A Comparison of the Seventh and Eighth Editions of the AJCC Staging Systems to Predict Recurrence in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma has been constantly rising in recent decades. The tumor, node, metastasis staging system is designed to predict prognosis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Recent studies have shown that the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition is superior to the 7th edition for predicting tumor recurrence in PTC patients. To date, whether the 8th edition is also better able to predict recurrence in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) remains unclear. METHOD: We enrolled 1007 cases from our thyroid cancer database in the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, from 1997 to 2011. Univariable and multivariate Cox hazard regression analyses were used to identify the association between variables and recurrence. Disease-free survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: A total of 1007 PTMC patients were enrolled, with a median follow-up of 67 months. Of 93 (9.2%) patients downstaged by the changes in versions, 49 (52.7%) were downstaged because the age-at-diagnosis cut-off used for staging increased from 45 to 55 years, while 35 (37.6%) were downstaged due to the weakening of the effects of lymph node metastasis. The recurrence rate of PTMC was 4.17%. Univariate Cox hazards regression analyses showed that TNM stage according to the AJCC 8th edition was significantly associated with recurrence, while the recurrence survival curves showed that TNM stage (stage I vs. stage II-IV) according to the AJCC 8th edition, but not the 7th edition, was significantly associated with disease-free survival (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The AJCC 8th edition has better ability to predict recurrence in PTMC patients than the 7th edition.

Establishment of patient-derived gastric cancer xenografts: a useful tool for preclinical evaluation of targeted therapies involving alterations in HER-2, MET and FGFR2 signaling pathways.

BACKGROUND: Targeted therapies are emerging treatment options for gastric cancer (GC). Patient-derived tumor xenograft(PDX) models of GC closely retain the features of the original clinical cancer, offering a powerful tool for preclinical drug efficacy testing. This study aimed to establish PDX GC models, and explore therapeutics targeting Her2, MET(cMet), and FGFR2, which may assist doctor to select the proper target therapy for selected patients. METHODS: GC tissues from 32 patients were collected and implanted into immuno-deficient mice. Using immunohistochemistry(IHC) and fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), protein levels and/or gene amplification of Her2, cMet and FGFR2 in those tissues were assessed. Finally, anti-tumor efficacy was tested in the PDX models using targeted inhibitors. RESULTS: A total of 9 passable PDX models were successfully established from 32 gastric cancer xenograft donors, consisting of HER2,cMet and FGFR2 alterations with percentages of 4(12.5%), 8(25.0%) and 1(3.1%) respectively. Crizotinib and AZD4547 exerted marked antitumor effects exclusively in PDX models with cMet (G30,G31) and FGFR2(G03) amplification. Interestingly, synergistic antitumor activity was observed in G03 (FGFR2-amplifed and cMet non-amplified but IHC [2+]) with simultaneous treatment with Crizotinib and ADZ4547 at day 30 post-treatment. Further in vitro biochemistry study showed a synergistic inhibition of the MAPK/ERK pathway. HER2,cMet and FGFR2 alterations were found in 17 (10.4%), 32(19.6%) and 6(3.7%) in a group of 163 GC patients, and cMet gene amplification or protein overexpression(IHC 3+) was associated with poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: These PDX GC models provide an ideal platform for drug screening and evaluation. GC patients with positive cMet or FGFR2 gene amplification may potentially benefit from cMet or FGFR2 targeted therapies or combined targeted therapy.

Lateral lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a study of 5241 follow-up patients.

PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of lateral lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). METHODS: 5241 PTMC patients with follow-up information were enrolled in the current study. These patients underwent primary surgery in our situation from January 1997 to December 2016. Additionally, a validation cohort consisting of 274 PTMC patients who underwent primary surgery between January 2020 and December 2021 was also included. Univariable and multivariate logistic analyses were conducted to identify the association between clinicopathologic features and lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM). Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis was used to calculate the disease-free survival (DFS) rate. The fitting curve was generated to identify the quantitative relationship between central lymph node metastases (CLNM) and LLNM. RESULTS: Of 5241 PTMC patients, cervical lymph node metastasis was detected in 1494 (28.5%) cases, including 1364 (26.0%) with CLNM only and 130 (2.5%) with LLNM. With a median follow-up time of 60 months (interquartile range [IQR], 44-81), recurrence was detected in 114 patients (2.2%). Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that LNM was the only independent risk factor for recurrence, with HR values of 3.03 in CLNM and 11.14 in LLNM, respectively. Tumor diameter >0.5 cm (hazard ratio [HR]:1.80), multifocality (HR:2.59), bilaterality (HR:2.13), extrathyroidal invasion (HR:2.13), and CLNM (HR:5.11) were independent risk factors for LLNM. The prevalence of LLNM escalated significantly with increasing number of lymph node involvement in CLNM when stratified by the number of metastatic lymph nodes and trend was observed similarly in the validation cohort. The fitting curve showed that the incidence of LLNM could be as high as 20.7% when the number of CLNM ≥ 5. CONCLUSIONS: By analyzing a large database with follow-up information, our study provides evidence that LLNM is significantly correlated with tumor recurrence in patients with PTMC. Tumor size (>0.5 cm), multifocality, bilaterality, extrathyroidal extension (ETE) and CLNM are independent risk factors for LLNM.

Long-term impact of prophylactic central neck dissection in non-invasive classic papillary thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The utilization of prophylactic central neck dissection (pCND) in cases of non-invasive clinical node-negative (cN0) papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains a topic of debate, with a dearth of long-term evidence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 1181 cN0 PTC patients from 1997 to 2011. Of these, 641 underwent pCND (pCND + group) and 540 did not (pCND-group). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to identify similar patients. Event-free survival and long-term complications including permanent hyperparathyroidism and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis were analyzed after PSM. RESULTS: The pCND + group had more aggressive characteristics. In the matched cohort after PSM, the 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year EFS rates were 98.9 %, 98.2 %, and 97.1 % for the pCND + group, and 97.7 %, 97.1 %, and 97.1 % for the pCND-group, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in EFS rates between the two groups (Log Rank P = 0.38). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of permanent hyperparathyroidism (3.3 % vs. 1.5 %, P = 0.08) and permanent RLN paralysis (1.7 % vs. 0.9 %, P = 0.13) between the pCND+ and pCND- groups. CONCLUSION: Our study, with a median follow-up duration of 107 months, indicates that pCND does not lead to a significant reduction in nodal recurrence among non-invasive cN0 PTC patients.

BRAFV600E restructures cellular lactylation to promote anaplastic thyroid cancer proliferation.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but fatal cancer with BRAF mutation ranging from 30 to 50%. Histone lysine lactylation represents a novel epigenetic mark that translates cellular metabolic signals into transcriptional regulation. It is not clear whether the Warburg effect can promote the proliferation of ATC with BRAFV600E mutation via metabolite-mediated histone lactylation. Our study aimed at illustrating how BRAFV600E restructures the cellular protein lactylation landscape to boost ATC proliferation, and determining whether blockade of protein lactylation can sensitize mutant ATC to BRAFV600E inhibitors. Western blotting was used to evaluate lactylation status. Aerobic glycolysis was intervened by adding cell-permeable ethyl lactate or using metabolic inhibitors. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and RT-qPCR were applied to analyze the expression of growth-related genes. Different chemical inhibitors were used to inhibit BRAFV600E and other enzymes. ATC cell line-derived xenograft model was employed to examine the efficacy of mono and combinatorial therapies. The results showed that aerobic glycolysis in ATC increased global protein lactylation via improving cellular lactate availability. In particular, lactylation on Histone 4 Lysine 12 residue (H4K12La) activated the expression of multiple genes essential for ATC proliferation. Furthermore, oncogenic BRAFV600E boosted glycolytic flux to restructure the cellular lactylation landscape, leading to H4K12La-driven gene transcription and cell cycle deregulation. Accordingly, the blockade of cellular lactylation machinery synergized with BRAFV600E inhibitor to impair ATC progression both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated an extra beneficial effect of aerobic glycolysis on ATC, revealing a novel metabolism-epigenetics axis suitable for combinatorial therapy with BRAFV600E inhibition.

Identification and Validation of a Prognostic Signature for Thyroid Cancer Based on Ferroptosis-Related Genes.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Most PTC patients have a good prognosis; however, there are 5-20% of PTC patients with extra-thyroidal invasion, vascular invasion, or distant metastasis who have relatively poor prognoses. The aim of this study is to find new and feasible molecular pathological markers and therapeutic targets for early identification and appropriate management. METHODS: The GEO and TCGA databases were used to gather gene expression data and clinical outcomes. Based on gene expression and clinical parameters, we developed a ferroptosis-related gene-based prognostic model and a nomogram. CCK-8, wound-healing, and transwell assays were conducted to explore the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of thyroid cancer cells. RESULTS: We found 75 genes associated with ferroptosis that were differentially expressed between normal thyroid tissue and thyroid cancer tissues. The prognostic values of the 75 ferroptosis-related gene expressions were evaluated using the TCGA-THCA dataset, and five (AKR1C3, BID, FBXW7, GPX4, and MAP3K5) of them were of significance. Following that, we chose AKR1C3 as the subject for further investigation. By combining gene expression and clinical parameters, we developed a ferroptosis-related gene-based prognostic model with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.816, and the nomogram also achieved good predictive efficacy for the three-year survival rate of thyroid cancer patients. Knocking down AKR1C3 enhances thyroid cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration abilities. CONCLUSIONS: A ferroptosis-related gene-based prognostic model was constructed that provided unique insights into THCA prognosis prediction. In addition, AKR1C3 was found to be a progression promoter in thyroid cancer cell lines.

Investigating the Prognostic Significance of Pyroptosis-Related Genes in Gastric Cancer and Their Impact on Cells' Biological Functions.

Objective: To probe into the role of pyroptosis-related genes in gastric cancer. Methods: To establish pyroptosis-related genes, observe their expression in gastric cancer, and analyze the prognosis of pyroptosis-related genes in gastric cancer by single-factor COX, which showed that only GSDME had prognostic significance in gastric cancer. The mRNA expression profiles and lncRNA expression profiles of gastric cancer downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas were combined for weighted gene regulatory network analysis, after which the lncRNA nodes of the module to which GSDME belongs were extracted to obtain the lncRNAs-GSDME interactions, which were visualized with Cytoscape network plots. Finally, the effects of GSDME on the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells were observed with CCK8, and flow cytometry. Results: Our results show that only GSDME has prognostic significance in gastric cancer, and show that it has an important role in a variety of tumors. In addition, our results show that 16 lncRNAs have a significant interaction with GSDME. Finally, the experimental analysis showed that knocking down the expression level of GSDME could affect the growth as well as apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Conclusion: The significant prognostic significance of GSDME in gastric cancer and the fact that affecting GSDME expression inhibits gastric cancer cell growth suggest that GSDME can be used as a predictive biomarker.

Preoperative Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody Predicts Recurrence in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Consecutive Study With 5,770 Cases.

Background: Thyroid autoimmunity is common in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and was believed to confer a better prognosis; however, controversy still remains. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) and preoperative thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) in PTC patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 5,770 PTC patients who underwent surgical treatment with pathologically confirmed PTC in our institution between 2012 to 2016. The patients were divided into groups with respect to the coexistence of CLT or preoperative TPOAb levels. The clinicopathological characteristics and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were compared between the groups. Results: The coexistence of CLT was likely to have bilateral, multifocal tumors. Particularly, PTC patients with TPOAb++ (>1,000 IU/L) had a larger tumor size (p = 0.007) and higher rates of bilaterality and multifocality than those with TPOAb- (TPOAb< 100 IU/L), while for lymph node metastasis and extrathyroidal extension, there is no statistical difference. Tumor recurrence was found in 15 of 425 (3.5%), 9 of 436 (2.1%), and 56 of 3,519 (1.6%) patients with TPOAb++, TPOAb+, and TPOAb-, respectively (p = 0.017). On univariate analysis, TPOAb++ was correlated with tumor recurrence, with a hazard ratio of 2.20 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25-3.89], which remained as an independent risk factor at 1.98 (95% CI, 1.10-3.55) on multivariate analysis. PTC patients with TPOAb++ had the lowest DFS rates (96.5 vs. 97.9 vs. 98.4%, p = 0.020). Conclusion: CLT is not a protective factor in PTC patients. We provide initial evidence that the preoperative TPOAb instead predicts recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Integrative Methylome and Transcriptome Characterization Identifies SERINC2 as a Tumor-Driven Gene for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Most papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) can be diagnosed preoperatively by routine evaluation, such as thyroid ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Nevertheless, understanding how to differentiate indolent thyroid tumors from aggressive thyroid cancers remains a challenge, which may cause overtreatment. This study aimed to identify papillary thyroid cancer-specific indicators with whole-genome DNA methylation and gene expression profiles utilizing Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip (850k) and RNA arrays. In this paper, we report SERINC2 as a potential tumor-driven indicator in PTC. The up-regulated expression levels of SERINC2 were verified in PTC cell lines via qPCR. Then, cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8), wound healing, and flow cytometric assays were performed to confirm the influence of SERINC2 on proliferation and apoptosis in PTC cell lines after intervention or overexpression. Moreover, the investigation of data from the Cancer Dependency Map (DepMap) provided a potential pathway targeted by SERINC2. The activation of the tryptophan metabolic pathway may reduce the dependency of SERINC2 in thyroid cancers. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the whole-genome DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of papillary thyroid carcinoma, identify SERINC2 as a potential tumor-driven biomarker, and preliminarily verify its function in PTC.

VCAM-1 Upregulation Contributes to Insensitivity of Vemurafenib in BRAF-Mutant Thyroid Cancer.

Vemurafenib, an inhibitor of mutant BRAF activity, is a promising anticancer agent for patients with BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma. However, it is less effective in BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer, and the reason for this discrepancy is not yet fully elucidated. By RNA sequencing analysis, we identified vascular cell adhesion molecular-1 (VCAM-1) to be highly upregulated in both time- and dose-dependent manners during BRAF inhibition (BRAFi) in a BRAF-mutant papillary thyroid cancer cell line (BCPAP). Cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays showed that knockdown of the induced VCAM-1 in BCPAP cells augmented the antitumor effects of vemurafenib, with decreased IC50 values of 1.4 to 0.8 µM. Meanwhile, overexpression of VCAM-1 in a BRAF-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line (FRO) reduced the sensitivity to vemurafenib, with increased IC50 values of 1.9 to 5.8 µM. Further investigation showed that PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway was activated during BRAFi. Co-treatment with Akt signaling inhibitor MK2206 decreased the induced expression of VCAM-1 during BRAFi. This combination further improved the efficacy of vemurafenib. Moreover, VCAM-1 promoted migration and invasion in thyroid cancer cells in vitro, which was also indicated in thyroid cancer patients. The present study is the first to demonstrate that VCAM-1 is upregulated in thyroid cancer cells treated with vemurafenib and contributes to vemurafenib resistance in BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer cells. Targeting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway-mediated VCAM-1 response may be an alternative strategy to sensitize BRAF-mutant thyroid cancers to vemurafenib.

BP­1­102 exerts an antitumor effect on the AGS human gastric cancer cell line through modulating the STAT3 and MAPK signaling pathways.

BP­1­102, a novel inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), exhibits significant antitumor effects in several malignancies in vitro and in vivo. However, its role in gastric cancer (GC) remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the effect and potential molecular mechanisms of BP­102 in human GC cell lines were investigated. The results showed that BP­1­02 dose­dependently inhibited the proliferation of AGS cells, whereas it had little effect on HGC­27 cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that BP­1­102 induced apoptosis, but had minimal effect on cell cycle distribution. In addition, cells treated with BP­1­102 demonstrated markedly suppressed migration and invasion capacities. Western blot analysis revealed that BP­1­102 inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3 and its target genes, including c­Myc, cyclin D1 and survivin, in a time­ and dose­dependent manner. Furthermore, it was found that BP­1­102 induced the phosphorylation of c­Jun N­terminal kinase and p38 mitogen­activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inhibited the activation of extracellular signal­related kinases. Taken together, these results demonstrated that BP­1­102 may be a potent antitumor agent that acts through modulating the STAT3 and MAPK signaling pathways in GC cells.

Clonal analysis of early-stage bilateral papillary thyroid cancer identifies field cancerization.

INTRODUCTION: Bilaterality is a newly identified indicator for aggressive tumor behavior and poor outcome in papillary thyroid cancer. However, the clonal origin of these bilateral tumors remains unclear. METHODS: Here we analyzed 28 pairs of early-stage papillary thyroid cancers (stage I-II without extra-thyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis) that underwent surgery at First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Hangzhou, China). Genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues after microdissection and analyzed for BRAF mutation and X-chromosome inactivation. RESULTS: A total of 16 patients (16/28, 57.1%) harbored different BRAF status in bilateral tumors. Fourteen patients were available for X-chromosome inactivation assay and 10 of them achieved informative results. Bilateral tumors from four cases had distinct patterns of X-chromosome inactivation. Combining the results of X-chromosome inactivation and BRAF analysis, we demonstrated that at least 64.3% (18/28) cases harbored discordant X-chromosome inactivation or BRAF status, indicating their independent clonal origin in bilateral tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms "field cancerization" in early-stage bilateral thyroid cancers, suggesting that these subtype papillary thyroid cancers should be treated as independent and localized tumors.

GPRC5A: An Emerging Biomarker in Human Cancer.

Aberrant expression of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is frequently associated with tumorigenesis. G Protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member A (GPRC5A) is a member of the GPCR superfamily, is expressed preferentially in lung tissues, and is regulated by various entities at multiple levels. GPRC5A exerts a tumor suppressive role in lung cancer and GPRC5A deletion promotes lung tumor initiation and progression. Recent advances have highlighted that GPRC5A dysregulation is found in various human cancers and is related to many tumor-associated signaling pathways, including the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), nuclear factor (NF)-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Src signaling. This review aimed to summarize our updated view on the biology and regulation of GPRC5A, its expression in human cancers, and the linked signaling pathways. A better comprehension of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of GPRC5A will provide novel insights into its potential diagnostic and therapeutic value.

Gastritis cystica profunda in a previously unoperated stomach: a case report.

Gastritis cystica profunda is a relatively rare disease, usually observed at anastomotic sites in stomachs of patients that have undergone gastric procedures. We present the rare case of an elevated lesion in the anterior wall of the gastric antrum of a 43-year-old Chinese woman who had never undergone gastric surgery and had no gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Although the physical examination and laboratory data showed no abnormalities, endoscopic ultrasonography revealed an anechoic cystic structure. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed the gastric wall of the greater curvature of the antrum was markedly and irregularly thickened, and mild to moderate enhancement was observed around the lesion with no enhancement in the central portion, suggestive of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. The patient underwent a distal gastric resection of the 2.5 cm × 1.5 cm lesion. A postoperative pathologic examination showed dilated cystic glands in the muscularis mucosa and submucosal layers and erosion of the mucosal surface of the tumor, confirming the diagnosis of gastritis cystica profunda without malignancy.