A multinational survey of potential participant perspectives on ocular gene therapy.

Amidst rapid advancements in ocular gene therapy, understanding patient perspectives is crucial for shaping future treatment choices and research directions. This international cross-sectional survey evaluated knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of ocular genetic therapies among potential recipients with inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). Survey instruments included the Attitudes to Gene Therapy-Eye (AGT-Eye), EQ-5D-5L, National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25), and Patient Attitudes to Clinical Trials (PACT-22) instruments. This study included 496 participant responses (89% adults with IRDs; 11% parents/guardians/carers) from 35 countries, with most from the United States of America (USA; 69%) and the United Kingdom (11%). Most participants (90%) indicated they would likely accept gene therapy if it was available, despite only 45% agreeing that they had good knowledge of gene therapy. The main sources of information were research registries (60% of participants) and the internet (61%). Compared to data from our recently published Australian national survey of people with IRDs (n = 694), USA respondents had higher knowledge of gene therapy outcomes, and Australian respondents indicated a higher perceived value of gene therapy treatments. Addressing knowledge gaps regarding outcomes and financial implications will be central to ensuring informed consent, promoting shared decision-making, and the eventual clinical adoption of genetic therapies.

A Precision Therapy Approach for Retinitis Pigmentosa 11 Using Splice-Switching Antisense Oligonucleotides to Restore the Open Reading Frame of PRPF31.

Retinitis pigmentosa 11 is an untreatable, dominantly inherited retinal disease caused by heterozygous mutations in pre-mRNA processing factor 31 PRPF31. The expression level of PRPF31 is linked to incomplete penetrance in affected families; mutation carriers with higher PRPF31 expression can remain asymptomatic. The current study explores an antisense oligonucleotide exon skipping strategy to treat RP11 caused by truncating mutations within PRPF31 exon 12 since it does not appear to encode any domains essential for PRPF31 protein function. Cells derived from a patient carrying a PRPF31 1205C>A nonsense mutation were investigated; PRPF31 transcripts encoded by the 1205C>A allele were undetectable due to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, resulting in a 46% reduction in PRPF31 mRNA, relative to healthy donor cells. Antisense oligonucleotide-induced skipping of exon 12 rescued the open reading frame with consequent 1.7-fold PRPF31 mRNA upregulation in the RP11 patient fibroblasts. The level of PRPF31 upregulation met the predicted therapeutic threshold of expression inferred in a non-penetrant carrier family member harbouring the same mutation. This study demonstrated increased PRPF31 expression and retention of the nuclear translocation capability for the induced PRPF31 isoform. Future studies should evaluate the function of the induced PRPF31 protein on pre-mRNA splicing in retinal cells to validate the therapeutic approach for amenable RP11-causing mutations.

Survey of perspectives of people with inherited retinal diseases on ocular gene therapy in Australia.

Many gene therapies are in development for treating people with inherited retinal diseases (IRD). We hypothesized that potential recipients of gene therapy would have knowledge gaps regarding treatment. We aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of genetic therapies among potential recipients with IRD, using a novel instrument we designed (Attitudes to Gene Therapy-Eye (AGT-Eye)) and their associations with demographic data, self-reported visual status, and tools assessing quality of life and attitudes toward clinical trials using a community-based cross-sectional survey of Australian adults with IRD. AGT-Eye, overall quality of life EQ-5D-5L, National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) and Patient Attitudes to Clinical Trials (PACT-22) instruments were administered. Six hundred and eighty-one people completed the study, 51.7% women of mean age 53.5 years (SD ± 15.8). Most participants (91.6%) indicated they would likely accept gene therapy if it was available to them or family members. However, only 28.3% agreed that they had good knowledge of gene therapy. Most obtained information about gene therapy from the internet (49.3%). Respondents with post-graduate degrees scored highest compared to other educational levels on methods (p < 0.001) and outcomes (p = 0.003) and were more likely to see economic value of treatment (p = 0.043). Knowledge gaps were present regarding methods and outcomes of gene therapy. This survey has shown high level of interest in the IRD community for gene therapies, and highlights areas for improved clinician and patient education.

L-arginine and aged garlic extract for the prevention of migraine: a study protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase-II trial (LARGE trial).

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a common and distressing neurological condition characterised by recurrent throbbing headaches, nausea and heightened sensitivity to light and sound. Accumulating evidence suggests that cerebral arteries dilate during migraine, causing distal microvessels to constrict, which could activate nociceptors and cause onset of headache pain. If so, preventing or attenuating chronic microvascular constriction, and promoting a dilatory phenotype, may reduce frequency and/or severity of migraines. The primary aim of the L-Arginine and Aged Garlic Extract (LARGE) trial is to investigate whether oral treatment with dietary nutraceuticals, L-arginine and aged garlic extract (AGE), both systemic vasodilatory agents, will alleviate migraine frequency, duration and severity in adults with chronic frequent episodic migraines. METHODS: The study is a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase-II single-site clinical trial conducted in Perth, Australia. The target sample is to recruit 240 participants diagnosed with chronic frequent episodic migraines between 18 and 80 years of age. Participants will be randomised to one of four treatment groups for 14 weeks (placebo induction for 2 weeks, followed by 12 weeks on one of the respective treatment arms): placebo, L-arginine, AGE, or a combination of L-arginine and AGE. The doses of L-arginine and AGE are 1.5 g and 1 g daily, respectively. The primary outcome is to assess migraine response using change in migraine frequency and intensity between baseline and 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes include the impact of L-arginine and/or AGE on photosensitivity, retinal vessel changes, and blood biomarker concentrations of vascular tone, following a 12-week intervention. DISCUSSION: The protocol describes the oral administration of 2 nutraceutical-based interventions as possible prophylactic treatments for chronic frequent episodic migraines, with potential for direct clinical translation of outcomes. Potential limitations of the study include the fixed-dose design of each treatment arm and that in vivo neuroimaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), will not be conducted to determine putative cerebro-vasodilatory changes to coincide with the outcome measures. Dose-response studies may be indicated. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was retrospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12621001476820 (Universal Trial Number: U1111-1268-1117) on 04/08/2021. This is protocol version 1, submitted on 25/11/2022.

Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures: Multimodal imaging-A review.

Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) are a laterally bulging herniation of distended axons into the peripapillary region above the level of Bruch's membrane opening. Increased use of enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) in our evaluation of the optic nerve head (ONH) and greater recognition of the vast range of optic nerve pathologies with which PHOMS is associated provides convincing evidence that PHOMS is not just buried optic disc drusen (ODD) as previously described. The frequent coexistence of PHOMS with ODD, papilloedema, anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, tilted optic disc syndrome, inflammatory demyelinating disorders and other diseases associated with axoplasmic stasis provides insight into its underlying pathophysiology. The present review will discuss the role of key imaging modalities in the differential diagnosis of PHOMS, explore the current literature on the relationship between PHOMS and common neuro-ophthalmic conditions, and highlight the gaps in our knowledge, with respect to disease classification and prognosis, to pave the way for future directions of research.

Future perspectives of uveal melanoma blood based biomarkers.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy affecting adults. Despite successful local treatment of the primary tumour, metastatic disease develops in up to 50% of patients. Metastatic UM carries a particularly poor prognosis, with no effective therapeutic option available to date. Genetic studies of UM have demonstrated that cytogenetic features, including gene expression, somatic copy number alterations and specific gene mutations can allow more accurate assessment of metastatic risk. Pre-emptive therapies to avert metastasis are being tested in clinical trials in patients with high-risk UM. However, current prognostic methods require an intraocular tumour biopsy, which is a highly invasive procedure carrying a risk of vision-threatening complications and is limited by sampling variability. Recently, a new diagnostic concept known as "liquid biopsy" has emerged, heralding a substantial potential for minimally invasive genetic characterisation of tumours. Here, we examine the current evidence supporting the potential of blood circulating tumour cells (CTCs), circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), microRNA (miRNA) and exosomes as biomarkers for UM. In particular, we discuss the potential of these biomarkers to aid clinical decision making throughout the management of UM patients.

Cuticular Drusen in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association with Progression and Impact on Visual Sensitivity.

PURPOSE: To determine the prognostic significance and impact on visual function of the cuticular drusen phenotype in a cohort with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Longitudinal, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: Participants aged 50 years or older, with bilateral large conventional drusen, without late AMD. METHODS: Multimodal imaging (MMI) and microperimetry were performed at baseline and then every 6 months for up to 3 years. Eyes were graded for the MMI-based presence of cuticular drusen at baseline. Color fundus photographs were used to grade for the presence of pigmentary abnormalities. OCT scans were used to calculate drusen volume. The associations between cuticular drusen and progression to MMI-defined late AMD (including OCT signs of atrophy) and the impact on visual sensitivity were examined with and without adjustment for the confounders of baseline age, pigmentary abnormalities, and drusen volume. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to develop MMI-defined late AMD and change in mean visual sensitivity. RESULTS: A total of 280 eyes from 140 participants were included, with 70 eyes from 35 individuals (25%) having cuticular drusen at baseline. Cuticular drusen were not significantly associated with an increased rate of progression to late AMD with and without adjustment for confounders (P ≥ 0.784 for both). In an adjusted model, cuticular drusen were not associated with lower baseline visual sensitivity (P = 0.758) or a faster rate of visual sensitivity decline (P = 0.196). CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort with bilateral large conventional drusen, individuals with the cuticular drusen phenotype had neither a higher nor lower risk of developing late AMD over 3 years and were not associated with a difference in rate of visual sensitivity decline compared with those without this phenotype. As such, individuals with this phenotype currently warrant similar monitoring strategies as those with conventional drusen.

Genotypic and Phenotypic Spectrum of Foveal Hypoplasia: A Multicenter Study.

PURPOSE: To characterize the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of foveal hypoplasia (FH). DESIGN: Multicenter, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 907 patients with a confirmed molecular diagnosis of albinism, PAX6, SLC38A8, FRMD7, AHR, or achromatopsia from 12 centers in 9 countries (n = 523) or extracted from publicly available datasets from previously reported literature (n = 384). METHODS: Individuals with a confirmed molecular diagnosis and availability of foveal OCT scans were identified from 12 centers or from the literature between January 2011 and March 2021. A genetic diagnosis was confirmed by sequence analysis. Grading of FH was derived from OCT scans. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Grade of FH, presence or absence of photoreceptor specialization (PRS+ vs. PRS-), molecular diagnosis, and visual acuity (VA). RESULTS: The most common genetic etiology for typical FH in our cohort was albinism (67.5%), followed by PAX6 (21.8%), SLC38A8 (6.8%), and FRMD7 (3.5%) variants. AHR variants were rare (0.4%). Atypical FH was seen in 67.4% of achromatopsia cases. Atypical FH in achromatopsia had significantly worse VA than typical FH (P < 0.0001). There was a significant difference in the spectrum of FH grades based on the molecular diagnosis (chi-square = 60.4, P < 0.0001). All SLC38A8 cases were PRS- (P = 0.003), whereas all FRMD7 cases were PRS+ (P < 0.0001). Analysis of albinism subtypes revealed a significant difference in the grade of FH (chi-square = 31.4, P < 0.0001) and VA (P = 0.0003) between oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) compared with ocular albinism (OA) and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS). Ocular albinism and HPS demonstrated higher grades of FH and worse VA than OCA. There was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) in VA between FRMD7 variants compared with other diagnoses associated with FH. CONCLUSIONS: We characterized the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of FH. Atypical FH is associated with a worse prognosis than all other forms of FH. In typical FH, our data suggest that arrested retinal development occurs earlier in SLC38A8, OA, HPS, and AHR variants and later in FRMD7 variants. The defined time period of foveal developmental arrest for OCA and PAX6 variants seems to demonstrate more variability. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into disorders associated with FH and have significant prognostic and diagnostic value.

Anti-retinal IgG antibodies in patients with early and advanced type 2 macular telangiectasia.

Type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia (MacTel-2) is a progressive adult-onset macular disease associated with bilateral perifoveal vascular changes, Muller cell degeneration and increased blood-retinal barrier permeability. The pathophysiological mechanisms of MacTel-2 remain unclear, however it was previously reported that anti-retinal antibodies in MacTel-2 patients are a significant feature of the disease. In this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of anti-retinal antibodies in patients MacTel-2, healthy controls and patients with other retinal diseases. MacTel-2 patients diagnosed with multimodal imaging were enrolled and their disease severities were graded using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. For comparison, patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) or no retinal disease (healthy controls) were recruited as controls. Blood serum samples were screened for immunoglobulin G anti-retinal antibodies by western blotting, followed by densitometry analysis. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Overall, anti-retinal antibody-positive cases were older (64 ± 15 vs 53 ± 17 years, p < 0.001) and females were more likely to develop anti-retinal antibodies (OR: 2.41, CI: 1.12-5.18). The frequency of anti-retinal antibody detection in MacTel-2 patients (n = 42, 36%) was not significantly different from healthy controls (n = 52, 25%) or IRD patients (n = 18, 25%) and the majority of MacTel-2 patients had no anti-retinal antibodies. In contrast, the frequency of anti-retinal antibody detection was significantly higher in patients with AMD (n = 15, 73%, p < 0.001). The lack of a greater anti-retinal antibody frequency or specificity in the MacTel-2 cohort suggests that antibody mediated immunological mechanisms may play a less significant role in MacTel-2 disease pathogenesis.

Characterising splicing defects of ABCA4 variants within exons 13-50 in patient-derived fibroblasts.

The ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 4 gene (ABCA4)-associated retinopathy, Stargardt disease, is the most common monogenic inherited retinal disease. Given the pathogenicity of numerous ABCA4 variants is yet to be examined and a significant proportion (more than 15%) of ABCA4 variants are categorized as splice variants in silico, we therefore established a fibroblast-based splice assay to analyze ABCA4 variants in an Australian Stargardt disease cohort and characterize the pathogenic mechanisms of ABCA4 variants. A cohort of 67 patients clinically diagnosed with Stargardt disease was recruited. Genomic DNA was analysed using a commercial panel for ABCA4 variant detection and the consequences of ABCA4 variants were predicted in silico. Dermal fibroblasts were propagated from skin biopsies, total RNA was extracted and the ABCA4 transcript was amplified by RT-PCR. Our analysis identified a total of 67 unique alleles carrying 74 unique variants. The most prevalent splice-affecting complex allele c.[5461-10T>C; 5603A>T] was carried by 10% of patients in a compound heterozygous state. ABCA4 transcripts from exon 13 to exon 50 were readily detected in fibroblasts. In this region, aberrant splicing was evident in 10 out of 57 variant transcripts (18%), carried by 19 patients (28%). Patient-derived fibroblasts provide a feasible platform for identification of ABCA4 splice variants located within exons 13-50. Experimental evidence of aberrant splicing contributes to the pathogenic classification for ABCA4 variants. Moreover, identification of variants that affect splicing processes provides opportunities for intervention, in particular antisense oligonucleotide-mediated splice correction.

Localised relative scotoma in cuticular drusen.

PURPOSE: To investigate retinal sensitivity changes in eyes with pure cuticular drusen. METHODS: Multimodal imaging and microperimetry (37-loci grid) data were examined retrospectively to evaluate functional changes in eyes with pure cuticular drusen. Mean sensitivity in the cuticular drusen cohort was compared to age-matched normals. An age- and loci-specific normative reference was created to analyse localised sensitivity deviation. RESULTS: The mean number loci with relative scotoma in the cuticular drusen cohort (n = 27, mean [SD] age: 48.5 [12.4] years) referenced to normal eyes (n = 80, 53.5 [14.6] years) was 5.5 (95% confidence interval 3.0 to 8.1). However, mean sensitivity was not statistically different to the age-matched normal cohort (95% CI, - 2.3 to + 3.4 dB). The 37-loci grid was stratified into three rings of the approximately same number of loci, and the percentage of cuticular drusen eyes with pointwise deviation was significantly lower in the inner compared to the middle ring (12.3 [5.3]% vs. 17.3 [5.1]%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Eyes with cuticular drusen demonstrated relative scotoma, but mean sensitivity was not affected. Pointwise sensitivity provides a more robust measure of retinal sensitivity than mean sensitivity in cuticular drusen and should be assessed both in the clinic and in future clinical trials.

THE IMPACT OF DISEASE ACTIVITY ON 5-YEAR OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of disease activity on clinical outcomes in a "real-world" cohort with neovascular age-related macular degeneration over 5 years. METHODS: Data were obtained from the prospectively defined Fight Retinal Blindness! registry. Eyes were divided into tertiles based on the proportion of visits where choroidal neovascular lesion was active (low, moderate, and high) up until 5 years. RESULTS: Data from 2,109 eyes were included. The adjusted mean (95% confidence interval) visual acuity change was -0.5 letters (-1.8 to 1.1), 1.8 letters (0.2 to 3.4), and -2.5 letters (-4.2 to -1.3) in the low, moderate, and high activity groups respectively, P < 0.001. Eyes in the low activity group were more likely to develop macular atrophy (56, 47 and 26% in the low, moderate, and high activity groups respectively, P < 0.001) but less likely to develop subretinal fibrosis (27, 35 and 42% in the low, moderate, and high activity groups respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Eyes with higher and lower levels of disease activity had poorer outcomes than eyes with moderate activity over 5 years, apparently because of the development of subretinal fibrosis or macular atrophy.

SIBLING CONCORDANCE IN SYMPTOM ONSET AND ATROPHY GROWTH RATES IN STARGARDT DISEASE USING ULTRA-WIDEFIELD FUNDUS AUTOFLUORESCENCE.

PURPOSE: To investigate concordance in symptom onset, area of dark autofluorescence (DAF), and growth rate (GR) between Stargardt disease siblings at an age-matched time point. METHODS: In this retrospective longitudinal study of sibling pairs with identical biallelic ABCA4 variants, age at symptom onset, best-corrected visual acuity, atrophy area, and effective radius of DAF on ultra-widefield fundus autofluorescence were recorded. Absolute intersibling differences for both eyes were compared with absolute interocular differences using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Overall 39 patients from 19 families were recruited. In 16 families, age-matched best-corrected visual acuity and DAF were compared between siblings. In 8 families, DAF GR was compared. The median (range) absolute difference in age at symptom onset between siblings was 3 (0-35) years. Absolute intersibling differences in age-matched best-corrected visual acuity were greater than interocular differences ( P = 0.01). Similarly, absolute intersibling differences in DAF area and radius were greater than interocular differences ( P = 0.04 for area and P = 0.001 for radius). Differences between absolute interocular and intersibling GR were not statistically significant ( P = 0.44 for area GR and P = 0.61 for radius GR). CONCLUSION: There was significant discordance in age-matched best-corrected visual acuity and DAF beyond the expected limits of interocular asymmetry. Lack of significant intersibling differences in GR warrants further investigation.

Gene replacement therapy restores RCBTB1 expression and cilium length in patient-derived retinal pigment epithelium.

Biallelic mutations in the RCBTB1 gene cause retinal dystrophy. Here, we characterized the effects of RCBTB1 gene deficiency in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells derived from a patient with RCBTB1-associated retinopathy and restored RCBTB1 expression in these cells using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a patient with compound heterozygous RCBTB1 mutations (c.170delG and c.707delA) and healthy control subjects were differentiated into RPE cells. RPE cells were treated with AAV vectors carrying a RCBTB1 transgene. Patient-derived RPE cells showed reduced expression of RCBTB1. Expression of NFE2L2 showed a non-significant reduction in patient RPE cells compared with controls, while expression of its target genes (RXRA, IDH1 and SLC25A25) was significantly reduced. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance, surface microvillus densities and primary cilium lengths were reduced in patient-derived RPE cells, compared with controls. Treatment of patient RPE with AAV vectors significantly increased RCBTB1, NFE2L2 and RXRA expression and cilium lengths. Our study provides the first report examining the phenotype of RPE cells derived from a patient with RCBTB1-associated retinopathy. Furthermore, treatment of patient-derived RPE with AAV-RCBTB1 vectors corrected deficits in gene expression and RPE ultrastructure, supporting the use of gene replacement therapy for treating this inherited retinal disease.

A novel phenotype in a family with autosomal dominant retinal dystrophy due to c.1430A > G in retinoid isomerohydrolase (RPE65) and c.37C > T in bestrophin 1 (BEST1).

PURPOSE: The c.1430A > G (Asp477Gly) variant in RPE65 has been reported in Irish and Scottish families with either an autosomal dominant retinal dystrophy (adRD) that resembles choroideremia, a vitelliform macular dystrophy or an isolated macular atrophy. We report novel features on multimodal imaging and the natural history of a family harbouring this variant in combination with the BEST1 c.37C > T (Arg13Cys) variant. METHODS: Members of a family with an adRD were examined clinically to ascertain phenotype and underwent genetic testing. Multimodal imaging included widefield colour fundus photography, quantitative autofluorescence (qAF) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Electrophysiology and microperimetry were also performed. RESULTS: Vision loss was attributed to foveal atrophy in the proband and choroidal neovascularisation and a vitello-eruptive lesion in one affected son. Peripheral retinal white dots corresponding to subretinal deposits were seen in three patients. The median qAF8 values in the proband (I:1) were low (40 and 101 in OD and OS) at age 79. Similarly, the qAF8 values for the middle son (II:2) were also low (100 and 87 in ODS and OS) at age 60. Electrophysiology showed disproportionate reduction in Arden ratio prior to the gradual loss of full-field responses. Microperimetry demonstrated an enlarging scotoma in the proband. CONCLUSIONS: The coexistence of the pathogenic BEST1 c.37C > T variant may modify clinical features observed in RPE65 adRD. This study expands our understanding of RPE65 adRD as a retinoid cycle disorder supported by the reduced qAF, fine white retinal dots and corresponding subretinal deposits on OCT in affected members.

CLASSIFYING ABCA4 MUTATION SEVERITY USING AGE-DEPENDENT ULTRA-WIDEFIELD FUNDUS AUTOFLUORESCENCE-DERIVED TOTAL LESION SIZE.

PURPOSE: To establish a mutation-specific age-dependent ultra-widefield fundus autofluorescence (UWF-FAF) trajectory in a large Stargardt disease (STGD1) cohort using total lesion size (TLS) and to develop a clinical method for variant classification. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients with biallelic ABCA4 mutations that were evaluated with UWF-FAF. Boundaries of TLS, defined by stippled hyper/hypoautofluorescence, were outlined manually. Pathogenicity was assessed according to ACMG/AMP criteria, and mutation severities were classified based on the current literature. Age-dependent trajectories in TLS were examined in patients with nullizygous, mild, and intermediate mutations. Mutations of uncertain severities were classified using a clinical criterion based on age of symptom onset and TLS. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients with STGD1 (mean age = 42 ± 20 years and mean visual acuity = 20/200) were recruited from 65 unrelated families. Patients with biallelic null/severe variants (n = 6) demonstrated an increase in TLS during their second decade reaching a mean ± SD of 796 ± 29 mm2 by age 40. Those harboring mild mutations c.5882G>A or c.5603A>T had lesions confined to the posterior pole with a mean ± SD TLS of 30 ± 39 mm2. Intermediate mutations c.6079C>T or c.[2588G>C;5603A>T] in trans with a null/severe mutation had a mean ± SD TLS of 397 ± 29 mm2. Thirty-two mutations were predicted to cause severe (n = 22), intermediate (n = 6), and mild (n = 5) impairment of ABCA4 function based on age of symptom onset and TLS. CONCLUSION: Age-dependent TLS showed unique ABCA4 mutation-specific trajectories. Our novel clinical criterion using age of symptom onset and TLS to segregate ABCA4 mutations into three severity groups requires further molecular studies to confirm its validity.

USING MICROPERIMETRY AND LOW-LUMINANCE VISUAL ACUITY TO DETECT THE ONSET OF LATE AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: A LEAD Study Report.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of microperimetry and low-luminance visual acuity for detecting late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) onset. METHODS: Two hundred ninety-two individuals with bilateral large drusen in the Laser Intervention in the Early Stages of AMD study underwent best-corrected visual acuity, low-luminance visual acuity, and microperimetry testing as well as multimodal imaging to detect late (neovascular or atrophic) AMD onset. The performance of the change in the measurement from baseline of each of visual function test for detecting late AMD onset was compared. RESULTS: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for detecting neovascular and atrophic AMD onset was not significantly different for low-luminance visual acuity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.71 and 0.56, respectively) and microperimetry (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.82 and 0.62, respectively) compared with best-corrected visual acuity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.57 and 0.56, respectively; P ≥ 0.126 for all). There was also only a fair degree of agreement between the three visual function measures for detecting the onset of neovascular and atrophic AMD (κ ≥ 0.24). CONCLUSION: Microperimetry, low-luminance visual acuity, and best-corrected visual acuity demonstrate limited performance for detecting the earliest onset of late AMD. It remains to be established whether they perform better than current methods designed to enable self-detection of neovascular AMD onset, such as Amsler grid testing.

Stargardt disease: Multimodal imaging: A review.

Stargardt disease (STGD1) is an autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy, characterised by bilateral progressive central vision loss and subretinal deposition of lipofuscin-like substances. Recent advances in molecular diagnosis and therapeutic options are complemented by the increasing recognition of new multimodal imaging biomarkers that may predict genotype and disease progression. Unique non-invasive imaging features of STDG1 are useful for gene variant interpretation and may even provide insight into the underlying molecular pathophysiology. In addition, pathognomonic imaging features of STGD1 have been used to train neural networks to improve time efficiency in lesion segmentation and disease progression measurements. This review will discuss the role of key imaging modalities, correlate imaging signs across varied STGD1 presentations and illustrate the use of multimodal imaging as an outcome measure in determining the efficacy of emerging STGD1 specific therapies.

Increased interdigitation zone visibility on optical coherence tomography following systemic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor anticancer therapy.

BACKGROUND: To describe ocular adverse events and retinal changes during fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor (AZD4547) anticancer therapy. METHODS: This is a sub-study examining ocular adverse effects from AZD4547 therapy (single-centre, open-label, single arm phase II clinical trial). Comprehensive ocular examinations were performed 3 weekly in 24 patients. Macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan (300 × 250 ) was obtained at each visit and OCT parameters [central 1 mm retinal thickness (CRT) and total macular volume in central 6 mm] extracted. OCT scans were subdivided into outer (ELM to RPE) and inner (ELM to ILM) layers to compare outer and inner retinal changes. RESULTS: In 24 patients, AZD4547 was associated with eyelash elongation (n = 5, 21%) and punctate corneal erosion (n = 2, 8%). One patient developed clinically significant posterior capsular opacification during the study. OCT data were available in 23 patients, retinal changes ranged from an asymptomatic increased visibility of the interdigitation zone (IDZ) (n = 10, 43%) to multilobular subretinal fluid pockets (n = 5, 22%), which was associated with mild visual acuity loss. In a subset of patients (n = 9) with pre-AZD4547 dosing OCT baseline, CRT increased by mean (SD) of 9 (4) µm in those with IDZ change only compared with 64 (38) µm in those with other retinal changes. Retinal changes tended to be bilateral, self-limiting and improved over time without medical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The ocular signs and symptoms did not result in dose cessation. Posteriorly, FGFR inhibition leads to outer retinal changes ranging from increased visibility of IDZ to distinct, multiple fluid pockets.

ENDOGENOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA: A Sixteen-Year Retrospective Study.

PURPOSE: To review the clinical features, microbiology spectrum, management, and outcomes of patients with endogenous endophthalmitis in Western Australia over a 16-year period. METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review of all patients with endogenous endophthalmitis who presented to all tertiary ophthalmology departments between 2000 and 2015 in Western Australia. RESULTS: Sixty-six eyes of 57 patients with endogenous endophthalmitis were identified, and follow-up data were available for a mean of 554 days. The average frequency was 1.6 per 1,000,000 population per year. Diabetes mellitus (33%) and intravenous drug use (30%) were the most common risk factors. Concurrent systemic infections included urinary tract infection (28%), pneumonia (23%), and endocarditis (21%). Among culture-positive cases (93%), 57% were bacterial and 43% were fungal. Visual acuity improved in 33 (50%) and declined in 15 eyes (22.7%). Baseline visual acuity and the presence of Gram-negative or filamentous fungi were the only predictors of final visual acuity (P = 0.023 and P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The population frequency of endogenous endophthalmitis has not changed over 16 years despite the changing profile of pathogen and risk factors. Similar to previous studies in Asian and Western countries, visual and anatomical prognosis depends on initial visual acuity and isolated pathogen. Gram-negative and filamentous fungi culture predicted a worse visual outcome.