Deformable registration of abdominal kilovoltage treatment planning CT and tomotherapy daily megavoltage CT for treatment adaptation.

In adaptive radiation therapy the treatment planning kilovoltage CT (kVCT) images need to be registered with daily CT images. Daily megavoltage CT (MVCT) images are generally noisier than the kVCT images. In addition, in the abdomen, low image contrast, differences in bladder filling, differences in bowel, and rectum filling degrade image usefulness and make deformable image registration very difficult. The authors have developed a procedure to overcome these difficulties for better deformable registration between the abdominal kVCT and MVCT images. The procedure includes multiple image preprocessing steps and a two deformable registration steps. The image preprocessing steps include MVCT noise reduction, bowel gas pockets detection and painting, contrast enhancement, and intensity manipulation for critical organs. The first registration step is carried out in the local region of the critical organs (bladder, prostate, and rectum). It requires structure contours of these critical organs on both kVCT and MVCT to obtain good registration accuracy on these critical organs. The second registration step uses the first step results and registers the entire image with less intensive computational requirement. The two-step approach improves the overall computation speed and works together with these image preprocessing steps to achieve better registration accuracy than a regular single step registration. The authors evaluated the procedure on multiple image datasets from prostate cancer patients and gynecological cancer patients. Compared to rigid alignment, the proposed method improves volume matching by over 60% for the critical organs and reduces the prostate landmark registration errors by 50%.

The validation of tomotherapy dose calculations in low-density lung media.

The dose-calculation accuracy of the tomotherapy Hi-Art II(R) (Tomotherapy, Inc., Madison, WI) treatment planning system (TPS) in the presence of low-density lung media was investigated. In this evaluation, a custom-designed heterogeneous phantom mimicking the mediastinum geometry was used. Gammex LN300 and balsa wood were selected as two lung-equivalent materials with different densities. Film analysis and ionization chamber measurements were performed. Treatment plans for esophageal cancers were used in the evaluation. The agreement between the dose calculated by the TPS and the dose measured via ionization chambers was, in most cases, within 0.8%. Gamma analysis using 3% and 3 mm criteria for radiochromic film dosimetry showed that 98% and 95% of the measured dose distribution had passing gamma values < or =1 for LN300 and balsa wood, respectively. For a homogeneous water-equivalent phantom, 95% of the points passed the gamma test. It was found that for the interface between the low-density medium and water-equivalent medium, the TPS calculated the dose distribution within acceptable limits. The phantom developed for this work enabled detailed quality-assurance testing under realistic conditions with heterogeneous media.

Dosimetric consequences of uncorrected setup errors in helical Tomotherapy treatments of breast-cancer patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Tomotherapy Hi-Art II system allows acquisition of pre-treatment MVCT images to correct patient position. This work evaluates the dosimetric impact of uncorrected setup errors in breast-cancer radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Breast-cancer patient-positioning errors were simulated by shifting the patient computed-tomography (CT) dataset relative to the planned photon fluence and re-computing the dose distributions. To properly evaluate the superficial region, film measurements were compared against the Tomotherapy treatment planning system (TPS) calculations. A simulation of the integrated dose distribution was performed to evaluate the setup error impact over the course of treatment. RESULTS: Significant dose differences were observed for 11-mm shifts in the anterolateral and 3-mm shifts in the posteromedial directions. The results of film measurements in the superficial region showed that the TPS overestimated the dose by 14% at a 1-mm depth, improving to 3% at depths >or=5mm. Significant dose reductions in PTV were observed in the dose distributions simulated over the course of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Tomotherapy's rotational delivery provides sufficient photon fluence extending beyond the skin surface to allow an up to 7-mm uncorrected setup error in the anterolateral direction. However, the steep dose falloff that conforms to the lung surface leads to compromised dose distributions with uncorrected posteromedial shifts. Therefore, daily image guidance and consequent patient repositioning is warranted for breast-cancer patients.

Enhanced efficiency in helical tomotherapy quality assurance using a custom-designed water-equivalent phantom.

Tomotherapy is an image-guided, intensity-modulated radiation therapy system that delivers highly conformal dose distributions in a helical fashion. This system is also capable of acquiring megavoltage computed-tomography images and registering them to the planning kVCT images for accurate target localization. Quality assurance (QA) of this device is time intensive, but can be expedited by improved QA tools and procedures. A custom-designed phantom was fabricated to improve the efficiency of daily QA of our Tomotherapy machine. The phantom incorporates ionization chamber measurement points, plugs of different densities and slide-out film cartridges. The QA procedure was designed to verify in less than 30 min the vital components of the tomotherapy system: static beam quality and output, image quality, correctness of image registration and energy of the helical dose delivery. Machine output, percent depth dose and off-axis factors are simultaneously evaluated using a static 5 x 40 cm(2) open field. A single phantom scan is used to evaluate image quality and registration accuracy. The phantom can also be used for patient plan-specific QA. The QA results over a period of 6 months are reported in this paper. The QA process was found to be simple, efficient and capable of simultaneously verifying several important parameters.