Poison in the water: Arsenic's silent assault on fish health.

Arsenic occurs across the world in freshwater and marine environments, menacing the survival of aquatic organisms. Organic and inorganic forms of this substance can be found, in which the inorganic form is more hazardous than the organic form. Most aquatic bodies contain inorganic arsenic species, but organic species are believed to be the dominant form of arsenic in the majority of fish. Natural and anthropogenic both are the sources of water contamination with arsenic. Its bioaccumulation and transfer from one trophic level to another in the aquatic food chain make arsenic a vital environmental issue. Continuous exposure to low concentrations of arsenic in aquatic organisms including fish leads to its bioaccumulation, which may affect organisms of higher trophic levels including large fishes or humans. Humans can be exposed to arsenic through the consumption of fish contaminated with arsenic. Hence, the present review facilitates our understanding about sources of arsenic, its bioaccumulation, food chain transfer, and its effect on the fish health. Also, "Poison in the Water: Arsenic's Silent Assault on Fish Health" serves as a wake-up call to recognize the pressing need to address arsenic contamination in water bodies. By understanding its devastating impact on fish health, we can strive to implement sustainable practices and policies that safeguard our precious aquatic environments and ensure the well-being of both wildlife and human communities that depend on them.

Prevalence of most caries-susceptible area on individual primary tooth surface: an observational study.

Due to multifactorial aetiology, tooth surfaces of primary dentition are more prone to dental caries and follow the specific pattern of dental caries which is difficult to control. The proper knowledge of caries-susceptible areas on individual primary teeth surfaces guides the clinician to take early preventive measures to stop the progression of dental caries. This study aims to find the prevalence of caries-susceptible areas on primary teeth surfaces in preschool children and the most commonly affected primary teeth. The study design adopted was a cross-sectional study. A total number of 3720 teeth of 186 preschool children were examined for initial pinpoint caries lesions using World Health Organization (WHO) caries detection criteria. 33 caries-susceptible areas were examined on individual primary tooth surfaces of preschool children who visited the Faculty of Dental Sciences. Each tooth surface was recorded separately and no radiographic examination was done. Obtained data was analysed keeping the level of significance at 5%. The overall prevalence of caries-susceptible area was found significantly higher in the maxillary teeth (Maxillary teeth: 41.7% vs. Mandible teeth: 30.7%; p < 0.001) and anterior teeth (Anterior teeth: 43.7% vs. Posterior teeth: 28.4%; p < 0.001). The prevalence of caries-susceptible area on primary teeth on the right side when compared to left counterparts was similar (Right side-38.6% and left side-38.4%; p = 0.931). Area 2 was the most prevalent area on primary teeth surfaces and primary canine was more prevalent in caries-susceptible areas.

Non-syndromic Oligodontia in Primary Dentition: A Report of a Rare Case.

The congenital absence of teeth is the most common dental anomaly affecting 2.2% to 10% of the population. It could be present in the form of anodontia, hypodontia, or oligodontia, excluding wisdom teeth. Oligodontia is most commonly associated with several syndromes like ectodermal dysplasia, Down syndrome, and Van der Woude syndrome that involve the mutation of the MSX-1 and PAX-1 genes. Few cases have been reported in the literature on how oligodontia affects primary dentition. In this case report, a total of 17 primary teeth were missing. This case report investigates whether the features of non-syndromic oligodontia are present in the primary dentition in a two-year-old boy.

Dental and Craniofacial Manifestation of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: A Case Report.

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is an autosomal dominant syndrome with a prevalence estimated at 1:50000 to 1:100000 in newborns. It is mainly characterized by ocular, craniofacial, and dental abnormalities. From the pediatric dentist's point of view, early diagnosis of the syndrome from the ocular, craniofacial, and dental manifestation can prevent further abnormalities and ocular complications such as glaucoma. This case report presents a brief description of ARS with the characteristics of craniofacial and dental findings.

Vision-related quality of life in children with treated retinopathy of prematurity.

Purpose: To evaluate vision-related quality of life in children treated for retinopathy of prematurity. Methods: Cross sectional observational study of 54 treated ROP babies 2-7 years of age. The study excluded babies with chronic pediatric conditions and babies of parents suffering from mental illness. Detailed examination including visual acuity was done for all. Two versions of CVFQ questionnaire for children under 3 and above 3 years of age were posed to parents in this study. CVFQ contains six subscales: General health, vision health, competence, personality, family impact, and treatment difficulty. The scores ranged from 0 (worst score) to 1 (best score). Results: The study included 54 children with mean birth weight was 1194 grams, mean gestation age 30 weeks. The age, gender, birth weight, and gestational age didn't affect the overall quality of life (P > 0.05). The severity of ROP (stage 4 and 5) had poorer CVFQ scores (personality and family impact subscales). Competence and personality scores were significantly lower in zone I disease. The quality of life especially general vision, competence, personality, and treatment difficulty subscales had significantly lower values in ROP with higher clock hour involvement (P < 0.05). With myopia after ROP treatment, only personality subscale was significantly affected (P 0.02). Mean CVFQ score including the family impact and treatment difficulty subscale score was also significantly lower in amblyopic and anisometropic children (P value < 0.05). Family impact subscale and overall quality of life was significantly lower in children with strabismus than children without strabismus (P 0.001). Conclusion: ROP has negative effect on the vision-related quality of life of children and their parents. The overall quality of life worsened with the increase in the severity of disease and the occurrence of ocular sequelae of ROP. The vision of the baby may not be the only cause of low scores in the quality of life questionnaire in ROP.

Purification and characterization of tyrosine phenol lyase from Citrobacter freundii.

The purification and characterization of intracellular tyrosine phenol lyase from Citrobacter freundii has been carried out. The enzyme was purified 35-fold to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Its subunit molecular weight was found to be 52 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified tyrosine phenol lyase showed maximum activity in borate buffer (0.05 M at pH 8.5) at 45 °C after 20 min of incubation. The Km and Vmax values of purified enzyme were found to be 0.446 mm and 0.342 mM/min/mg. This enzyme exhibits t1/2 of 10, 52 and 130 min at 55, 45 and 35 °C, respectively. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined as MET-ASN-TYR-PRO-ALA-GLU-PRO-PHE-ARG-ILETRP- TRP-VAL-GLY.

Ocular tilt reaction, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and torsional nystagmus following mitral commissurotomy.

Ocular tilt reaction, a type of skew deviation, and unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia with torsional nystagmus resulting from an ischemic event may result from unilateral disruption of otolithic pathways in the medial longitudinal fasciculus. A subset of skew deviations is known to simulate superior oblique palsy; however, none have been reported with a coexisting internuclear ophthalmoplegia. The present report documents the rare occurrence of an ocular tilt reaction simulating a left superior oblique palsy from involvement of left medial longitudinal fasciculus at the level of interstitial nucleus of Cajal.

Optimization of process parameters for the production of tyrosine phenol lyase by Citrobacterfreundii MTCC 2424.

The process optimization using technological combinations for the production of tyrosine phenol lyase by Citrobacter freundii MTCC 2424 has been carried out in this study. The maximum production of tyrosine phenol lyase (0.15 U) was obtained by culturing C. freundii MTCC 2424 in a medium containing (g/l) meat extract 5.0, yeast extract 5.0, peptone 2.5, and l-tyrosine 1.0 at 25 degrees C for 16 h in a temperature controlled orbital shaker. A 2.5-fold increase in enzyme activity with 1.3-fold decrease in the cost of enzyme production (in terms of media components) was achieved by using different technological combinations. The process optimization using technological combinations allowed quick optimization of large number of variables, which helps in designing of suitable fermentation conditions for the cost-effective production of tyrosine phenol lyase. Moreover, this also provides information for balancing the nutrient concentration with minimum experimentation.