Apoptosis-mediated anticancer activity in prostate cancer cells of a chestnut honey (Castanea sativa L.) quinoline-pyrrolidine gamma-lactam alkaloid.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men and represents the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Western countries. PCa is initially androgen-dependent, however, this tumor inevitably progresses as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which represents the most aggressive phase of the pathology. In this work, in two CRPC cell lines (DU145 and PC3), we studied the in vitro inhibitory properties of the tryptophan-derived endogenous metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) and of the lactam form of 3-2'-pyrrilonidinyl-kynurenic acid (3-PKA-L), alkaloids usually present in combination in chestnut honey. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cell colony formation assay, and Western blot analysis of the major mediator proteins involved in apoptotic processes. In all experiments, KYNA was scarcely or not active while 3-PKA-L showed anticancer activity in the high concentration range (0.01 mM - 1 mM) from 24 to 72 h. The results obtained showed that cell death was induced by extrinsic apoptotic pathway, by cell morphological changes and reduction of cell colonies number. These novel results represent the first promising step to the accurate description of 3-PKA-L cytotoxic effect, not observed with KYNA, paving the way to the search of new anticancer agents, as well as to the better understanding of the physiopathological role of this interesting natural product.

Novel adamantyl retinoid-related molecules with POLA1 inhibitory activity.

Atypical retinoids (AR) or retinoid-related molecules (RRMs) represent a promising class of antitumor compounds. Among AR, E-3-(3'-adamantan-1-yl-4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)acrylic acid (adarotene), has been extensively investigated. In the present work we report the results of our efforts to develop new adarotene-related atypical retinoids endowed also with POLA1 inhibitory activity. The effects of the synthesized compounds on cell growth were determined on a panel of human and hematological cancer cell lines. The most promising compounds showed antitumor activity against several tumor histotypes and increased cytotoxic activity against an adarotene-resistant cell line, compared to the parent molecule. The antitumor activity of a selected compound was evaluated on HT-29 human colon carcinoma and human mesothelioma (MM487) xenografts. Particularly significant was the in vivo activity of the compound as a single agent compared to adarotene and cisplatin, against pleural mesothelioma MM487. No reduction of mice body weight was observed, thus suggesting a higher tolerability with respect to the parent compound adarotene.

Growth inhibition of human ovarian carcinoma by a novel AvidinOX-anchored biotinylated camptothecin derivative.

Oxidized form of avidin, named AvidinOX, provides stable fixation of biotinylated molecules in tissues thus representing a breakthrough in topical treatment of cancer. AvidinOX proved to be a stable receptor for radiolabeled biotin, biotinylated antibodies and cells. In order to expand applicability of the AvidinOX-based delivery platform, in the present study we investigated the possibility to hold biotinylated chemotherapeutics in AvidinOX-treated sites. A novel biotinylated gimatecan-derived camptothecin, coded ST8161AA1, was injected at suboptimal doses into human tumors xenografted in mice alone or pre-complexed to AvidinOX. Significantly higher growth inhibition was observed when the drug was anchored to AvidinOX suggesting the potential utility of this delivery modality for the local treatment of inoperable tumors.

Synthesis and Evaluation of the Tumor Cell Growth Inhibitory Potential of New Putative HSP90 Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a well-known target for cancer therapy. In a previous work, some of us have reported a series of 3-aryl-naphtho[2,3-d]isoxazole-4,9-diones as inhibitors of HSP90. METHODS: In the present work, various compounds with new chromenopyridinone and thiochromenopyridinone scaffolds were synthesized as potential HSP90 inhibitors. Their binding affinity to HSP90 was studied in vitro. Selected compounds (5 and 8) were further studied in various tumor cell lines regarding their potential to cause cell growth inhibition, alter the cell cycle profile, inhibit proliferation, and induce apoptosis. Their effect on HSP90 client protein levels was also confirmed in two cell lines. Finally, the antitumor activity of compound 8 was studied in A431 squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. RESULTS: Our results indicated that treatment with compounds 5 and 8 decreased the proliferation of tumor cell lines and compound 8 induced apoptosis. In addition, these two compounds were able to downregulate selected proteins known as "clients" of HSP90. Finally, treatment of xenografted mice with compound 5 resulted in a considerable dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that two new compounds with a chromenopyridinone and thiochromenopyridinone scaffold are promising putative HSP90 inhibitors causing tumor cell growth inhibition.

Investigation on the ZBG-functionality of phenyl-4-yl-acrylohydroxamic acid derivatives as histone deacetylase inhibitors.

A series of alternative Zn-binding groups were explored in the design of phenyl-4-yl-acrylohydroxamic acid derivatives as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Most of the synthesized compounds were less effective than the parent hydroxamic acid. However, the profile of activity shown by the analog bearing a hydroxyurea head group, makes this derivative promising for further investigation.

7-Azaindole-1-carboxamides as a new class of PARP-1 inhibitors.

7-Azaindole-1-carboxamides were designed as a new class of PARP-1 inhibitors. The compounds displayed a variable pattern of target inhibition profile that, in part, paralleled the antiproliferative activity in cell lines characterized by homologous recombination defects. A selected compound (1l; ST7710AA1) showed significant in vitro target inhibition and capability to substantially bypass the multidrug resistance mediated by Pgp. In antitumor activity studies against the MX1 human breast carcinoma growth in nude mice, the compound exhibited an effect similar to that of Olaparib in terms of tumor volume inhibition when used at a lower dose than the reference compound. Treatment was well tolerated, as no deaths or significant weight losses were observed among the treated animals.

New retinoid derivatives as back-ups of Adarotene.

Adarotene belongs to the so-called class of atypical retinoids. The presence of the phenolic hydroxyl group on Adarotene structure allows a rapid O-glucuronidation as a major mechanism of elimination of the drug, favoring a fast excretion of its glucuronide metabolite in the urines. A series of ether, carbamate and ester derivatives was synthesized. All of them were studied and evaluated for their stability at different pH. The cytotoxic activity in vitro on NCI-H460 non-small cell lung carcinoma and A2780 ovarian tumor cell lines was also tested. A potential back-up of Adarotene has been selected to be evaluated in tumor models.

Antitumor activity of novel POLA1-HDAC11 dual inhibitors.

Hybrid molecules targeting simultaneously DNA polymerase α (POLA1) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) were designed and synthesized to exploit a potential synergy of action. Among a library of screened molecules, MIR002 and GEM144 showed antiproliferative activity at nanomolar concentrations on a panel of human solid and haematological cancer cell lines. In vitro functional assays confirmed that these molecules inhibited POLA1 primer extension activity, as well as HDAC11. Molecular docking studies also supported these findings. Mechanistically, MIR002 and GEM144 induced acetylation of p53, activation of p21, G1/S cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Oral administration of these inhibitors confirmed their antitumor activity in in vivo models. In human non-small cancer cell (H460) xenografted in nude mice MIR002 at 50 mg/kg, Bid (qd × 5 × 3w) inhibited tumor growth (TGI = 61%). More interestingly, in POLA1 inhibitor resistant cells (H460-R9A), the in vivo combination of MIR002 with cisplatin showed an additive antitumor effect with complete disappearance of tumor masses in two animals at the end of the treatment. Moreover, in two human orthotopic malignant pleural mesothelioma xenografts (MM473 and MM487), oral treatments with MIR002 and GEM144 confirmed their significant antitumor activity (TGI = 72-77%). Consistently with recent results that have shown an inverse correlation between POLA1 expression and type I interferon levels, MIR002 significantly upregulated interferon-α in immunocompetent mice.

Camptothecin-psammaplin A hybrids as topoisomerase I and HDAC dual-action inhibitors.

Recent studies have demonstrated enhanced anticancer effects of combination therapy consisting of camptothecin derivatives and HDAC inhibitors. To exploit this synergy in a single active compound, we designed new dual-acting multivalent molecules simultaneously targeting topoisomerase I and HDAC. In particular, a selected compound containing a camptothecin and the psammaplin A scaffold showed a broad spectrum of antiproliferative activity, with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Preliminary in vivo results indicated a strong antitumor activity on human mesothelioma primary cell line MM473 orthotopically xenografted in CD-1 nude mice and very high tolerability.

Hybrid topoisomerase I and HDAC inhibitors as dual action anticancer agents.

Recent studies have shown that HDAC inhibitors act synergistically with camptothecin derivatives in combination therapies. To exploit this synergy, new hybrid molecules targeting simultaneously topoisomerase I and HDAC were designed. In particular, a selected multivalent agent containing a camptothecin and a SAHA-like template showed a broad spectrum of antiproliferative activity, with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Preliminary in vivo results indicated a strong antitumor activity on human mesothelioma primary cell line MM473 orthotopically xenografted in CD-1 nude mice and very high tolerability.

Water-soluble derivatives of 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide: synthesis and biological activity.

A novel series of 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-oxo-4-HPR) derivatives were synthesized with the aim of increasing the poor solubility of the parent compound in biological fluids, while maintaining the cytotoxic activity and the dual mechanism of action. The most promising compound 13a showed antiproliferative/apoptotic activity. The analysis of its mechanism of action revealed that it retained the particular characteristic of 4-oxo-4-HPR which is able to induce cell cycle arrest during the mitotic phase, coupled with the formation of aberrant mitotic spindles.

Biphenyl-4-yl-acrylohydroxamic acids: Identification of a novel indolyl-substituted HDAC inhibitor with antitumor activity.

Modification of the cap group of biphenylacrylohydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors led to the identification of a new derivative (3) characterized by an indolyl-substituted 4-phenylcinnamic skeleton. Molecular docking was used to predict the optimal conformation in the class I HDACs active site. Compound 3 showed HDAC inhibitory activity and antiproliferative activity against a panel of tumor cell lines, in the low µM range. The compound was further tested in vitro for acetylation of histone H4 and other non-histone proteins, and in vivo in a colon carcinoma model, showing significant proapoptotic and antitumor activities.

3-Arylidene-N-hydroxyoxindoles: A New Class of Compounds Endowed with Antitumor Activity.

A series of compounds containing the N-hydroxyoxindole scaffold were synthesized and evaluated for antitumor activity. The compounds showed potent antiproliferative activity against the wild-type p53 IGROV-1 ovarian carcinoma cell line and considerably lower efficacy against the mutant IGROV-1/Pt1 subline that lacks p53 function. The differential response of ovarian carcinoma cells depending on p53 status was also reflected in the varied susceptibility to apoptosis of the treated cell lines. These results support a role for the p53 transcription factor as a determinant of cytotoxicity. The therapeutic potential of the most promising compound of the series was evaluated in the treatment of an IGROV-1 xenograft growing as ascitic tumor in mice. Using intraperitoneal administration, daily treatment with the compound for four weeks produced a significant delay in the onset of ascites.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a new series of retinoid-related biphenyl-4-ylacrylic acids endowed with antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity.

Atypical retinoids (AR) represent a class of proapoptotic agents with promising potential in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. In the present work 4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylacrylic acids were studied as a novel series of AR. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity in a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (NB4) and in an ovarian carcinoma cell system including IGROV-1, carrying a functional wild-type p53, and a cisplatin-resistant subline, IGROV-1/Pt-1. The presence of a bulky lipophilic group at position 3' (adamantan-1-yl being the best) and the E configuration of the acrylic moiety appear essential for activity below 1 muM. No substitution on the rings or on the double bond improved the activity. A qualitative correlation between the log P and molecular volume of the 3'-substituent and the antiproliferative activity was found. From the study of a few selected compounds, it appears that the presence of the carboxylic group is an essential requirement for apoptogenic properties but not for antiproliferative activity, this being maintained in amide derivatives. On the other hand, compounds able to induce apoptosis produced a detectable level of genotoxic damage. This observation supports the hypothesis that the genotoxic stress is a critical event mediating apoptosis induction by compounds of this class. Among the compounds investigated, E-3-(3'-adamantan-1-yl-4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)acrylic acid (2) was chosen for further investigation.

Synthesis of 5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[d]isoxazol-7-one and 5,6-dihydro-4H-isoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-7-one derivatives as potential Hsp90 inhibitors.

A novel class of 5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[d]isoxazol-7-ones and 5,6-dihydro-4H-isoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-7-ones was designed, synthesized, and assayed to investigate the affinity toward Hsp90 protein. The synthetic route was based on a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitriloxides, generated in situ from suitable benzaldoximes, with 2-bromocyclohex-2-enones or 3-bromo-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-ones. Whereas all the compounds bearing a benzamide group on the bicyclic scaffold were devoid of activity, the derivatives carrying a resorcinol-like fragment showed a remarkable inhibitory effect on Hsp90. Docking calculations were performed to investigate the orientation of the new compounds within the binding site of the enzyme.

Targeting the invasive phenotype of cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells by a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor.

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) remains an aggressive and fatal disease with low responsiveness to chemotherapy, frequent drug resistance development and metastatic behavior. Platinum-based therapy is the standard of care for NSCLC with limited benefits. Since epigenetic alterations have been implicated in the aggressive behavior of lung cancer, the purpose of the present study was to examine the capability of the pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA and of ST3595, a novel hydroxamate-based compound, to interfere with the proliferative and invasive potential of NSCLC cells. We used two NSCLC cell lines (H460 and A549) and the cisplatin-resistant variants (H460/Pt and A549/Pt), to mimic a frequent clinical condition. The resistant models exhibited increased invasive properties as compared to parental cells, features associated with a wide modulation of the level of angiogenesis- and invasion-related factors in the cell conditioned media. The levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, IL-8, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor were increased in the conditioned media from both H460/Pt and A549/Pt cells. SAHA and ST3595 induced a strong inhibition of cell invasive properties, which was more marked after ST3595 exposure. Both HDAC inhibitors up-regulated the metastasis suppressor KiSS1 at the mRNA level. Forced expression of KiSS1 significantly decreased the invasive capability of drug-resistant cells. ST3595 displayed an anti-metastatic effect in tumors associated with decreased of phosphorylation of Src. Our data indicate that HDAC inhibitors are effective in NSCLC cell systems. The ability of ST3595 to counteract the invasive potential of resistant cells through mechanisms involving KiSS1 is an interesting novel finding.

A novel atypical retinoid endowed with proapoptotic and antitumor activity.

The novel atypical retinoid E-3-(4'-hydroxy-3'-adamantylbiphenyl-4-yl)acrylic acid (ST1926, 4) exhibited a potent antiproliferative activity on a large panel of human tumor cells. Despite almost complete loss of ability to activate RARs, the compound was an effective apoptosis inducer and surprisingly produced DNA damage, that likely contributes to the proapoptotic activity. Following oral administration, 4 was well tolerated and caused tumor growth inhibition in the ovarian carcinoma, A2780/DX, and in the human melanoma, MeWo, growing in nude mice, thus supporting the therapeutic interest of the novel agent.

Influence of the adamantyl moiety on the activity of biphenylacrylohydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors.

To investigate the influence of the adamantyl group on the biological properties of known HDAC inhibitors with a 4-phenylcinnamic skeleton, a series of compounds having the adamantyl moiety in the cap structure were synthesized and compared to the corresponding hydroxamic acids lacking this group. An unexpected finding was the substantial reduction of inhibitory activity toward the tested enzymes, in particular HDAC6, following the introduction of the adamantyl group. In spite of the reduced ability to function as HDAC inhibitors, the compounds containing the adamantyl moiety still retained a good efficacy as antiproliferative and proapoptotic agents. A selected compound (2c; ST3056) of this series exhibited an appreciable antitumor activity against the colon carcinoma xenograft HCT116.

Design, modeling, synthesis and biological activity evaluation of camptothecin-linked platinum anticancer agents.

The design, modeling, synthesis and biological activity evaluation of two hybrid agents formed by 7-oxyiminomethylcamptothecin derivatives and diaminedichloro-platinum (II) complex are reported. The compounds showed growth inhibitory activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines, including sublines resistant to topotecan and platinum compounds. The derivatives were active in all the tested cell lines, and compound 1b, the most active one, was able to overcome cisplatin resistance in the osteosarcoma U2OS/Pt cell line. Platinum-containing camptothecins produced platinum-DNA adducts and topoisomerase I-mediated DNA damage with cleavage pattern and persistence similar to SN38, the active principle of irinotecan. Compound 1b exhibited an appreciable antitumor activity in vivo against human H460 tumor xenograft, comparable to that of irinotecan at lower well-tolerated dose levels and superior to cisplatin. The results support the interpretation that the diaminedichloro-platinum (II) complex conjugated via an oxyiminomethyl linker at the 7-position of the camptothecin resulted in a new class of effective antitumor compounds.

Synergistic interaction between the novel histone deacetylase inhibitor ST2782 and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in platinum-sensitive and resistant ovarian carcinoma cells.

The ability of histone deacetylase inhibitors to modulate the expression of genes relevant for growth or apoptotis regulation supports their interest in combination treatments of resistant tumors. We explored the effect of the combination of the histone deacetylase inhibitor ST2782 and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in ovarian carcinoma cell lines, including the IGROV-1 cell line and two p53 mutant platinum-resistant sublines (IGROV-1/OHP and IGROV-1/Pt1). We found a synergistic interaction between the two drugs, more evident in the p53-mutant resistant sublines, which was associated with increa sed apoptosis. The treatment with ST2782 resulted in early induction of Bax as well as in cleavage of caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase only in the resistant cell lines. The inhibition of p53-transcriptional transactivation by pifithrin alpha in IGROV-1 cells enhanced the synergism. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous wild-type p53 in IGROV-1 cells determined synergism reduction. These opposite effects support the relevance of the transactivation-deficient mutant p53 as a synergism determinant. Moreover, in vivo studies indicated that tumor growth inhibition tended to be more evident in mice receiving the drug combination than in those treated with bortezomib alone. Overall, our study supports the potential effectiveness of the combination in platinum drug-resistant ovarian cancer carrying mutant p53.