The Role of SCL Isoforms in Embryonic Hematopoiesis.

Three waves of hematopoiesis occur in the mouse embryo. The primitive hematopoiesis appears as blood islands in the extra embryonic yolk sac at E7.5. The extra embryonic pro-definitive hematopoiesis launches in late E8 and the embryonic definitive one turns on at E10.5 indicated by the emergence of hemogenic endothelial cells on the inner wall of the extra embryonic arteries and the embryonic aorta. To study the roles of SCL protein isoforms in murine hematopoiesis, the SCL-large (SCL-L) isoform was selectively destroyed with the remaining SCL-small (SCL-S) isoform intact. It was demonstrated that SCL-S was specifically expressed in the hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs) and SCL-L was only detected in the dispersed cells after budding from HECs. The SCLΔ/Δ homozygous mutant embryos only survived to E10.5 with normal extra embryonic vessels and red blood cells. In wild-type mouse embryos, a layer of neatly aligned CD34+ and CD43+ cells appeared on the endothelial wall of the aorta of the E10.5 fetus. However, the cells at the same site expressed CD31 rather than CD34 and/or CD43 in the E10.5 SCLΔ/Δ embryo, indicating that only the endothelial lineage was developed. These results reveal that the SCL-S is sufficient to sustain the primitive hematopoiesis and SCL-L is necessary to launch the definitive hematopoiesis.

Activated macrophages of CD 163 gene edited pigs generated by direct cytoplasmic microinjection with CRISPR gRNA/Cas9 mRNA are resistant to PRRS virus assault.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infects placental and lung macrophages, causing a global epidemic with economic loss. Attempts to develop an effective vaccine to control the disease have not been effective. Currently, developing PRRSV disease-resistant pigs via a gene editing (GE) strategy to mutate the PRRSV receptor or to delete the binding domain on the macrophage appears promising. In this study, we used the strategy of Edinburg University to construct two guide RNAs (gRNAs) located on the proximal front and post sites of exon 7. Directive microinjection of two gRNAs and Cas9 mRNA into the cytoplasm of pronuclear zygotes efficiently generated four piglets confirmed as CD163 knockout (KO) and/or CD163 exon 7 deleted (CD163ΔE7). In four GE piglets, three pigs carried two chromosome CD163 KO or ΔE7. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three GE and wild-type (WT) pigs were activated into macrophages for in vitro transfection. The results showed that the activated macrophages from all GE pigs were significantly more viable than those from WT pig. Current results suggest that we have successfully generated PRRSV-resistant pigs, although in vivo challenge is needed to validate that the pigs are PRRSV resistant.

Points of View on the Tools for Genome/Gene Editing.

Theoretically, a DNA sequence-specific recognition protein that can distinguish a DNA sequence equal to or more than 16 bp could be unique to mammalian genomes. Long-sequence-specific nucleases, such as naturally occurring Homing Endonucleases and artificially engineered ZFN, TALEN, and Cas9-sgRNA, have been developed and widely applied in genome editing. In contrast to other counterparts, which recognize DNA target sites by the protein moieties themselves, Cas9 uses a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) as a template for DNA target recognition. Due to the simplicity in designing and synthesizing a sgRNA for a target site, Cas9-sgRNA has become the most current tool for genome editing. Moreover, the RNA-guided DNA recognition activity of Cas9-sgRNA is independent of both of the nuclease activities of it on the complementary strand by the HNH domain and the non-complementary strand by the RuvC domain, and HNH nuclease activity null mutant (H840A) and RuvC nuclease activity null mutant (D10A) were identified. In accompaniment with the sgRNA, Cas9, Cas9(D10A), Cas9(H840A), and Cas9(D10A, H840A) can be used to achieve double strand breakage, complementary strand breakage, non-complementary strand breakage, and no breakage on-target site, respectively. Based on such unique characteristics, many engineered enzyme activities, such as DNA methylation, histone methylation, histone acetylation, cytidine deamination, adenine deamination, and primer-directed mutation, could be introduced within or around the target site. In order to prevent off-targeting by the lasting expression of Cas9 derivatives, a lot of transient expression methods, including the direct delivery of Cas9-sgRNA riboprotein, were developed. The issue of biosafety is indispensable in in vivo applications; Cas9-sgRNA packaged into virus-like particles or extracellular vesicles have been designed and some in vivo therapeutic trials have been reported.

Generation of GGTA1 Mutant Pigs by Direct Pronuclear Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Plasmid Vectors.

This study was conducted to confirm that 1-site and 4-site ppU6-GGTA1-gRNA CRISPR vectors together with the pCX-Flag2-NLS1-Cas9-NLS2 plasmid can both generate KO pigs by direct pronuclear microinjection. In total, 41 and 53 fertilized eggs were microinjected on 1-site and 4-site strategies, respectively. The 1-site construction generated a litter of 8 piglets, and 2 were mono-allelic mutant (mMt). The injection of 4-site constructions resulted in one biallelic mutant (bMt) and one mMt piglet in a litter of 7. Those 3 mMt pigs had a 4 bp deletion, 5 bp insertion, or 7 bp insertion at site I, and the bMt pig had 5 types of mutations at cleavage sites I and III. The expression of alpha-Gal on the bMt peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was reduced, and survival rate of bMt PBMCs was maintained as indicated by results of cultivation with sera of humans or Formosan Macaques. We concluded that mutant pigs could be generated by direct pronuclear microinjection of ppU6-GGTA1-gRNA CRISPR vectors with the pCX-Flag2-NLS1-Cas9-NLS2 plasmid and that the 4-site strategy has a better mutant efficiency. Porcine U6 promoter was firstly used to express KO vectors and effectively generate mutant pigs, worthily to adopt for future KO studies.

Germline Competent Pluripotent Mouse Stem Cells Generated by Plasmid Vectors.

We developed nonintegrated methods to reprogram mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using pig pOct4, pSox2, and pc-Myc as well as human hKLF4, hAID, and hTDG that were carried by plasmid vectors. The 4F method employed pOct4, pSox2, pc-Myc, and hKLF4 to derive iPSC clones with naive embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like morphology. These 4F clones expressed endogenous mouse Nanog protein and could generate chimeras. In addition to the four conventional reprogramming factors used in the 4F method, hAID and hTDG were utilized in a 6F method to increase the conversion efficiency of reprogramming by approximately five-fold. One of the 6F plasmid derived iPSC (piPSC) clones was shown to be germline transmission competent.

Construction of a CRISPR-Cas9 System for Pig Genome Targeting.

A Cas9/sgRNA RNA-guided endonuclease expression system including a codon-optimized Streptococcus pyogenes A20 Cas9 recombinant protein expression vector and a spacer-guide chimeric RNA expression vector using the porcine U6 promoter was constructed for application in pigs. Only the Flag2-NLS1-Cas9-NLS2 recombinant protein in complex with sgRNA was translocated into the nucleus; the Flag2-NLS1-Cas9-NLS2 protein alone was excluded from the nucleus. Up to 13% of porcine PK1 cells targeted in vitro were observed, regardless of transfection efficiency.

An efficient and mass reproducible method for vitrifying mouse embryos on a paper in cryotubes.

To date, the most successful and popular vitrification method is based on the minimum volume cooling (MVC) concept, in which embryos are vitrified in a very small volume of vitrification solution (VS) and then stored in cryotubes in liquid nitrogen (LN2). Unfortunately, these methods need special devices and may not be suitable for vitrifying a large number of embryos. Theoretically, more embryos in VS on a paper (MVC concept) in cryotubes can be vitrified effectively. Therefore, this study directly vitrifies mouse embryos on a Kimwipes tissue in an 1.8 mL cryotube. The ICR 2-celled to blastocyst embryos were used for testing this procedure. In Treatment 1, embryos transferred with 1-2 µL of VS into a cryotube. Treatment 2 was similar to Treatment 1 except that the cryotube was filled with LN2. Treatment 3 was identical to Treatment 1 except that a small piece (5 mm²) of a sterilized Kimwipes tissue was placed on the top of VS. Treatment 4 was identical to Treatment 3 except for the cryotube being filled with LN2. After each treatment, the cryotubes were capped and transferred to a LN2 tank. After warming, the recovered embryos were cultured in KSOM+AA for 1-3 days. There were no differences in the recovery rate, overnight survival rate, blastocyst rate, and birth rate after embryo transfer among all treatment groups. Our results demonstrated an alternative simple, efficient, and mass reproducible method for vitrifying mouse embryos using papers as a vehicle and cryotubes as a container.

- Invited Review - Reproductive technologies needed for the generation of precise gene-edited pigs in the pathways from laboratory to farm.

Gene editing (GE) offers a new breeding technique (NBT) of sustainable value to animal agriculture. There are 3 GE working sites covering 5 feasible pathways to generate GE pigs along with the crucial intervals of GE/genotyping, microinjection/electroporation, induced pluripotent stem cells, somatic cell nuclear transfer, cryopreservation, and nonsurgical embryo transfer. The extension of NBT in the new era of pig breeding depends on the synergistic effect of GE and reproductive biotechnologies; the outcome relies not only on scientific due diligence and operational excellence but also on the feasibility of application on farms to improve sustainability.

Aberrantly expressed AURKC enhances the transformation and tumourigenicity of epithelial cells.

Over-expression of AURKC has been detected in human colorectal cancers, thyroid carcinoma and several cancer cell lines. However, the regulation and clinical implications of over-expressed AURKC in cancer cells are unclear. Here we show that elevated AURKC increases the proliferation, transformation and migration of cancer cells. Importantly, the kinase activity of AURKC is required for these tumour-associated properties. Analysis of human cancer specimens shows that the expression of AURKC is increased in cervical cancer, and is highly correlated with staging in colorectal cancer. Over-expressed AURKC-GFP localizes to the centromeric regions of mitotic chromosomes and results in a decreased level of AURKB, a key regulator of spindle checkpoint. Expression of AURKC is down-regulated by PLZF, a transcriptional repressor, through recruitment to its promoter region. The expression levels of PLZF and AURKC mRNA display opposite patterns in human cervical and colorectal cancers. Taken together, our results provide important insights into human cancers with AURKC expression, which may serve as a potential target for cancer therapy in the future.

The application of new breeding technology based on gene editing in pig industry - A review.

Genome/gene-editing (GE) techniques, characterized by a low technological barrier, high efficiency, and broad application among organisms, are now being employed not only in medical science but also in agriculture/veterinary science. Different engineered CRISPR/Cas9s have been identified to expand the application of this technology. In pig production, GE is a precise new breeding technology (NBT), and promising outcomes in improving economic traits, such as growth, lean or healthy meat production, animal welfare, and disease resistance, have already been documented and reviewed. These promising achievements in porcine gene editing, including the Myostatin gene knockout (KO) in indigenous breeds to improve lean meat production, the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene knock-in to enhance piglet thermogenesis and survival under cold stress, the generation of GGTA1 and CMP-N-glycolylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene double KO (dKO) pigs to produce healthy red meat, and the KO or deletion of exon 7 of the CD163 gene to confer resistance to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection, are described in the present article. Other related approaches for such purposes are also discussed. The current trend of global regulations or legislation for GE organisms is that they are exempted from classification as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) if no exogenes are integrated into the genome, according to product-based and not process-based methods. Moreover, an updated case study in the EU showed that current GMO legislation is not fit for purpose in term of NBTs, which contribute to the objectives of the EU's Green Deal and biodiversity strategies and even meet the United Nations' sustainable development goals for a more resilient and sustainable agri-food system. The GE pigs generated via NBT will be exempted from classification as GMOs, and their global valorization and commercialization can be foreseen.

Identification of the LWYIK motif located in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane gp41 protein as a distinct determinant for viral infection.

The highly conserved LWYIK motif located immediately proximal to the membrane-spanning domain of the gp41 transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 has been proposed as being important for the surface envelope (Env) glycoprotein's association with lipid rafts and gp41-mediated membrane fusion. Here we employed substitution and deletion mutagenesis to understand the role of this motif in the virus life cycle. None of the mutants examined affected the synthesis, precursor processing, CD4 binding, oligomerization, or cell surface expression of the Env, nor did they alter Env incorporation into the virus. All of the mutants, particularly the DeltaYI, DeltaIK, and DeltaLWYIK mutants, in which the indicated residues were deleted, exhibited greatly reduced one-cycle viral replication and the Env trans-complementation ability. All of these deletion mutant proteins were still localized in the lipid rafts. With the exception of the Trp-to-Ala (WA) mutant, which exhibited reduced viral infectivity albeit with normal membrane fusion, all mutants displayed loss of some or almost all of the membrane fusion ability. Although these deletion mutants partially inhibited in trans wild-type (WT) Env-mediated fusion, they were more effective in dominantly interfering with WT Env-mediated viral entry when coexpressed with the WT Env, implying a role of this motif in postfusion events as well. Both T20 and L43L peptides derived from the two gp41 extracellular C- and N-terminal alpha-helical heptad repeats, respectively, inhibited WT and DeltaLWYIK Env-mediated viral entry with comparable efficacies. Biotin-tagged T20 effectively captured both the fusion-active, prehairpin intermediates of WT and mutant gp41 upon CD4 activation. Env without the deletion of the LWYIK motif still effectively mediated lipid mixing but inhibited content mixing. Our study demonstrates that the immediate membrane-proximal LWYIK motif acts as a unique and distinct determinant located in the gp41 C-terminal ectodomain by promoting enlargement of fusion pores and postfusion activities.

Mutagenesis of the fusion peptide-like domain of hepatitis C virus E1 glycoprotein: involvement in cell fusion and virus entry.

BACKGROUND: Envelope (E) glycoprotein E2 of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) mediates binding of the virus to target cell receptors. Nevertheless, the precise role of E1 in viral entry remains elusive. METHODS: To understand the involvement of the fusion peptide-like domain positioned at residues 264 to 290 within envelope glycoprotein E1 in HCV infection, mutants with Ala and Asn substitutions for residues conserved between HCV and E proteins of flaviviruses or the fusion proteins of paramyxoviruses were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and their effects on membrane fusion and viral infectivity were examined. RESULTS: None of these mutations affected the synthesis or cell surface expression of envelope proteins, nor did they alter the formation of a non-covalent E1-E2 heterodimer or E2 binding to the large extracellular loop of CD81. The Cys residues located at positions 272 and 281 were unlikely involved in intra- or intermolecular disulfide bond formation. With the exception of the G267A mutant, which showed increased cell fusion, other mutants displayed reduced or marginally inhibited cell fusion capacities compared to the wild-type (WT) E1E2. The G267A mutant was also an exception in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)/HCV E1E2 pseudotyping analyses, in that it showed higher one-cycle infectivity; all other mutants exhibited greatly or partially reduced viral entry versus the WT pseudotype. All but the G278A and D279N mutants showed a WT-like profile of E1E2 incorporation into HIV-1 particles. Since C272A, C281A, G282A, and G288A pseudotypes bound to Huh7 cells as effectively as did the WT pseudotype, the reduced infectivity of these pseudotypes was due to their ability to inhibit cell fusion. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that specific residues, but not the structure, of this fusion peptide-like domain are required for mediating cell fusion and viral entry.

A dual-functional E. coli vector for expressing recombinant protein with high solubility and antigen presentation ability.

A dual-functional Escherichia coli expression vector capable of producing soluble recombinant proteins with high immunogenicity in animals is introduced. This vector expresses polypeptides fused to a PTD-J-domain peptide. The J-domain peptide is derived from murine Hsp40 by using optimized codons for E. coli. The association of the J-domain to the nucleotide binding domain of the DnaK chaperone increases the probability that the fused polypeptide will be folded by the DnaK and hence increases the solubility of the recombinant protein. The PTD-J-domain can also enhance the immunogenicity of the fused chicken IGF-I polypeptide as well as an oligo-peptide derived from haptoglobin in rodents, possibly via the association with either the extracellular or intracellular Hsp70 proteins.

Porcine type III RNA polymerase III promoters for short hairpin RNA expression.

Based on the highly conserved sequences of small nuclear RNA and small cytoplasmic RNA between vertebrate species, three porcine type III RNA polymerase III promoters, pY1, pY3 and pU6, were identified by using genomic DNA walking. To test the functional relationship of these sequences, the human H1 promoter of pSUPER-EGFP-l-neo vector was substituted with these three promoters to create the ppPol III-MCS vectors. The strength of each promoter was measured by its ability to derive expression of shRNA to repress expression of luciferase via RNA interference in the pig kidney epithelial cell line LLC-PK1. We determine that the ranking of promoter strength in descending order is pU6 > pY1 > pY3.

Lessening of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus susceptibility in piglets after editing of the CMP-N-glycolylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene with CRISPR/Cas9 to nullify N-glycolylneuraminic acid expression.

The porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) devastates the health of piglets but may not infect piglets whose CMP-N-glycolylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene is mutated (knockouts, KO) by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing techniques. This hypothesis was tested by using KO piglets that were challenged with PEDV. Two single-guide RNAs targeting the CMAH gene and Cas9 mRNA were microinjected into the cytoplasm of newly fertilized eggs. Four live founders generated and proven to be biallelic KO, lacking detectable N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA). The founders were bred, and homozygous offspring were obtained. Two-day-old (in exps. I, n = 6, and III, n = 15) and 3-day-old (in exp. II, n = 9) KO and wild-type (WT, same ages in respective exps.) piglets were inoculated with TCID50 1x103 PEDV and then fed 20 mL of infant formula (in exps. I and II) or sow's colostrum (in exp. III) every 4 hours. In exp. III, the colostrum was offered 6 times and was then replaced with Ringer/5% glucose solution. At 72 hours post-PEDV inoculation (hpi), the animals either deceased or euthanized were necropsied and intestines were sampled. In all 3 experiments, the piglets showed apparent outward clinical manifestations suggesting that infection occurred despite the CMAH KO. In exp. I, all 6 WT piglets and only 1 of 6 KO piglets died at 72 hpi. Histopathology and immunofluorescence staining showed that the villus epithelial cells of WT piglets were severely exfoliated, but only moderate exfoliation and enterocyte vacuolization was observed in KO piglets. In exp. II, delayed clinical symptoms appeared, yet the immunofluorescence staining/histopathologic inspection (I/H) scores of the two groups differed little. In exp. III, the animals exhibited clinical and pathological signs after inoculation similar to those in exp. II. These results suggest that porcine CMAH KO with nullified NGNA expression are not immune to PEDV but that this KO may lessen the severity of the infection and delay its occurrence.

A set of cancer stem cell homing peptides associating with the glycan moieties of glycosphingolipids.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are currently believed to be involved in tumor metastasis and relapse. And treatments against CSCs are well concerned issues. Peptides targeting to mouse and human CSCs were screened from an M13 phage display library. The first subset of cancer stem cell homing peptides (CSC HPs), CSC HP-1 to -12, were screened with mouse EMT6 breast cancer stem cells. Among them, CSC HP-1, CSC HP-3, CSC HP-8, CSC HP-9, and CSC HP-10 can bind to mouse CT26 colon CSCs; CSC HP-1, CSC HP-2, CSC HP-3, and CSC HP-8 can bind to mouse Hepa1-6 liver CSCs; as well as CSC HP-1, CSC HP-2, CSC HP-3, CSC HP-8, CSC HP-9, CSC HP-10, and CSC HP-11 can bind to human PANC-1 pancreatic CSCs. The second subset of cancer stem cell homing peptides, CSC HP-hP1 to -hP3, were screened with human PANC-1 pancreatic CSCs. Both CSC HP-hP1 and CSC HP-hP2 were demonstrated able to bind mouse EMT6, CT26 and Hepa1-6 CSCs as well as human colorectal HT29 and lung H1650 CSCs. CSC HP-1 and CSC HP-hP1 could strongly associate with the Globo 4 and Lewis Y glycan epitopes coupled on a microarray chip or Globo 4 and Globo H conjugated on bovine serum albumin. CSC HP-10, CSC HP-11 and CSC HP-hP2 could associate with the disialylated saccharide Neu5Ac-α-2,6-Gal-ß-1,3-(Neu5Ac-α-2,6)-GalNAc coupled on a microarray chip. These results indicate that the CSC HPs may target to the known stem cell glycan markers GbH and Lewis Y as well as the disialylated saccharide.

FSH-sensitive murine sertoli cell lines immortalized by human telomerase gene hTERT express the androgen receptor in response to TNF-alpha stimulation.

Sertoli cells are regulated by follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone secreted by the pituitary gland and Leydig cells, respectively. However, the expression of the FSH receptor and androgen receptor were undetectable in both primary cultured Sertoli cells and Sertoli cell lines immortalized by SV40 large T antigen. Two Sertoli cell lines, B6Sc-2 and B6Sc-3, were established from the testis of 19-day-old C57BL/6 mice testis by immortalization with human telomere reverse transcriptase. These Sertoli cell lines expressed FSH receptors and the total phosphoprotein patterns were converted after FSH treatment. Additionally, immunological methods demonstrated that these cell lines expressed characteristic Sertoli cell proteins, such as tyrosine-tubulin, vimentin and stem cell factor (SCF). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) also indicates that they express Sertoli specific mRNAs, such as Amh, claudin11 and ZO-1. The expression of the androgen receptor in both B6Sc-2 and B6Sc-3 cells could be induced by TNF-alpha treatment. The present results indicate that these Sertoli cell lines are more native than others and may thus provide useful tools for in vitro studies.

An alternative simple method for mass production of chimeric embryos by coculturing denuded embryos and embryonic stem cells in Eppendorf vials.

The generation of germline competent chimeric mice via embryonic stem (ES) cells is a crucial step in developing gene-manipulated mouse models. To date, techniques for generating chimeric mice include direct microinjection of ES cells into the cavity of 3.5-d post-coitum (dpc) blastocysts and aggregating or coculturing 2.5 dpc zona pellucida-free (denuded) embryos with ES cells. We present here a procedure that is simple and reproducible for mass producing (10-150 embryos/vial/time) chimeric embryos by coculturing denuded 8-cell embryos and morula in 0.8 mL KSOM-AA medium containing 5 x 10(5)mL-1 purified green fluorescence protein-expressing ES cells (either fresh or thawed) in an 1.7 mL Eppendorf vial for 3h. The resulting chimeras had substantial levels of chimerism and high germline transmission rates. Therefore, the method developed in this study can provide a simple and mass reproducible alternative method (to germline transmitter chimeric mice), without technological and instrumental difficulties, for generating chimeric embryos.

Generation of Mutant Pigs by Direct Pronuclear Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Plasmid Vectors.

A set of Cas9 and single guide CRISPR RNA expression vectors was constructed. Only a very simple procedure was needed to prepare specific single-guide RNA expression vectors with high target accuracy. Since the de novo zygotic transcription had been detected in mouse embryo at the 1-cell stage, the plasmid DNA vectors encoding Cas9 and GGTA1 gene specific single-guide RNAs were micro-injected into zygotic pronuclei to confirm such phenomenon in 1-cell pig embryo. Our results demonstrated that mutations caused by these CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids occurred before and at the 2-cell stage of pig embryos, indicating that besides the cytoplasmic microinjection of in vitro transcribed RNA, the pronuclear microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 DNA vectors provided an efficient solution to generate gene-knockout pig.

Parallel infection of Japanese encephalitis virus and Wolbachia within cells of mosquito salivary glands.

The endosymbiont Wolbachia usually causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in dipteran hosts, including mosquitoes. However, some important arbovirus-transmitting mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti (L.) are not heritably infected by Wolbachia. In Wolbachia-harboring mosquito Armigeres subalbatus Coquillett, colocalization of Wolbachia and inoculated Japanese encephalitis virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, JEV) in salivary gland (SG) cells was shown by electron microscopy. The infection rate of JEV in SGs, detected with either immunofluorescent antibody test or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, did not show significant differences between Wolbachia-infected and -free colonies. It is suggested that Wolbachia did not mediate resistance of SG cells to superinfection by JEV, although both microorgamisms coexist in the same niche, i.e., the same SG cell. Therefore, a SG escape barrier may not be elevated due to Wolbachia infection, which presumably has no deleterious effects on vector competence in Wolbachia-harboring mosquitoes.