Dermal fibroblast phagocytosis of apoptotic cells: A novel pathway for wound resolution.

The effective clearance of apoptotic cells is an essential step in the resolution of healing wounds. In particular, blood vessel regression during wound resolution produces a significant number of apoptotic endothelial cells (ApoEC) that must be cleared. In considering the fate of ApoEC and the presence of fibroblasts during wound resolution, we hypothesized that fibroblasts might serve as phagocytes involved in endothelial cell removal. The current study investigated whether dermal fibroblasts engulf ApoEC, whether this uptake alters the phenotype of dermal fibroblasts, and the biological molecules involved. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, following ApoEC engulfment, fibroblasts acquired a pro-healing phenotype (increased cell migration, contractility, α-smooth muscle actin expression, and collagen deposition). In addition, fibroblast uptake of ApoEC was shown to be mediated in part by the milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein/integrin αv ß5 pathway. Our study demonstrates a novel function of fibroblasts in the clearance of ApoEC and suggests that this capability has significant implications for tissue repair and fibrosis.

A meta-analysis of observational studies including dose-response relationship between long working hours and risk of obesity.

We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis with stick reference and uniform cut-off of obesity to evaluate the relationship between long working hours and risk of obesity, using a quantitative dose-response method. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched through February 26, 2021, odds ratios (ORs) were pooled by using random-effects models and restricted cubic spline analysis with four knots was used to explore the dose-response relationship of working time and risk of obesity. Ten observational studies with 20 independent reports involving 189,590 participants were included in the present analysis. The summarized adjusted OR for the relationship between long working hours and obesity risk was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.26), when compared with weekly working hours less than and equal to 40 h using the random-effects model. A J-shaped association between long working hours and risk of obesity was observed (P < 0.001 for nonlinearity) for the dose-response relationship. Exclusion of any single study did not alter the combined relative risk. Individuals involved in long working hours are more likely to be obesity. Further studies are needed to confirm the results, and optimized and proper job arrangement should be established for improving the health of workers.

CCL28-induced CCR10/eNOS interaction in angiogenesis and skin wound healing.

Chemokines and their receptors play important roles in vascular homeostasis, development, and angiogenesis. Little is known regarding the molecular signaling mechanisms activated by CCL28 chemokine via its primary receptor CCR10 in endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we test the hypothesis that CCL28/CCR10 signaling plays an important role in regulating skin wound angiogenesis through endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent Src, PI3K, and MAPK signaling. We observed nitric oxide (NO) production in human primary ECs stimulated with exogenous CCL28, which also induced direct binding of CCR10 and eNOS resulting in inhibition of eNOS activity. Knockdown of CCR10 with siRNA lead to reduced eNOS expression and tube formation suggesting the involvement of CCR10 in EC angiogenesis. Based on this interaction, we engineered a myristoylated 7 amino acid CCR10-binding domain (Myr-CBD7) peptide and showed that this can block eNOS interaction with CCR10, but not with calmodulin, resulting in upregulation of eNOS activity. Importantly, topical administration of Myr-CBD7 peptide on mouse dermal wounds not only blocked CCR10-eNOS interaction, but also enhanced expression of eNOS, CD31, and IL-4 with reduction of CCL28 and IL-6 levels associated with improved wound healing. These results point to a potential therapeutic strategy to upregulate NO bioavailability, enhance angiogenesis, and improve wound healing by disrupting CCL28-activated CCR10-eNOS interaction.

Depletion of Caveolin-1 in Type 2 Diabetes Model Induces Alzheimer's Disease Pathology Precursors.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism underlying the development of late-onset AD is largely unknown. Here we show that levels of the endothelial-enriched protein caveolin-1 (Cav-1) are reduced in the brains of T2DM patients compared with healthy aging, and inversely correlated with levels of ß-amyloid (Aß). Depletion of Cav-1 is recapitulated in the brains of db/db (Leprdb ) diabetic mice and corresponds with recognition memory deficits as well as the upregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), BACE-1, a trending increase in ß-amyloid Aß42/40 ratio and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) species. Importantly, we show that restoration of Cav-1 levels in the brains of male db/db mice using adenovirus overexpressing Cav-1 (AAV-Cav-1) rescues learning and memory deficits and reduces pathology (i.e., APP, BACE-1 and p-tau levels). Knocking down Cav-1 using shRNA in HEK cells expressing the familial AD-linked APPswe mutant variant upregulates APP, APP carboxyl terminal fragments, and Aß levels. In turn, rescue of Cav-1 levels restores APP metabolism. Together, these results suggest that Cav-1 regulates APP metabolism, and that depletion of Cav-1 in T2DM promotes the amyloidogenic processing of APP and hyperphosphorylation of tau. This may suggest that depletion of Cav-1 in T2DM underlies, at least in part, the development of AD and imply that restoration of Cav-1 may be a therapeutic target for diabetic-associated sporadic AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT More than 95% of the Alzheimer's patients have the sporadic late-onset form (LOAD). The cause for late-onset Alzheimer's disease is unknown. Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus have considerably higher incidence of cognitive decline and AD compared with the general population, suggesting a common mechanism. Here we show that the expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is reduced in the brain in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In turn, reduced Cav-1 levels induce AD-associated neuropathology and learning and memory deficits. Restoration of Cav-1 levels rescues these deficits. This study unravels signals underlying LOAD and suggests that restoration of Cav-1 may be an effective therapeutic target.

A meta-analysis of cohort studies including dose-response relationship between shift work and the risk of diabetes mellitus.

Previous reviews have suggested that shift work is associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus (DM); however, the results should be interpreted with caution due to differences in study designs and non-comprehensive literature searches. In addition, the quantitative dose-response relationship between years of shift work and DM risk is still unknown. We aimed to conduct an updated meta-analysis with cohort studies and to evaluate the relationship between the duration of shift work and the risk of DM in a dose-dependent manner. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched through 15 August 2019, and multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) were pooled using random-effects models. Restricted cubic spline analysis with three knots was used to explore the relationship of years of shift work and risk of DM. Twelve cohort studies with 28 independent reports involving 244,266 participants and 15,906 DM cases were included. The summarized adjusted RR for the relationship between shift work and DM risk was 1.14 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.19; I2 = 38.9%, P = 0.028). The summary RR of a 5-year increase in shift work was 1.07 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.09), without heterogeneity (I2= 0.0%, P = 0.829) for the female population. Shift work is associated with an increased risk of DM, and a strong and highly significant linear dose-response relationship between the duration of shift work and the risk of DM in women was observed. Further studies are needed to confirm the results, establish causality and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

IL-11 facilitates a novel connection between RA joint fibroblasts and endothelial cells.

IL-11 has been detected in inflamed joints; however, its role in the pathogenesis of arthritis is not yet clear. Studies were conducted to characterize the expression and functional significance of IL-11 and IL-11Rα in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). IL-11 levels were elevated in RA synovial fluid (SF) compared to osteoarthritis (OA) SF and plasma from RA, OA and normal individuals (NLs). Morphologic studies established that IL-11 was detected in lining fibroblasts and macrophages in addition to sublining endothelial cells and macrophages at higher levels in RA compared to NL synovial tissues. Since IL-11Rα was exclusively expressed in RA fibroblasts and endothelial cells, macrophages were not involved in IL-11 effector function. Ligation of IL-11 to IL-11Rα strongly provoked fibroblast infiltration into RA joint, while cell proliferation was unaffected by this process. Secretion of IL-8 and VEGF from IL-11 activated RA fibroblasts was responsible for the indirect effect of IL-11 on endothelial cell transmigration and tube formation. Moreover, IL-11 blockade impaired RA SF capacity to elicit endothelial cell transmigration and tube formation. We conclude that IL-11 binding to endothelial IL-11Rα can directly induce RA angiogenesis. In addition, secretion of proangiogenic factors from migrating fibroblasts potentiated by IL-11 can indirectly contribute to RA neovascularization.

Differential impact of obesity on the pathogenesis of RA or preclinical models is contingent on the disease status.

OBJECTIVE: Studies were performed to uncover the significance of obesity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and preclinical models. METHODS: Preclinical arthritis models were used to examine the impact of obesity on disease onset and remission. Conditioned media from RA adipose tissues were used to investigate the mechanism contributing to joint neutrophil influx and M1 macrophage differentiation observed in early and remission phases of arthritis. RESULTS: We report that mice fed with high fat diet (HFD) have an earlier onset of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) compared with mice on regular diet. However, the differences in CIA joint swelling between the two diet groups are lost once disease is established. We found that early arthritis triggered by obesity is due to elevated joint MIP2/interleukin-8 levels detected in CIA as well as in the RA and mouse adipose tissues and the effect of this chemokine on neutrophil recruitment. Although active disease progression is similarly affected in both diet groups, arthritis resolution is accelerated in lean mice while joint inflammation is sustained in obese mice. We document that HFD can prolong toll-like receptor (TLR)4-induced arthritis by increasing joint monocyte migration and further remodelling the recruited cells into M1 macrophages. Consistently, we show that adipose condition media can transform RA and wild-type naïve myeloid cells into M1 macrophages; however, this function is impaired by TLR4 blockade or deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that despite established disease being unaffected by obesity, the early and the resolution phases of RA are impacted by obesity through different mechanisms.

Ligation of TLR5 promotes myeloid cell infiltration and differentiation into mature osteoclasts in rheumatoid arthritis and experimental arthritis.

Our aim was to examine the impact of TLR5 ligation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and experimental arthritis pathology. Studies were conducted to investigate the role of TLR5 ligation on RA and mouse myeloid cell chemotaxis or osteoclast formation, and in addition, to uncover the significance of TNF-α function in TLR5-mediated pathogenesis. Next, the in vivo mechanism of action was determined in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and local joint TLR5 ligation models. Last, to evaluate the importance of TLR5 function in RA, we used anti-TLR5 Ab therapy in CIA mice. We show that TLR5 agonist, flagellin, can promote monocyte infiltration and osteoclast maturation directly through myeloid TLR5 ligation and indirectly via TNF-α production from RA and mouse cells. These two identified TLR5 functions are potentiated by TNF-α, because inhibition of both pathways can more strongly impair RA synovial fluid-driven monocyte migration and osteoclast differentiation compared with each factor alone. In preclinical studies, flagellin postonset treatment in CIA and local TLR5 ligation in vivo provoke homing and osteoclastic development of myeloid cells, which are associated with the TNF-α cascade. Conversely, CIA joint inflammation and bone erosion are alleviated when TLR5 function is blocked. We found that TLR5 and TNF-α pathways are interconnected, because TNF-α is produced by TLR5 ligation in RA myeloid cells, and anti-TNF-α therapy can markedly suppress TLR5 expression in RA monocytes. Our novel findings demonstrate that a direct and an indirect mechanism are involved in TLR5-driven RA inflammation and bone destruction.

The pathogenic role of angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis.

Angiogenesis is the formation of new capillaries from pre-existing vasculature, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthropathies, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and atherosclerosis. In RA, excessive migration of circulating leukocytes into the inflamed joint necessitates formation of new blood vessels to provide nutrients and oxygen to the hypertrophic joint. The dominance of the pro-angiogenic factors over the endogenous angiostatic mediators triggers angiogenesis. In this review article, we highlight the underlying mechanisms by which cells present in the RA synovial tissue are modulated to secrete pro-angiogenic factors. We focus on the significance of pro-angiogenic factors such as growth factors, hypoxia-inducible factors, cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and adhesion molecules on RA pathogenesis. As pro-angiogenic factors are primarily produced from RA synovial tissue macrophages and fibroblasts, we emphasize the key role of RA synovial tissue lining layer in maintaining synovitis through neovascularization. Lastly, we summarize the specific approaches utilized to target angiogenesis. We conclude that the formation of new blood vessels plays an indispensable role in RA progression. However, since the function of several pro-angiogenic mediators is cross regulated, discovering novel approaches to target multiple cascades or selecting an upstream cascade that impairs the activity of a number of pro-angiogenic factors may provide a promising strategy for RA therapy.

Characterising the expression and function of CCL28 and its corresponding receptor, CCR10, in RA pathogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the expression pattern, regulation and function of CCL28 and CCR10 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. METHODS: Expression of CCL28 and CCR10 was assessed in RA compared with other arthritis synovial tissues (STs) or fluids (SFs) by histology or ELISA. The factors modulating CCL28 and CCR10 expression were identified in RA myeloid and endothelial cells by ELISA, FACS and Western blotting. The mechanism by which CCL28 ligation promotes RA angiogenesis was examined in control and CCR10-knockdown endothelial cell chemotaxis and capillary formation. RESULTS: CCL28 and/or CCR10 expression levels were accentuated in STs and SFs of patients with joint disease compared with normal controls and they were predominately coexpressed in RA myeloid and endothelial cells. We show that protein expression of CCL28 and CCR10 was modulated by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and toll-like receptor 4 ligation in RA monocytes and endothelial cells and by interleukin (IL)-6 stimulation in RA macrophages. Neutralisation of CCL28 in RA SF or blockade of CCR10 on human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) significantly reduced SF-induced endothelial migration and capillary formation, demonstrating that ligation of joint CCL28 to endothelial CCR10+ cells is involved in RA angiogenesis. We discovered that angiogenesis driven by ligation of CCL28 to CCR10 is linked to the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) cascade, as CCR10-knockdown cells exhibit dysfunctional CCL28-induced ERK signalling, chemotaxis and capillary formation. CONCLUSIONS: The overexpression of CCL28 and CCR10 in RA ST and their contribution to EPC migration into RA joints support the CCL28/CCR10 cascade as a potential therapeutic target for RA.

The novel role of IL-7 ligation to IL-7 receptor in myeloid cells of rheumatoid arthritis and collagen-induced arthritis.

Although the role of IL-7 and IL-7R has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the majority of the studies have focused on the effect of IL-7/IL-7R in T cell development and function. Our novel data, however, document that patients with RA and greater disease activity have higher levels of IL-7, IL-7R, and TNF-α in RA monocytes, suggesting a feedback regulation between IL-7/IL-7R and TNF-α cascades in myeloid cells that is linked to chronic disease progression. Investigations into the involved mechanism showed that IL-7 is a novel and potent chemoattractant that attracts IL-7R(+) monocytes through activation of the PI3K/AKT1 and ERK pathways at similar concentrations of IL-7 detected in RA synovial fluid. To determine whether ligation of IL-7 to IL-7R is a potential target for RA treatment and to identify their mechanism of action, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was therapeutically treated with anti-IL-7 Ab or IgG control. Anti-IL-7 Ab treatment significantly reduces CIA monocyte recruitment and osteoclast differentiation as well as potent joint monocyte chemoattractants and bone erosion markers, suggesting that both direct and indirect pathways might contribute to the observed effect. We also demonstrate that reduction in joint MIP-2 levels is responsible for suppressed vascularization detected in mice treated with anti-IL-7 Ab compared with the control group. To our knowledge, we show for the first time that expression of IL-7/IL-7R in myeloid cells is strongly correlated with RA disease activity and that ligation of IL-7 to IL-7R contributes to monocyte homing, differentiation of osteoclasts, and vascularization in the CIA effector phase.

Silencing of Kir2 channels by caveolin-1: cross-talk with cholesterol.

A growing number of studies show that different types of ion channels localize in caveolae and are regulated by the level of membrane cholesterol. Furthermore, it has been proposed that cholesterol-induced regulation of ion channels might be attributed to partitioning into caveolae and association with caveolin-1 (Cav-1). We tested, therefore, whether Cav-1 regulates the function of inwardly rectifying potassium channels Kir2.1 that play major roles in the regulation of membrane potentials of numerous mammalian cells. Our earlier studies demonstrated that Kir2.1 channels are cholesterol sensitive. In this study, we show that Kir2.1 channels co-immunoprecipitate with Cav-1 and that co-expression of Kir2.1 channels with Cav-1 in HEK293 cells results in suppression of Kir2 current indicating that Cav-1 is a negative regulator of Kir2 function. These observations are confirmed by comparing Kir currents in bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from Cav-1(-/-) and wild-type animals. We also show, however, that Kir2 channels maintain their sensitivity to cholesterol in HEK293 cells that have very low levels of endogenous Cav-1 and in bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from Cav-1(-/-) knockout mice. Thus, these studies indicate that Cav-1 and/or intact caveolae are not required for cholesterol sensitivity of Kir channels. Moreover, a single point mutation of Kir2.1, L222I that abrogates the sensitivity of the channels to cholesterol also abolishes their sensitivity to Cav-1 suggesting that the two modulators regulate Kir2 channels via a common mechanism.

ICAM-1-activated Src and eNOS signaling increase endothelial cell surface PECAM-1 adhesivity and neutrophil transmigration.

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) extravasation requires selectin-mediated tethering, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-dependent firm adhesion, and platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1)-mediated transendothelial migration. An important unanswered question is whether ICAM-1-activated signaling contributes to PMN transmigration mediated by PECAM-1. We tested this concept and the roles of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Src activated by PMN ligation of ICAM-1 in mediating PECAM-1-dependent PMN transmigration. We observed that lung PMN infiltration in vivo induced in carrageenan-injected WT mice was significantly reduced in ICAM-1(-/-) and eNOS(-/-) mice. Crosslinking WT mouse ICAM-1 expressed in human endothelial cells (ECs), but not the phospho-defective Tyr(518)Phe ICAM-1 mutant, induced SHP-2-dependent Src Tyr530 dephosphorylation that resulted in Src activation. ICAM-1 activation also stimulated phosphorylation of Akt (p-Ser473) and eNOS (p-Ser1177), thereby increasing NO production. PMN migration across EC monolayers was abolished in cells expressing the Tyr(518)Phe ICAM-1 mutant or by pretreatment with either the Src inhibitor PP2 or eNOS inhibitor L-NAME. Importantly, phospho-ICAM-1 induction of Src signaling induced PECAM-1 Tyr686 phosphorylation and increased EC surface anti-PECAM-1 mAb-binding activity. These results collectively show that ICAM-1-activated Src and eNOS signaling sequentially induce PECAM-1-mediated PMN transendothelial migration. Both Src and eNOS inhibition may be important therapeutic targets to prevent or limit vascular inflammation.

Angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis is fostered directly by toll-like receptor 5 ligation and indirectly through interleukin-17 induction.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5) on endothelial cell function in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and vascularization in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS: Endothelial cell migration and tube formation assays were used to demonstrate the direct role of TLR-5 ligation in angiogenesis. Mice with CIA were treated with the TLR-5 agonist flagellin to document the effect of TLR-5 ligation in RA pathology. Vascularization in CIA was determined by immunohistochemical analysis and determination of cytokine levels in ankle joints. Spleen Th17 cells and joint interleukin-17 (IL-17) were quantified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The development of Th17 cells induced by TLR-5 ligation was validated in RA peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS: Ligation of TLR-5 to endogenous ligands expressed in RA synovial fluid contributed to endothelial cell infiltration and tube formation. Furthermore, treatment with flagellin after the onset of CIA exacerbated joint inflammation; in contrast, inflammation in control mice remained at a plateau phase. We showed that TLR-5-enhanced disease severity was attributable to Th17 cell differentiation and joint vascularization in CIA. Examination of the underlying mechanism using RA peripheral blood mononuclear cells documented that ligation of TLR-5 in myeloid cells and production of Th17-promoting cytokines were necessary for Th17 cell polarization. Additionally, we demonstrated that blockade of the IL-17 cascade markedly reduced endothelial cell migration activated by flagellin-conditioned medium, suggesting that TLR-5 ligation can mediate RA angiogenesis either directly by attracting endothelial cells or indirectly by fostering Th17 cell development. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate a novel role for TLR-5 in RA angiogenesis; thus, TLR-5 may be a promising new target for RA treatment.

Occupational noise and genetic variants in stress hormone biosynthesis-based genes and rates of blood lipid changes in China: A five-year longitudinal study.

Lipid profiles are influenced by both noise and genetic variants. However, little is known about the associations of occupational noise and genetic variants with age-related changes in blood lipids, a crucial event in the initiation and evolution of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to evaluate the associations of blood lipid change rates with occupational noise and genetic variants in stress hormone biosynthesis-based genes. This cohort was established in 2012 and 2013 and was followed up until 2017. A total of 952 participants were included in the final analysis and all of them were categorized to two groups, the exposed group and control group, according to the exposed noise levels in their working area. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in stress hormone biosynthesis-based genes were genotyped. Five physical examinations were conducted from 2012 to 2017 and lipid measurements were repeated five times. The estimated annual changes (EACs) of blood lipid were calculated as the difference in blood lipid levels between any 2 adjacent examinations divided by their time interval (year). The generalized estimating equations for repeated measures analyses with exchangeable correlation structures were used to evaluate the influence of exposing to noise (versus being a control) and the SNPs mentioned above on the EACs of blood lipids. We found that the participants experienced accelerated age-related decline in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels as they were exposed to noise (ß = -0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.66 to -0.10, P = 0.007), after adjusting for work duration, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, and pack-years. This trend was only found in participants with COMT-rs165815 TT genotype (ß = -1.19, 95% CI, -1.80 to -0.58, P < 0.001), but not in those with the CC or CT genotypes. The interaction of noise exposure and rs165815 was marginally significant (Pinteraction = 0.010) after multiple adjustments. Compared with DDC-rs11978267 AA genotype carriers, participants carrying rs11978267 GG genotype had decreased EAC of triglycerides (TG) (ß = -5.06, 95% CI, -9.07 to -1.05, P = 0.013). Participants carrying DBH-rs4740203 CC genotype had increased EAC of total cholesterol (TC) (ß = 1.19, 95% CI, 0.06 to 2.33, P = 0.039). However, these findings were not statistically significant after multiple adjustments. These results indicated that Occupational noise exposure was associated with accelerated age-related decreases in HDL-C levels, and the COMT-rs165815 genotype appeared to modify the effect of noise exposure on HDL-C changes among the occupational population.

Neutralization of excessive CCL28 improves wound healing in diabetic mice.

Introduction: Chronic, non-healing skin wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and often result in limb amputation and even death. However, mechanisms by which T2DM and inflammation negatively impact skin wound healing remains poorly understood. Here we investigate a mechanism by which an excessive level of chemokine CCL28, through its receptor CCR10, impairs wound healing in patients and mice with T2DM. Methods & Results: Firstly, a higher level of CCL28 was observed in skin and plasma in both patients with T2DM, and in obesity-induced type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Compared with WT mice, adipose tissue from db/db mice released 50% more CCL28, as well as 2- to 3-fold more IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α, and less VEGF, as determined by ELISA measurements. Secondly, overexpression of CCL28 with adenovirus (Adv-CCL28) caused elevation of proinflammatory cytokines as well as CCR10 expression and also reduced eNOS expression in the dorsal skin of WT mice as compared with control Adv. Thirdly, topical application of neutralizing anti-CCL28 Ab dose-dependently accelerated wound closure and eNOS expression, and decreased IL-6 level, with an optimal dose of 1 µg/wound. In addition, mRNA levels of eNOS and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 were increased as shown by real-time RT-PCR. The interaction between eNOS and CCR10 was significantly reduced in diabetic mouse wounds following application of the optimal dose of anti-CCL28 Ab, and eNOS expression increased. Finally, enhanced VEGF production and increased subdermal vessel density as indicated by CD31 immunostaining were also observed with anti-CCL28 Ab. Discussion: Taken together, topical application of neutralizing anti-CCL28 Ab improved dorsal skin wound healing by reducing CCR10 activation and inflammation in part by preventing eNOS downregulation, increasing VEGF production, and restoring angiogenesis. These results indicate anti-CCL28 Ab has significant potential as a therapeutic strategy for treatment of chronic non-healing diabetic skin wounds such as DFUs.

Association of noise exposure, plasma microRNAs with arterial stiffness among Chinese workers.

Long-term noise exposure is reported to damage cardiovascular system, but the relationship between occupational noise exposure and arterial stiffness (AS) and the underlying mechanism is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the association of occupational noise exposure with arterial stiffness (AS), and further explore the mediation roles of microRNAs (miRNAs). A total of 838 workers were recruited from two companies in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Cumulative occupational noise exposure (CNE) was assessed through noise level of job title and work years in occupational noise. The AS for the participants were evaluated using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) measured by an oscillometric device. Each 1-unit increase in CNE levels was significantly associated with a 0.002 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.001-0.003) unit increase in ln-transformed values of baPWV. In the sex-specific analysis, the association was significant in males (ß = 0.002, 95%CI = 0.001-0.003). Meanwhile, the risk of bilateral hearing loss at high frequency was significantly higher in the high-exposed group than non-exposed group (OR = 1.895, 95%CI = 1.024-3.508), and participants with bilateral hearing loss at high frequency had a significantly higher level of ln-transformed baPWV (ß = 0.032, 95%CI = 0.003-0.061). Occupational noise exposure and AS were both negatively associated with plasma miR-92a-3p and miR-21-5p, and the two miRNAs mediated 15.0% and 16.8% of the association of occupational noise with AS (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that occupational noise exposure is positively associated with AS, and plasma miR-92a-3p and miR-21-5p may partly mediate such association.

Evaluating the capability of municipal solid waste separation in China based on AHP-EWM and BP neural network.

With the increase in municipal solid waste (MSW), most cities face solid waste management issues. In this study, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were improved to assess the MSW separation capability based on 18 selected indicators of solid waste separation in 15 cities in China. The entropy weight method (EWM) was used in AHP to optimize and determine the indicators and then evaluate their weights, which showed that the general public budget expenditure had the highest weight (0.5239). This implied that the MSW separation capability could be mainly influenced by government financial support. ANN based on scan optimization and machine learning methods were established (R2 = 0.9992) to predict the missing indicators. The mapping relationship between MSW separation indicators and capabilities was also significantly improved from R2 = 0.5317 to R2 = 0.9993, thereby increasing the prediction accuracy of MSW separation capabilities to 95.15%. Thus, this research provides a new avenue for MSW separation and establishes a combined model to predict the separation capability in practical applications.