RESUMO
AIMS: The relative impact of each individual coexisting morbidity on the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF) is incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of individual cardiac and non-cardiac coexisting morbidities both in the overall HF population and in the subgroup of HF patients with a single coexisting morbidity, stratified by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) categories, as a measure of the relative contribution of each co-morbidity to the pathogenesis of HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a prospective, observational study, in which unselected ambulatory patients with chronic HF visiting the HF clinic of a tertiary university hospital from January 2016 to January 2019 were classified according to baseline LVEF into three groups: (i) LVEF < 40%, (ii) LVEF = 40-49%, and (iii) LVEF ≥ 50% and then evaluated for various coexisting morbidities. Overall, 1064 patients (age 73.4 ± 12.1 years, male gender 57.7%, LVEF 43.6 ± 13.9, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 2187 ± 710 ng/L, and estimated glomerular filtration rate 67.2 ± 25 mL/min/1.73 m2 ) were recruited in this study. Of these, 361 (33.9%) had an LVEF < 40%, 247 (23.2%) an LVEF = 40-49%, and 456 (42.9%) an LVEF ≥ 50%. There were 90 (8.5%) HF patients with a single coexisting morbidity, 33 (36.7%) with LVEF ≥ 50%, 27 (30.0%) with LVEF = 40-49%, and 30 (33.3%) with LVEF < 40%. Among these patients, those with LVEF ≥ 50% suffered mostly from hypertension (85.7%), whereas the second most common coexisting morbidity was atrial fibrillation (AF) (9.5%). HF patients with LVEF = 40-49% usually suffered from hypertension (35.7%), AF (28.6%), or myocardial infarction (MI) (21.4%). Finally, HF patients with LVEF < 40% usually suffered from MI (30.8%), AF (30.8%), or hypertension (15.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension is strongly associated with the development of HF with low, intermediate, or near-normal/normal LVEF whereas a history of MI or AF with HF with a low or an intermediate LVEF.
RESUMO
It has been widely suggested that depression negatively affects patients with cardiovascular disease. There are several pathophysiological mechanisms as well as behavioral processes linking depression and cardiac events. Improvements in nursing and medical care have prolonged survival of this patient population; however, this beneficial outcome has led to increased prevalence of depression. Since mortality rates in chronic heart failure patients remain extremely high, it might be as equally important to screen for depression and there are several valid and reliable screening tools that healthcare personnel could easily employ to identify patients at greater risk. Consultation should be provided by a multidisciplinary team, consisting of cardiologists, psychiatrists, and hospital or community nurses so as to carefully plan, execute, and evaluate medical intervention and implement lifestyle changes. We aim to systematically review the existing knowledge regarding current definitions, prognostic implications, pathophysiological mechanisms, and current and future treatment options in patients with depression and cardiovascular disease, specifically those with heart failure.