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In recent years, Varicocele (VC) has been recognized as a common cause of male infertility that can be treated by surgery or drugs. How to reduce the damage of VC to testicular spermatogenic function has attracted extensive attention in recent years. Among them, overexpressed ROS and high levels of inflammation may play a key role in VC-induced testicular damage. As the key mediated innate immune pathways, cGAS-STING shaft under pathological conditions, such as in cell and tissue damage stress can be cytoplasmic DNA activation, induce the activation of NLRP3 inflammatory corpuscle, triggering downstream of the inflammatory cascade reaction. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), as a natural compound from a wide range of sources, has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and is a potential effective drug for the treatment of varicocele infertility. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of CGA in the spermatogenic dysfunction of the rat testis induced by VC and the potential mechanisms. The results of this study have shown that CGA gavage treatment ameliorated the pathological damage of seminiferous tubules, increased the number of sperm in the lumen, and increased the expression levels of Occludin and ZO-1, which indicated the therapeutic effect of CGA on spermatogenic dysfunction in the testis of VC rats. Meanwhile, the damage of mitochondrial structure was alleviated and the expression levels of ROS, NLRP3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-18) were significantly reduced in the testicular tissues of model rats after CGA treatment. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time the high expression status of cGAS and STING in testicular tissues of VC model rats, and this was ameliorated to varying degrees after CGA treatment. In conclusion, this study suggests that CGA can improve the spermatogenic function of the testis by reducing mitochondrial damage and inhibiting the activation of the cGAS-STING axis, inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and improving the inflammatory damage of the testis, highlighting the potential of CGA as a therapeutic agent for varicocele infertility.
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Ácido Clorogênico , DNA Mitocondrial , Inflamassomos , Proteínas de Membrana , Mitocôndrias , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR , Nucleotidiltransferases , Varicocele , Animais , Masculino , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos , Varicocele/tratamento farmacológico , Varicocele/metabolismo , DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferases/antagonistas & inibidores , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Ácido Clorogênico/farmacologia , Ácido Clorogênico/química , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix Cocta is one of the most commonly used medicinal materials in Mongolian medicine. Due to the strong toxicity of Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix Cocta, Mongolian medicine often uses Chebulae Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma to reduce the toxicity, so as to ensure the curative effect of Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix Cocta while ensuring its clinical curative effect, but the mechanism is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Chebulae Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix Cocta on the mRNA transcription and protein translation of cytochrome P450(CYP450) in the liver of normal rats. Male SD rats were randomly divided into negative control(NC) group, phenobarbital(PB) group(0.08 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), Chebulae Fructus group(0.254 2 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma group(0.254 2 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix Cocta group(0.254 2 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))and compatibility group(0.254 2 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),taking Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix Cocta as the standard). After continuous administration for 8 days, the activities of total bile acid(TBA), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), amino-transferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)in serum were detected, the pathological changes of liver tissue were observed, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of CYP1 A2, CYP2 C11 and CYP3 A1 were observed. Compared with the NC group, the serum ALP, ALT and AST activities in the Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix Cocta group were significantly increased, and the ALP, ALT and AST activities were decreased after compatibility. At the same time, compatibility could reduce the liver injury caused by Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix Cocta. The results showed that Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix Cocta could inhibit the expression of CYP1 A2, CYP2 C11 and CYP3 A1, and could up-regulate the expression of CYP1 A2, CYP2 C11 and CYP3 A1 when combined with Chebulae Fructus and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The level of translation was consistent with that of transcription. The compatibility of Chebulae Fructus and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma with Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix Cocta could up-regulate the expression of CYP450 enzyme, reduce the accumulation time of aconitine in vivo, and play a role in reducing toxicity, and this effect may start from gene transcription.
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Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450 , Fígado , Animais , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/genética , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Glycyrrhiza , Masculino , Extratos Vegetais , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , TerminaliaRESUMO
It is an essential task to discuss the death cases for clinicians. During the emergent public events, the report and analysis of death cases is of far-reaching significance. The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) has brought huge losses to China, and the medical system has been sustaining tremendous pressure. The best weapon to defeat the epidemic is medical data and related scientific research, of which the systematic analysis and efficient use of death cases is a key step. Based on the incomplete record of death case report, the lack of humanistic perspective and patient report, every department and institution is facing great challenge in terms of data management. Given that the relevant systems need to be improved, and that the integration of standardized reports and clinical research is not mature,as well as other problems, we put forward several methodological suggestions: â Establish national medical and health data center and improve relevant laws and regulations. â¡ Increase investment in medical data management and start data collection and analysis as early as possible during the epidemic. ⢠Refine the content of death case report and promote the standardization of report. ⣠Pay close attention to the report of death cases, review, summary and analysis. More importantly, we should continue to build and improve platforms and programs related to disease control, carry out epidemic-associated scientific research, enhance the managing efficiency of public health data, elevate the anti-risk capability of our medical system, and promote the steady progress of the health China strategy.
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Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , COVID-19 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
To further study the brain behavior and the pharmacokinetics of baicalin in intercellular fluid of brain, and study the recovery rate and stability of brain and blood microdialysis probe of baicalin in vitro and in vivo. The concentration of baicalin in brain and blood microdialysates was determined by LC-MS/MS and the probe recovery for baicalin was calculated. The effects of different flow rates (0.50, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0ï¼3.0 µLâ¢min⻹) on recovery in vitro were determined by incremental method and decrement method. The effects of different drug concentrations (50.00, 200.0, 500.0, 1 000 µgâ¢L⻹) and using times (0, 1, 2) on recovery in vitro were determined by incremental method. The probe recovery stability and effect of flow rate on recovery in vivo were determined by decrement method, and its results were compared with those in in vitro trial. The in vitro recovery of brain and blood probe of baicalin was decreased with the increase of flow rate under the same concentration; and at the same flow rate, different concentrations of baicalin had little influence on the recovery. The probe which had been used for 2 times showed no obvious change in probe recovery by syringe with 2% heparin sodium and ultrapure water successively. In vitro recovery rates obtained by incremental method and decrement method were approximately equal under the same condition, and the in vivo recovery determined by decrement method was similar with the in vitro results and they were showed a good stability within 10 h. The results showed that decrement method can be used for pharmacokinetic study of baicalin, and can be used to study probe recovery in vivo at the same time.
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Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Microdiálise , Animais , Química Encefálica , Cromatografia Líquida , Flavonoides/sangue , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of serum miRNA-21(miR-21) and miRNA-155 (miR-155) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS: A study including 65 patients with IPF and 65 similar age and gender healthy controls was performed. Serum specimens were collected from all subjects. Total RNA was extracted and the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to measure serum miR-21 and miR-155 in both groups. Clinicopathologic features were assessed to determine associations with serum miR-21 and miR-155 concentrations. RESULTS: Serum miR-21 expression was significantly higher in IPF samples than in healthy controls (p < 0.01), while serum miR-155 expression did not show a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Forced vital capacity (FVC) and radiologic features were associated with miR-21 and miR-155 expression in serum (p < 0.05). Neither miR-21 nor miR-155 expression was statistically significantly associated with clinicopathologic parameters, such as gender (p > 0.05) and age (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that serum miR-21 is associated with IPF and the degree of damage indicated by FVC and radiologic examinations could correlate with miR-21 and miR-155 expression in serum. From another perspective, our study confirmed serum miRNA can be stable and detectable in serum of patients with IPF, which could prove useful as it could be considered as a new biomarker in serum for diagnosis and assessment of prognosis of IPF in the future.
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Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/sangue , MicroRNAs/sangue , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/diagnóstico por imagem , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/genética , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Masculino , MicroRNAs/biossíntese , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RNA/química , RNA/genética , Radiografia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Capacidade VitalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Abernethy malformation, also known as congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt, is an uncommon malformation resulting from aberrant development of the portal venous system. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. It mainly affects the exocrine glands of the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems. It is considered extremely rare in the Asian population. We present a clinical case involving a pediatric patient of Asian descent who was diagnosed with Abernethy malformation and CF. CASE SUMMARY: A 12-year-old girl presented with a medical history of recurring respiratory infections and hemoptysis, and chest computed tomography (CT) showed bronchiectasis. Whole exome sequencing was performed for the patient, yielding findings that revealed a compound heterozygous variant of the CFTR gene: c.233_c.234insT/p.Trp79fsTer3 (maternal origin); c.2909G>A/p.Gly970Asp (paternal origin). CF was diagnosed. The physician's attention was drawn to the presence of splenomegaly during disease progression. Abdominal enhanced CT revealed splenomegaly, compression of the left kidney, and multiple tortuous dilated vascular shadows were seen at the splenic hilum, which flowed back into the left renal vein and portal vein, suggesting Abernethy malformation type II. Intraoperatively, the abnormal blood flow was seen to merge into the inferior vena cava through the left renal vein without hepatic processing, and the pathology of liver biopsy showed hypoplastic, dilated or absent portal vein branches, both of which supported the diagnosis of Abernethy malformation type II. This represents the initial documented instance of Abernethy malformation accompanied by a CFTR gene mutation in the existing body of literature. CONCLUSION: Coexisting Abernethy malformation and CF are rare. Detailed medical history information, abdominal enhanced CT, venography and genetic testing contribute to diagnosis as well as differential diagnosis.
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Two undescribed phenylpropenoid glycosides (1 - 2) and one known analogues (3) have been isolated and identified from the roots of Illicium dunnianum. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses (1 D-, 2 D-NMR, HRESIMS, IR, UV) and chemical methods. The anti-inflammatory activities of all isolates were evaluated by measuring their inhibitory effects on PGE2 production in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
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Illicium , Illicium/química , Glicosídeos/química , Estrutura Molecular , Raízes de Plantas/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/análiseRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine that has played a beneficial role in the treatment of various diseases, including liver diseases. Ginsenoside Rg1 is a saponin isolated and purified from ginseng that exerts protective effects on the liver in some liver injury models. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a ubiquitous dioxin found mostly in food products that causes liver injury and other human diseases. Although significant efforts have been made to reduce the burden of liver disease, there is still a lack of effective treatment methods. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although ginsenoside Rg1 was reported to inhibit TCDD-mediated cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) induction in HepG2 cells, we sought to verify its hepatoprotective effects and elucidate its mechanism in a TCDD-induced liver injury model in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The mouse liver injury model was established by intraperitoneal TCDD injection, followed by treatment with various doses of ginsenoside Rg1 (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg). Clinical indicators of liver injury, such as an increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, as well as histopathological changes were evaluated. RESULTS: The common clinical indicators of liver injury were detected following TCDD injection, including an increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, increased relative liver weight, and histopathological changes. Following treatment with ginsenoside Rg1, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase decreased significantly, and the liver histology was improved. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 competitively inhibited TCDD-induced Cyp1a1 mRNA transcription through the modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) nuclear translocation. CONCLUSION: Ginsenoside Rg1 is a potent partial AhR agonist that has potential as an effective medication for protecting against TCDD-associated liver injury.
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Doença Hepática Crônica Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas , Panax , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas , Alanina Transaminase , Animais , Aspartato Aminotransferases , Doença Hepática Crônica Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/genética , Ginsenosídeos , Fígado , Camundongos , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/toxicidade , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/genéticaRESUMO
We examined the expression and the potential biological function of HBO1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). TCGA and Oncomine databases showed that HBO1 transcripts were elevated in NSCLC. Furthermore, in local NSCLC tumor tissues HBO1 expression was higher than that in matched adjacent lung tissues. In primary and immortalized NSCLC cells, HBO1 shRNA robustly inhibited cell viability, proliferation and migration. Moreover, HBO1 knockout by CRISPR/Cas9 induced significant anti-tumor activity in NSCLC cells. Conversely, ectopic HBO1 overexpression in primary NSCLC cells increased proliferation and migration. H3-H4 histone acetylation and expression of several potential oncogenic genes (CCR2, MYLK, VEGFR2 and OCIAD2) were significantly decreased in NSCLC cells with HBO1 silencing or knockout. They were however increased after HBO1 overexpression. Intratumoral injection of HBO1 shRNA-expressing adeno-associated virus hindered the growth of A549 cell xenografts and primary NSCLC cell xenografts in nude mice. H3-H4 histone acetylation as well as expression of HBO1 and HBO1-dependent genes were decreased in HBO1-silenced NSCLC xenograft tissues. An HBO1 inhibitor WM-3835 potently inhibited NSCLC cell growth. Together, HBO1 overexpression promotes NSCLC cell growth.
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Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Histona Acetiltransferases , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Acetilação , Animais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Histona Acetiltransferases/genética , Histonas/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genéticaRESUMO
To avoid adverse drug reactions associated with injection, off-label nebulization of Tanreqing (TRQ) injection is often used in China to treat respiratory diseases. However, the aerodynamic properties and lung availability of TRQ aerosols remain largely uninvestigated. This study aimed to investigate the size distribution of TRQ aerosols and to compare the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of two compounds from TRQ (baicalin and oroxyloside) after transnasal aerosol inhalation and intravenous administration. Furthermore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of TRQ against lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation. The Dv(50) and transmission of TRQ aerosols were 2.512 µm and 74.867%, respectively. The Cmax of baicalin and oroxyloside in rat plasma after inhalation was lower than that after intravenous injection. After inhalation, the area under the curve (AUC) of baicalin and oroxyloside in tissues (lung, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and trachea) was 7.9-115.3 and 9.5-16.0 times that observed after intravenous administration, respectively. Baicalin and oroxyloside maintained high concentrations 4 h after inhalation, but only 1 h after intravenous injection. The mean lung-to-plasma concentration ratios of baicalin and oroxyloside were 287.6 and 49.9 times higher than with intravenous administration. Inhaled TRQ achieved the same effect against lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation in mice at doses of only 1/16-1/8 of those administered intravenously. The results indicate that TRQ inhalation is a promising alternative to intravenous injections for the treatment of respiratory infection.
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Two new sets of UiO-Zr metal-organic framework (MOF) bearing mixed linkers BDC-(SCH3)2 and BDC-(SOCH3)2 that have different band gaps and edges were prepared through post oxidation and direct methods, namely, UiO-66-(SCH3)2-xh (x = 4, 9, 12 oxidation hours) and UiO-66-(SOCH3)x(SCH3)2-x (x = 0, 0.4, 0.6, 2), respectively. These composites with stoichiometric components were fully characterized via proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), photo electrochemical measurements, and femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy. The structure, electronic property, and photoresponsive and catalytic ability as the functions of the molar ratio of linkers and the synthetic protocol were first investigated. The mixed-linker UiO-66-(SCH3)2-xh and UiO-66-(SOCH3)x(SCH3)2-x exhibited improved performances as compared to the UiO-66-(SCH3)2 and UiO-66-(SOCH3)2 possessing neat linkers only. Their photo response and catalytic activity varied with different linker ratios. For UiO-66-(SCH3)2-xh, the performance increased with the increasing linker BDC-(SOCH3)2 ratio upon oxidation but reached the highest as the BDC-(SOCH3)2 being of 24.4% in UiO-66-(SCH3)2-9h. In comparison, the best photocurrent (80.74 uA/cm-2) and the highest H2 generation rate (2018.8 µmol g-1 h-1) (λ > 400 nm) in UiO-66-(SCH3)2-9h are about twice those of UiO-66-(SOCH3)0.4(SCH3)1.6 obtained by direct synthesis, although the linker BDC-(SOCH3)2 ratio of those two composites is almost the same (24.4% vs 23.9%). Recorded shorter lifetime and higher charge separation efficiency of the former than those of the latter suggest the postsynthetic protocol as the efficient method for achieving the mixed-liner-MOF-based photocatalyst with high performance. A new type-II tailored homojunction is proposed in these mixed-linker MOFs for their efficient charge separation and improved activity.
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BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to explore the effectiveness of electro-acupuncture (EA) in combination with a local anesthetic used in Western medicine in preventing the side effects of gastroscopy. METHODS: A sample group of 150 patients were divided into three groups based on treatment methods: an EA group, a dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage group, and a combined treatment group. In the EA group, EA stimulation was given at the Hegu, Neiguan, and Zusanli acupoints; in the dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage group, patients took 10 mL of dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage orally; in the combined treatment group, prevention of side effects was attempted by administration of both acupuncture and oral local anesthetic. The incidences of nausea, emesis, salivation, cough, restlessness, and breath holding during gastroscopy were observed and recorded for the three groups. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were recorded before the examination, and changes in these measures were recorded as the gastroscope passed through the pylorus and after the examination. The visual analogue scale (VAS) values of nausea and emesis, the rate of successful first-pass intubation, and the time of gastroscopy were also recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using R-3.5.3 software. RESULTS: Incidences of side effects (e.g., nausea, emesis, salivation, restlessness, and breath holding) during the examination were lower in the combined treatment group than in the EA group and the dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage group (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the changes in heart rate and oxygen saturation when the gastroscope passed through the pylorus and after the examination were better in the combined treatment group than in the EA group and dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage group (P<0.01). The VAS values of nausea and emesis, the first-pass success rate, and examination duration were also better for the combined treatment group than for the other two groups (P<0.05 and P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: EA combined with local anesthesia with dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage can alleviate side effects during gastroscopy, reduce patient pain, and improve the efficiency of the procedure.
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Terapia por Acupuntura , Propiofenonas , Pontos de Acupuntura , Gastroscopia , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To develop the clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of sepsis with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy alone or TCM combined with antibiotics. METHODS: The methods and process for developing the international clinical practice guidelines were fully consulted between a group of doctors. A total of 25 experts from 14 units were involved in the development of this guideline. The major clinical questions that needed to be solved were raised first, and the best available evidence to solve them was researched. Finally, according to the principle set by the GRADE system, the available evidence was graded with levels ranging from high to low. This formed the recommendation strengths, which included strong recommendation and weak recommendation, or an expert consensus recommendation. RESULTS: The guideline identified the terms and definition for sepsis. For example, it identified its epidemiological characters, the advantages of TCM treatment on sepsis, the diagnosis and its features, the complications, and its rehabilitation and health maintenance. The guideline has put forward 14 recommendations, among which 4 were strong recommendations and 6 were weak recommendations, in addition to 4 expert consensus recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: The methods and processes for developing international clinical practice guidelines were fully consulted under the guide of relevant laws and regulations, and relevant technical documents. Based on the best existing evidence, and combined with the characteristics of TCM and the clinical realities, we developed Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of sepsis with TCM therapy alone or TCM combined with antibiotics, with full reference to the experts' experience and patients' preferences.
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Here we developed a facile solvent-assisted ligand exchange method for synthesizing thioether-containing hybrid metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that cannot be made using direct synthesis. Such a tailored approach provides an alternative method to achieve thioether-based MOFs and its oxidation-decorated materials. These materials showed the ability to take up heavy metals from solution and the ability to capture CO2.
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Taking Doctor HUANG Shi-ping as the representative, the school of Huang's golden needle is based on Chinese martial art. Golden needles are adopted as main tool. Attaching great importance on the combination of acupuncture and moxibustioin, it is also characterized with penetrating needling with long needles. Through the development of three generations, it once outshone other schools in the field of acupuncture, and became famous all over the world. It made great contribution to the development of the course of acupuncture. However, with the development of the history, the form of acupuncture education as well as apparatus were all undergone an unified reform. Therefore, Doctor HUANG Shi-ping's acupuncture school be lost gradually.
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Terapia por Acupuntura/história , Acupuntura/história , Acupuntura/educação , Terapia por Acupuntura/instrumentação , Terapia por Acupuntura/métodos , China , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
AIM: To assess the diagnostic value of a combination of intragastric bile acids and hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the detection of duodenogastric reflux (DGR). METHODS: The study contained 99 patients with DGR and 70 healthy volunteers who made up the control group. The diagnosis was based on the combination of several objective arguments: a long history of gastric symptoms (i.e., nausea, epigastric pain, and/or bilious vomiting) poorly responsive to medical treatment, gastroesophageal reflux symptoms unresponsive to proton-pump inhibitors, gastritis on upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and/or at histology, presence of a bilious gastric lake at > 1 upper GI endoscopy, pathologic 24-h intragastric bile monitoring with the Bilitec device. Gastric juice was aspirated in the GI endoscopy and total bile acid (TBA), total bilirubin (TBIL) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) were tested in the clinical laboratory. Continuous data of gastric juice were compared between each group using the independent-samples Mann-Whitney U-test and their relationship was analysed by Spearman's rank correlation test and Fisher's linear discriminant analysis. Histopathology of DGR patients and 23 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis was compared by clinical pathologists. Using the Independent-samples Mann-Whitney U-test, DGR index (DGRi) was calculated in 28 patients of DGR group and 19 persons of control group who were subjected to hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Receiver operating characteristic curve was made to determine the sensitivity and specificity of these two methods in the diagnosis of DGR. RESULTS: The group of patients with DGR showed a statistically higher prevalence of epigastric pain in comparison with control group. There was no significant difference between the histology of gastric mucosa with atrophic gastritis and duodenogastric reflux. The bile acid levels of DGR patients were significantly higher than the control values (Z: TBA: -8.916, DBIL: -3.914, TBIL: -6.197, all P < 0.001). Two of three in the DGR group have a significantly associated with each other (r: TBA/DBIL: 0.362, TBA/TBIL: 0.470, DBIL/TBIL: 0.737, all P < 0.001). The Fisher's discriminant function is followed: Con: Y = 0.002TBA + 0.048DBIL + 0.032TBIL - 0.986; Reflux: Y = 0.012TBA + 0.076DBIL + 0.089TBIL - 2.614. Eighty-four point zero five percent of original grouped cases were correctly classified by this method. With respect to the DGR group, DGRi were higher than those in the control group with statistically significant differences (Z = -5.224, P < 0.001). Twenty eight patients (59.6%) were deemed to be duodenogastric reflux positive by endoscopy, as compared to 37 patients (78.7%) by hepatobiliary scintigraphy. CONCLUSION: The integrated use of intragastric bile acid examination and scintigraphy can greatly improve the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of DGR.