High performance relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals for ultrasonic transducer applications.

Relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) have drawn much attention in the ferroelectric field because of their excellent piezoelectric properties and high electromechanical coupling coefficients (d33~2000 pC/N, kt~60%) near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). Ternary Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals also possess outstanding performance comparable with PMN-PT single crystals, but have higher phase transition temperatures (rhombohedral to tetragonal Trt, and tetragonal to cubic Tc) and larger coercive field Ec. Therefore, these relaxor-based single crystals have been extensively employed for ultrasonic transducer applications. In this paper, an overview of our work and perspectives on using PMN-PT and PIN-PMN-PT single crystals for ultrasonic transducer applications is presented. Various types of single-element ultrasonic transducers, including endoscopic transducers, intravascular transducers, high-frequency and high-temperature transducers fabricated using the PMN-PT and PIN-PMN-PT crystals and their 2-2 and 1-3 composites are reported. Besides, the fabrication and characterization of the array transducers, such as phased array, cylindrical shaped linear array, high-temperature linear array, radial endoscopic array, and annular array, are also addressed.

Formation and healing of vacancies in graphene chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth.

The formation and kinetics of single and double vacancies in graphene chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth on Cu(111), Ni(111), and Co(0001) surfaces are investigated by the first-principles calculation. It is found that the vacancies in graphene on the metal surfaces are dramatically different from those in free-standing graphene. The interaction between the vacancies and the metal surface and the involvement of a metal atom in the vacancy structure greatly reduce their formation energies and significantly change their diffusion barriers. Furthermore, the kinetic process of forming vacancies and the potential route of their healing during graphene CVD growth on Cu(111) and Ni(111) surfaces are explored. The results indicate that Cu is a better catalyst than Ni for the synthesis of high-quality graphene because the defects in graphene on Cu are formed in a lower concentration and can be more efficiently healed at the typical experimental temperature. This study leads to a deep insight into the atomic process of graphene growth, and the mechanism revealed in this study can be used for the experimental design of high-quality graphene synthesis.

Solution-gated graphene field effect transistors integrated in microfluidic systems and used for flow velocity detection.

Solution-gated graphene field effect transistors (SGGT) were integrated in microfluidic systems. The transfer characteristics of a SGGT with an Ag/AgCl gate electrode shifted horizontally with the change of the ionic concentration of KCl solution in the microchannel and the relationship can be fitted with the Nernst equation, which was attributed to the change of the potential drop at the Ag/AgCl electrode. Therefore the gate electrode is one important factor for the ion sensitive property of the SGGT. Then SGGTs were used as flow velocity sensors, which were based on measuring the streaming potentials in microfluidic channels. A linear relationship between the shift of the transfer curve of the SGGT and the flow velocity was obtained, indicating that the SGGT is a promising transducer for measuring flow velocity in a microchip. Since the streaming potential is influenced by the three physical quantities, including the flow velocity, the ionic strength of the fluid and the zeta potential of the substrate, the device can be used for sensing any one of the three quantities when the other two were known. It is noteworthy that SGGTs have been used for various types of chemical and biological sensors. Array of the devices integrated in multichannel microchips are expected to find many important applications in the lab-on-a-chip systems in the future.

A strategy for simultaneously realizing the cubic-to-hexagonal phase transition and controlling the small size of NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals for in vitro cell imaging.

Hexagonal-phase NaYF(4):Yb(3+),Er(3+) up-conversion nanocrystals (UCNCs) are synthesized by a combination of refluxing and hydrothermal treatment. This strategy leads to only a slight increase in particle size, from 4.5 to ca. 10 nm, during the cubic-to-hexagonal phase transition. The hexagonal UCNCs can be internalized by HeLa cells and exhibit visible emission in the cells under near-infrared excitation.

Time-variant 1D photonic crystals using flowing microdroplets.

In this paper we propose a time-variant photonic crystal, which can be formed by a stream of wave-length-scale microdroplets flowing through a microfluidic channel. The functionality stems from the photonic bandgap generated from the 1D periodic perturbation of refractive index. The periodicity, volume fraction and composition of both the dispersed and the continuous phases can be conveniently tuned in real time by hydrodynamic or pneumatic methods. By simulation, it is found that the time-variant nature of the proposed structure can induce an abnormal energy evolution, which is distinct from any existing photonic crystal structures. As a basic component for optofluidic systems, the droplet-based photonic crystal may find potential applications in light modulation and light confinement, and could be an ideal model for pursuing physical insights into time-variant optofluidic systems.

A study on the disk-shaped piezoelectric transformer with multiple outputs.

In this study, a modified disk-shaped multiple-output piezoelectric transformer operated at the fundamental radial vibration mode has been presented. A derived equivalent circuit for the multioutput piezoelectric transformer was used to analyze the performance. Two piezoelectric transformers, a symmetrically electroded piezoelectric transformer with dual outputs and an asymmetrically electroded piezoelectric transformer with triple outputs, were fabricated with lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics. The characteristics of the two piezoelectric transformers were investigated experimentally. The piezoelectric transformer with multiple outputs has potential to be used in power supply units and other electronic circuits.

A lead-free piezoelectric transformer in radial vibration modes.

In this study, a disk-shaped piezoelectric transformer was fabricated using lead-free (K,Na)NbO(3)-based ceramics with high mechanical quality factor. The transformer can operate in the fundamental or the third radial vibration mode. The transformer is poled along the thickness direction. The top surface is covered by ring/dot silver electrodes separated by an annular gap which serve as the input and output parts of the transformer, respectively. The bottom surface, fully covered with a silver electrode, is grounded as a common electrode. The dimensions of the top ring/dot electrodes are designed such that the third radial vibration mode can be strongly excited. The electrical properties of the transformer with diameter of 34.2 mm and thickness of 1.9 mm were measured. For a temperature rise of 35 degrees C, the transformer has a maximum output power of 12 W. With the matching load, its maximum efficiency is >95%, and maximum voltage gains are 6.5 and 3.9 for the fundamental and the third radial vibration modes, respectively. It has potential to be used in power supply units and other electronic circuits.

Lead-free multilayer piezoelectric transformer.

In this article, a multilayer piezoelectric transformer based on lead-free Mn-doped 0.94(Bi(12)Na(12))TiO(3)-0.06BaTiO(3) ceramics is presented. This piezoelectric transformer, with a multilayered construction in the thickness direction, is 8.3 mm long, 8.3 mm wide, and 2.3 mm thick. It operates in the second thickness extensional vibration mode. For a temperature rise of 20 degrees C, the transformer has an output power of >0.3 W. With a matching load resistance of 10 Omega, its maximum efficiency approaches 81.5%, and the maximum voltage gain is 0.14. It has potential to be used in low voltage power supply units such as low power adapter and other electronic circuits.

Efficient and stable perovskite solar cells prepared in ambient air irrespective of the humidity.

Poor stability of organic-inorganic halide perovskite materials in humid condition has hindered the success of perovskite solar cells in real applications since controlled atmosphere is required for device fabrication and operation, and there is a lack of effective solutions to this problem until now. Here we report the use of lead (II) thiocyanate (Pb(SCN)2) precursor in preparing perovskite solar cells in ambient air. High-quality CH3NH3PbI3-x(SCN)x perovskite films can be readily prepared even when the relative humidity exceeds 70%. Under optimized processing conditions, we obtain devices with an average power conversion efficiency of 13.49% and the maximum efficiency over 15%. In comparison with typical CH3NH3PbI3-based devices, these solar cells without encapsulation show greatly improved stability in humid air, which is attributed to the incorporation of thiocyanate ions in the crystal lattice. The findings pave a way for realizing efficient and stable perovskite solar cells in ambient atmosphere.

Ferroelectric-Driven Performance Enhancement of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors Based on Vertical Tunneling Heterostructures.

A vertical graphene heterostructure field-effect transistor (VGHFET) using an ultrathin ferroelectric film as a tunnel barrier is developed. The heterostructure is capable of providing new degrees of tunability and functionality via coupling between the ferroelectricity and the tunnel current of the VGHFET, which results in a high-performance device. The results pave the way for developing novel atomic-scale 2D heterostructures and devices.

Flexible organic electrochemical transistors for highly selective enzyme biosensors and used for saliva testing.

Flexible organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are successfully used as high-performance enzyme biosensors, such as uric acid (UA) and cholesterol sensors. The sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors can be simultaneously enhanced by co-modifying the gate electrodes with positively/negatively charged bilayer polymer films and enzymes. These OECT-based UA sensors are successfully utilized for non-invasive UA detection in human saliva.

Graphene/sulfur hybrid nanosheets from a space-confined "sauna" reaction for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries.

A space-confined "sauna" reaction system is introduced for the simultaneous reduction and functionalization of graphene oxide to unique graphene-sulfur hybrid nanosheets, in which thin layers of amorphous sulfur are tightly anchored on the graphene sheet via strong chemical bonding. Upon being used as the cathode material in lithium-sulfur batteries, the as-synthesized composite shows an excellent electrochemical performance.

Electrospun bismuth ferrite nanofibers for potential applications in ferroelectric photovoltaic devices.

Bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanofibers were synthesized via a sol-gel-based electrospinning process followed by thermal treatment. The influences of processing conditions on the final structure of the samples were investigated. Nanofibers prepared under optimized conditions were found to have a perovskite structure with good quality of crystallization and free of impurity phase. Ferroelectric and piezoelectric responses were obtained from individual nanofiber measured on a piezoelectric force microscope. A prototype photovoltaic device using laterally aligned BFO nanofibers and interdigital electrodes was developed and its performance was examined on a standard photovoltaic system. The BFO nanofibers were found to exhibit an excellent ferroelectric photovoltaic property with the photocurrent several times larger than the literature data obtained on BFO thin films.

Samarium and manganese-doped lead titanate ceramic fiber/epoxy 1-3 composite for high-frequency transducer application.

Samarium- (Sm) and manganese- (Mn) doped lead titanate ceramic fibers with a diameter of 35 microm were prepared using a sol-gel method. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the fibers have a pure perovskite structure. The 1-3 composite disks with a thickness of 31-41 microm and with ceramic volume fraction of approximately 0.68 have been prepared using the samarium and manganese doped lead titanate (PSmT) fibers. The resonance characteristics of the poled composite disks were measured. A focused transducer was fabricated using a concave 1-3 composite disk with nonuniform thickness in order to enhance its bandwidth. The insertion loss (IL), pulse-echo response and frequency spectrum of the composite transducer were measured. The center frequency of the transducer was approximately 31 MHz with a -3 dB bandwidth of approximately 123% and a low IL of 29.3 dB.

Single crystal PMN-0.33PT/epoxy 1-3 composites for ultrasonic transducer applications.

Lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate 0.67Pb (Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O3-0.33PbTiO3 (PMN-0.33PT, abbreviated as PMN-PT) single crystals were used to fabricate PMN-PT/epoxy 1-3 composites with different volume fractions of PMN-PT ranging from 0.4 to 0.8. The electromechanical properties of the 1-3 composites were determined by the resonance technique. Theoretical modeling of the 1-3 composites matched quite well with the measured material properties. It was demonstrated that the thickness electromechanical coupling coefficients of the composites could reach as high as 0.8. A 2.4 MHz plane ultrasonic transducer was fabricated using a PMN-PT/epoxy 1-3 composite with 0.37 volume fraction of PMN-PT. It shows a -6 dB bandwidth of approximately 61% and an insertion loss of -14 dB.

Microfluidic reactors for photocatalytic water purification.

Photocatalytic water purification utilizes light to degrade the contaminants in water and may enjoy many merits of microfluidics technology such as fine flow control, large surface-area-to-volume ratio and self-refreshing of reaction surface. Although a number of microfluidic reactors have been reported for photocatalysis, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review. This article aims to identify the physical mechanisms that underpin the synergy of microfluidics and photocatalysis, and, based on which, to review the reported microfluidic photocatalytic reactors. These microreactors help overcome different problems in bulk reactors such as photon transfer limitation, mass transfer limitation, oxygen deficiency, and lack of reaction pathway control. They may be scaled up for large-throughput industrial applications of water processing and may also find niche applications in rapid screening and standardized tests of photocatalysts.

Stable 4 V-class bicontinuous cathodes by hierarchically porous carbon coating on Li3V2(PO4)3 nanospheres.

A high performance, durable cathode material for lithium ion batteries is achieved by incorporating ∼50 nm Li3V2(PO4)3/C core-shell nanospheres into a porous carbon framework. The Li3V2(PO4)3/C nanocomposite delivers an initial discharge capacity of 130 mA h g(-1), approaching its theoretical limit (133 mA h g(-1)). At a high current rate (10 C), the nanocomposite displays an impressive long cycle life and remarkable capacity retention (90% after 1200 cycles). Notably, the Coulombic efficiency is above 99% during the course of cycling. The remarkable power capability and cycle stability derived from our simple and scalable synthesis suggests that this 4 V-class material could be one of the most promising candidates for future batteries.

Bifunctional Au@Pt core-shell nanostructures for in situ monitoring of catalytic reactions by surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy.

Optical probes of heterogeneous catalytic reactions are of great importance for in situ determination of the catalytic activity and monitoring of the reaction process. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy could be used as a sensitive optical probe for this purpose provided that plasmonic metal nanoparticles for Raman enhancement are properly integrated with catalytic metals to form a single entity. Herein we present a facile approach for synthesizing Au@Pt core-shell nanostructures with a controllable surface density of sub-5 nm Pt nanoparticles on the surface of Au nanorods. Systematic investigations on both SERS and catalytic activities of the hybrid nanostructures reveal an optimized surface coverage of Pt. More importantly, we demonstrate that, due to their dual functionalities, the hybrid nanostructures are able to track the Pt-catalysed reaction in real time by measuring the SERS signals of the reactant, intermediate and final products. This SERS-based synergy technique provides a novel approach for quantitatively studying catalytic chemical reaction processes and is suitable for many applications such as reduction and oxidation reactions in fuel cells and catalytic water splitting.

Quantitative SERS detection of low-concentration aromatic polychlorinated biphenyl-77 and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.

This paper reports a simple label-free high-sensitive method for detecting low-concentration persistent organic pollutants and explosive materials. The proposed method combines surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and magnetomotive enrichment of the target molecules on the surface of Ag nanoparticles (NPs). This structure can be achieved through self-assembling integration of Ag NPs with ferromagnetic Fe3O4 microspheres, forming a hybrid SERS nanoprobe with both optical and magnetic properties. Moreover, the magnetic response of ferromagnetic Fe3O4 microspheres can be used to dynamically modulate the optical property of Ag NPs through controlling their geometric arrangement on the substrate by applying an external magnetic field. It is also demonstrated from the full-wave numerical simulation results that the maximum electromagnetic field enhancement can be greatly increased by shortening the distance of neighboring Ag NPs and therefore resulting in an improved SERS detecting limit. More importantly, by using the prepared substrate, the SERS signals from organic pollution substances, i.e. aromatic polychlorinated biphenyl-77 and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, were quantitatively analyzed.

Direct observation of carbon nanostructure growth at liquid-solid interfaces.

Our TEM observation revealed that in a carbon-Pt3Co system, amorphous carbon first crystallized into nanoclusters at step-edges on melting Pt3Co surfaces before merging into graphene layers through a kinetic restructuring via oriented-attachment, leading to the final formation of few-layered graphene nanostructures. The result obtained from density-functional theory calculations further suggested that Co atoms rather than Pt atoms acted as initial nucleation centers.