of an applicator using a micropipette. Once the fluorescein solution was dry, the applicator was sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, and the dried fluorescein was applied to the lower palpebral conjunctiva without supplemental NS. Agreement between the two tests and their sensitivity and specificity were analyzed. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 32.1 ± 9.7 years (n = 124). The DBUT was lower than the WBUT, with a mean difference of -0.63 s. Both tests had a low statistically significant correlation with the Ocular Surface Disease Index. When the basis of definite diagnosis for DED was over grade 1 on the Oxford schema of staining, the cutoff value for the WBUT was 4.48 s and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.790 and 0.548 respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was 0.609 (95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.517-0.695). When the cutoff value was 3.5 s for the DBUT, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.726 and 0.694 respectively, and the AUROC curve was 0.724 (95 % CI: 0.637-0.801). CONCLUSIONS: DBUT had a higher correlation with symptoms than the conventional WBUT. When DED was diagnosed with corneal or conjunctival staining based on the Oxford schema of staining, DBUT had a better accuracy than the conventional WBUT. DBUT may replace WBUT after confirming studies, especially when surface damage is to be detected as opposed to tear flow or symptoms.

Changes of Accommodative Power in Vitrectomized Eyes with Crystalline Lenses.

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes of accommodative power in phakic eyes after uneventful pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in patients aged younger than 45 years without presbyopia. METHODS: We investigated patients aged younger than 45 years who underwent PPV without crystalline lens extraction because of vitreoretinal disorders. Twelve weeks after vitrectomy, the near point of accommodation, high-frequency component of accommodative microfluctuation, axial length, and anterior chamber depth of vitrectomized and contralateral nonvitrectomized eyes were examined. RESULTS: Ten eyes of 10 patients were included. The average patient age was 39.8 (±4.3) years. None experienced cataract progression in the vitrectomized eye up to 12 weeks after surgery. Near point of accommodation was significantly lower in the vitrectomized eye than in the opposite eye at 12 weeks after vitrectomy (5.23 [±1.39] diopters vs. 5.91 [±1.83] diopters, p < 0.001). The high-frequency components in the vitrectomized eyes were significantly greater than those in the contralateral eyes (p = 0.01). However, anterior chamber depth and axial length were similar in value to the preoperative observations. CONCLUSIONS: Uneventful PPV in relatively young patients without presbyopia reduced accommodative power during the early postoperative period with no cataract progression.

Effect of combined cataract surgery and ranibizumab injection in postoperative macular edema in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether intravitreal ranibizumab injection at cataract surgery prevents postoperative diabetic macular edema (PME) in patients with stable diabetic retinopathy without significant macular edema. METHODS: Eighty patients with cataract, stable diabetic retinopathy, and no significant macular edema were randomized to a sham group (cataract surgery only) or a group undergoing cataract surgery plus intraoperative ranibizumab injection. Best-corrected visual acuities, central subfield thickness, and total macular volume were assessed at baseline and 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Clinically meaningful PME (central subfield thickness increase >60 µm relative to baseline) was computed. RESULTS: The groups did not differ in baseline best-corrected visual acuity, central subfield thickness, and total macular volume. Compared with the ranibizumab injection group, the sham group had significantly larger central subfield thickness increases relative to baseline at 1 week and 1 month; larger total macular volume increases at all time points (P = 0.012, P = 0.005, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.005, P = 0.017, respectively); higher PME frequency at 1 month (P = 0.019); and poorer best-corrected visual acuity improvement from baseline to 6 months after surgery (P = 0.046). CONCLUSION: In patients with stable diabetic retinopathy without significant macular edema, intravitreal ranibizumab injection at cataract surgery may prevent the postoperative worsening of macular edema and may improve the final visual outcome without affecting safety.

Endogenous endophthalmitis in the Korean population: a six-year retrospective study.

PURPOSE: To identify the clinical features, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors of endogenous endophthalmitis in multiple tertiary referral centers of South Korea over a 6-year period. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of medical records of 57 eyes of 43 patients diagnosed with endogenous endophthalmitis from January 2005 to December 2011, which was referred to tertiary referral centers. RESULTS: Fifty-seven cases of 43 patients were followed for a mean of 18.7 months (range, 0.5-50 months). The common underlying diseases were diabetes mellitus (46.5%) and liver cirrhosis (20.93%). Liver abscess (39.5%) was the most common infection source. Among prognostic factors, the initial visual acuity was associated with favorable visual outcome significantly (P < 0.001). Endogeneous endophthalmitis with gram-negative bacteria had worse visual outcomes than gram-positive bacteria or fungus (P = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Similar to the findings of previous East Asian studies, this study showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common causative organism of endogenous endophthalmitis and liver abscess was the most common infection focus. Although endogenous endophthalmitis is generally associated with poor visual acuity outcomes, the prognosis depends mainly on the initial visual acuity and the pathogen.

Valsalva retinopathy and branch retinal artery occlusion after cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation.

We report a 53-year-old woman who had acute visual loss 10 days after cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation performance. Immediately after she had performed cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation, she developed floater symptoms in her left eye, which persisted for 2 hours, and she was diagnosed as having Valsalva retinopathy. Ten days later, she had an acute painless visual loss in the same eye (visual acuity 20/1000). On fundus examination, optic disk edema, peripapillary hemorrhage, and retinal artery occlusion were detected in the superior half of her left retina and she was diagnosed as having branch retinal artery occlusion. Four months later, her visual acuity had increased to 20/40; however, the inferior altitudinal visual field defect remained. To rule out cardiac associations of branch retinal artery occlusion, transesophageal echocardiography was performed and a patent foramen ovale on her atrial septum was detected. This case indicates a possible risk that emergency medical personnel could have medical problems while performing strenuous tasks to help other people.

Changes in the outer nuclear layer and choroidal vascularity during the manifest and quiescent phases of acute central serous chorioretinopathy.

To investigate alteration of outer nuclear layer (ONL) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in different status of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). A retrospective review of 65 CSC eyes with subretinal fluid (manifest CSC) and 40 control eyes was conducted in a single tertiary university hospital. Differences in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ONL, and CVI were compared. CVI was assessed both in the entire choroid (CVI-EC) and around the 1500 µm leakage area (CVI-1500). Measurements were repeated after the subretinal fluid resorption (quiescent CSC), and compared. CSC eyes showed worse BCVA, thinner ONL and greater CVI than controls. Quiescent CSC showed a recovery of ONL compared to the manifest CSC, along with the BCVA improvement. The resolution of the CSC revealed a decrease across all three choroidal areas (total, stromal and luminal), with a more pronounced reduction in the stromal than in the luminal choroidal area, leading to an increase in the CVI. This phenomenon was shown in both CVI-EC and CVI-1500. Conclusively, ONL thickness can be used as a quantitative biomarker for photoreceptor function in CSC. Increased CVI may reflect a disease activity. The stromal choroidal area is particularly sensitive in illustrating leakage from the choroidal vasculature.

Outer nuclear layer recovery as a predictor of visual prognosis in type 1 choroidal neovascularization of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

To investigate the changes in outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness during anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment in type 1 choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and its impact on vision. Type 1 CNV eyes (n = 94) were retrospectively compared to normal control eyes (n = 35). Along with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the location of CNV, foveal ONL thickness, and subretinal fluid height were measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and analyzed. Visual outcome and OCT biomarkers were compared. As a result, the CNV group had thinner foveal ONL and worse BCVA compared to the control group. ONL thickness recovered partially along with visual improvement following 3 monthly initial loading doses of aflibercept injections, and it correlated with the final BCVA during the 1-year follow-up. Eyes achieved foveal ONL recovery over + 10 µm had lower subfoveal CNV (45.5%) and showed better visual outcomes than eyes with stationary ONL or suboptimal ONL recovery (76.0%, p = 0.012). In conclusion, type 1 CNV eyes that recovered foveal ONL thickness at initial loading of anti-VEGF demonstrated good final visual outcome during the 1-year follow-up. Monitoring the foveal ONL thickness during early anti-VEGF treatment can give information about the visual outcomes in type 1 CNV.