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1.
Behav Brain Sci ; 47: e34, 2024 Feb 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38311447

RESUMO

Creating an integrated design space can be successful only if researchers agree on how to define and measure a certain phenomenon of interest. Adversarial collaborations and mathematical modeling can aid in reaching the necessary level of agreement when researchers depart from different theoretical perspectives.


Assuntos
Modelos Teóricos , Pesquisadores , Humanos
2.
Psychol Res ; 87(4): 1057-1074, 2023 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36036291

RESUMO

Implicit learning (IL) deals with the non-conscious acquisition of structural regularities from the environment. IL is often deemed essential for acquiring regularities followed by social stimuli (e.g., other persons' behavior), hence is hypothesized to play a role in typical social functioning. However, our understanding of how this process might operate in social contexts is limited for two main reasons. First, while IL is highly sensitive to the characteristics of the surface stimuli upon which it operates, most IL studies have used surface stimuli with limited social validity (e.g., letters, symbols, etc.). Second, while the social environment is dynamic (i.e., our behaviors and reactions influence those of our social partners and vice-versa), the bulk of IL research employed noninteractive paradigms. Using a novel task, we examine whether IL is involved in the acquisition of regularities from a dynamic interaction with a realistic real-life-like agent. Participants (N = 115) interacted with a cinematic avatar that displayed different facial expressions. Their task was to regulate the avatar's expression to a specified level. Unbeknownst to them, an equation mediated the relationship between their responses and the avatar's expressions. Learning occurred in the task, as participants gradually increased their ability to bring the avatar in the target state. Subjective measures of awareness revealed that participants acquired both implicit and explicit knowledge from the task. This is the first study to show that IL operates in interactive situations upon socially relevant surface stimuli, facilitating future investigations of the role that IL plays in (a)typical social functioning.


Assuntos
Emoções , Aprendizagem , Humanos , Expressão Facial
3.
PLoS Comput Biol ; 17(9): e1009344, 2021 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34478441

RESUMO

We show how anomalous time reversal of stimuli and their associated responses can exist in very small connectionist models. These networks are built from dynamical toy model neurons which adhere to a minimal set of biologically plausible properties. The appearance of a "ghost" response, temporally and spatially located in between responses caused by actual stimuli, as in the phi phenomenon, is demonstrated in a similar small network, where it is caused by priming and long-distance feedforward paths. We then demonstrate that the color phi phenomenon can be present in an echo state network, a recurrent neural network, without explicitly training for the presence of the effect, such that it emerges as an artifact of the dynamical processing. Our results suggest that the color phi phenomenon might simply be a feature of the inherent dynamical and nonlinear sensory processing in the brain and in and of itself is not related to consciousness.


Assuntos
Percepção de Cores/fisiologia , Modelos Neurológicos , Ilusões Ópticas/fisiologia , Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Biologia Computacional , Simulação por Computador , Estado de Consciência/fisiologia , Humanos , Ilusões/fisiologia , Ilusões/psicologia , Modelos Psicológicos , Rede Nervosa/fisiologia , Redes Neurais de Computação , Neurônios/fisiologia , Mascaramento Perceptivo/fisiologia , Estimulação Luminosa
4.
Conscious Cogn ; 90: 103055, 2021 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33721581

RESUMO

In everyday life, we mainly solve problems with a conscious solution search (non-insight). However, sometimes a perplexing problem is resolved by a quantum leap in understanding. This phenomenon is known as the Aha! experience (insight). Although insight has a distinct phenomenological and behavioral signature, its driving mechanism remains debated. Weisberg (2015) proposed an integrated theory of insight arguing that insight, like non-insight, mainly depends on conscious, cognitive operations with restructuring as a distinguishing feature of insight. However, only if those operations lead to an impasse, insight is achieved through unconscious processes. We assessed some of the premises of this theory by asking participants (N = 42) to solve 70 word puzzles (CRAT) that can either be solved with insight or non-insight. For each puzzle, participants indicated word puzzle difficulty, solution confidence, solution suddenness, and the experiences of impasse and restructuring. As expected, participants reported higher suddenness of and confidence in insight solutions than non-insightful ones. Surprisingly, we could not corroborate the otherwise consistently reported higher solution accuracy and faster solution speed for insight. Crucially, as suggested by the integrated theory of insight, impasse was not a prerequisite for insight to occur. Although restructuring, indeed, preceded insight solutions more often, it seemed a more general problem-solving skill also applied for non-insight solutions. Moreover, early on, participants reported an increased experience of problem difficulty for puzzles later solved with insight. This ability to report on the solution search of insight demonstrates that, as proposed by the theory, insight involves conscious, cognitive operations.


Assuntos
Estado de Consciência , Resolução de Problemas , Humanos
5.
Conscious Cogn ; 73: 102767, 2019 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31260842

RESUMO

We aimed to distinguish electrophysiological signatures of visual awareness from other task-related processes through manipulating the level of processing of visual stimuli. During an event-related EEG experiment, 36 subjects performed either color (low-level condition) or magnitude (high-level condition) evaluations of masked digits. Participants also assessed subjective visibility of each stimulus using the Perceptual Awareness Scale (PAS). Mean amplitude of the components of interest was analyzed (VAN - 140-240 ms; LP - 380-480 ms) with weighted regression mixed model. In the VAN component time window the mean amplitude correlated with PAS rating in both conditions. Mean amplitude in the LP time window correlated with PAS ratings in the high-level condition, but not in the low-level condition. Our results support the temporal unfolding of ERP makers of conscious processing, with an early component reflecting the initial perceptual experience and a late component being a correlate of the conscious experience of non-perceptual information.


Assuntos
Conscientização/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Percepção de Cores/fisiologia , Estado de Consciência/fisiologia , Potenciais Evocados/fisiologia , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Mascaramento Perceptivo/fisiologia , Adulto , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
6.
J Neurosci ; 37(4): 781-789, 2017 01 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28123015

RESUMO

Successful decision making critically involves metacognitive processes such as monitoring and control of our decision process. Metacognition enables agents to modify ongoing behavior adaptively and determine what to do next in situations in which external feedback is not (immediately) available. Despite the importance of metacognition for many aspects of life, little is known about how our metacognitive system operates or about what kind of information is used for metacognitive (second-order) judgments. In particular, it remains an open question whether metacognitive judgments are based on the same information as first-order decisions. Here, we investigated the relationship between metacognitive performance and first-order task performance by recording EEG signals while participants were asked to make a "diagnosis" after seeing a sample of fictitious patient data (a complex pattern of colored moving dots of different sizes). To assess metacognitive performance, participants provided an estimate about the quality of their diagnosis on each trial. Results demonstrate that the information that contributes to first-order decisions differs from the information that supports metacognitive judgments. Further, time-frequency analyses of EEG signals reveal that metacognitive performance is associated specifically with prefrontal theta-band activity. Together, our findings are consistent with a hierarchical model of metacognition and suggest a crucial role for prefrontal oscillations in metacognitive performance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Monitoring and control of our decision process (metacognition) is a crucial aspect of adaptive decision making. Crucially, metacognitive skills enable us to adjust ongoing behavior and determine future decision making when immediate feedback is not available. In the present study, we constructed a "diagnosis task" that allowed us to assess in what way first-order task performance and metacognition are related to each other. Results demonstrate that the contribution of sensory evidence (size, color, and motion direction) differs between first- and second-order decision making. Further, our results indicate that metacognitive performance specifically is orchestrated by means of prefrontal theta oscillations. Together, our findings suggest a hierarchical model of metacognition.


Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões/fisiologia , Metacognição/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Ritmo Teta/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estimulação Luminosa/métodos , Adulto Jovem
7.
J Sleep Res ; 27(2): 175-183, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29024188

RESUMO

Total sleep deprivation (TSD) is known to alter cognitive processes. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to its impact on social cognition. Here, we investigated whether TSD alters levels-1 and -2 visual perspective-taking abilities, i.e. the capacity to infer (a) what can be seen and (b) how it is seen from another person's visual perspective, respectively. Participants completed levels-1 and -2 visual perspective-taking tasks after a night of sleep and after a night of TSD. In these tasks, participants had to take their own (self trials) or someone else's (other trials) visual perspective in trials where both perspectives were either the same (consistent trials) or different (inconsistent trials). An instruction preceding each trial indicated the perspective to take (i.e. the relevant perspective). Results show that TSD globally deteriorates social performance. In the level-1 task, TSD affects the selection of relevant over irrelevant perspectives. In the level-2 task, the effect of TSD cannot be unequivocally explained. This implies that visual perspective taking should be viewed as partially state-dependent, rather than a wholly static trait-like characteristic.


Assuntos
Estimulação Luminosa/métodos , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Privação do Sono/fisiopatologia , Privação do Sono/psicologia , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Adulto , Atenção/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória , Privação do Sono/diagnóstico , Adulto Jovem
8.
Appetite ; 130: 256-267, 2018 11 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30102943

RESUMO

Many people would like to reduce indulging in unhealthy foods, but find it difficult to do so. Previous research shows that individuals eat smaller portions of unhealthy hedonic food if they first imagine the sensory properties of tempting food (sensory imagery; Cornil & Chandon, 2016). Similarly, they show less preference for such food if they think about food in a detached way (decentering; Papies, Barsalou, & Custers, 2012; Papies, Pronk, Keesman, & Barsalou, 2015). Given that these two mindsets are seemingly at odds with each other, we compared them across two studies to examine their effects on the preference for (Experiment 1) and consumption of (Experiment 2) hedonic healthy and unhealthy food. Although sensory imagery and decentering had largely different effects for preferences towards healthy and unhealthy foods, they had comparable effects on the consumption of both types of foods, serving to reduce the effects of consumption in participants affected by hunger and emotional eating. These results suggest that while sensory imagery and decentering are based on different mechanisms, they produce similar results when it comes to the consumption of hedonic food, regardless of how healthy the food is.


Assuntos
Atitude , Dieta Saudável/psicologia , Preferências Alimentares/psicologia , Imagens, Psicoterapia , Atenção Plena , Adulto , Comportamento de Escolha , Emoções , Feminino , Humanos , Fome , Masculino
9.
Psychol Sci ; 28(5): 661-669, 2017 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28485704

RESUMO

The sense of agency is the experience of initiating and controlling one's voluntary actions and their outcomes. Intentional binding (i.e., when voluntary actions and their outcomes are perceived to occur closer together in time than involuntary actions and their outcomes) is increased in intentional action but requires no explicit reflection on agency. The reported experience of involuntariness is central to hypnotic responding, during which strategic action is experienced as involuntary. We report reduced intentional binding in a hypnotically induced experience of involuntariness, providing an objective correlate of reports of involuntariness. We argue that this reduced binding results from the diminished influence of motor intentions in the generation of the sense of agency when beliefs about whether an action is intended are altered. Thus, intentional binding depends on awareness of intentions. This finding shows that changes in metacognition of intentions affect perception.


Assuntos
Hipnose/métodos , Intenção , Metacognição/fisiologia , Percepção/fisiologia , Adolescente , Conscientização , Cultura , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Sugestão , Percepção do Tempo , Adulto Jovem
10.
Conscious Cogn ; 55: 106-125, 2017 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28823896

RESUMO

According to the levels-of-processing hypothesis, transitions from unconscious to conscious perception may depend on stimulus processing level, with more gradual changes for low-level stimuli and more dichotomous changes for high-level stimuli. In an event-related fMRI study we explored this hypothesis using a visual backward masking procedure. Task requirements manipulated level of processing. Participants reported the magnitude of the target digit in the high-level task, its color in the low-level task, and rated subjective visibility of stimuli using the Perceptual Awareness Scale. Intermediate stimulus visibility was reported more frequently in the low-level task, confirming prior behavioral results. Visible targets recruited insulo-fronto-parietal regions in both tasks. Task effects were observed in visual areas, with higher activity in the low-level task across all visibility levels. Thus, the influence of level of processing on conscious perception may be mediated by attentional modulation of activity in regions representing features of consciously experienced stimuli.


Assuntos
Conscientização/fisiologia , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Estado de Consciência/fisiologia , Mascaramento Perceptivo/fisiologia , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Adulto , Córtex Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
11.
J Vis ; 16(14): 21, 2016 11 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27902828

RESUMO

An eyeblink has a clear effect on low-level information processing because it temporarily occludes all visual information. Recent evidence suggests that eyeblinks can also modulate higher level processes (e.g., attentional resources), and vice versa. Despite these putative effects on different levels of information processing, eyeblinks are typically neglected in vision and in consciousness research. The main aim of this study was to investigate the timing and the effect of eyeblinks in an increasingly popular paradigm in consciousness research, namely breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS). Results show that participants generally refrain from blinking during a trial, that is, when they need to detect a suppressed stimulus. However, when they do blink during a trial, we observed a sharp increase in suppression time. This suggests that one needs to control for blinking when comparing detection times between conditions that could elicit phasic changes in blinking.


Assuntos
Piscadela/fisiologia , Estimulação Luminosa , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Atenção , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
12.
Conscious Cogn ; 35: 185-91, 2015 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25804704

RESUMO

The issue whether consciousness is a graded or an all-or-none phenomenon has been and continues to be a debate. Both contradictory accounts are supported by solid evidence. Starting from a level of processing framework allowing for states of partial awareness, here we further elaborate our view that visual experience, as it is most often investigated in the literature, is both graded and all-or-none. Low-level visual experience is graded, whereas high-level visual experience is all-or-none. We then present a conceptual analysis starting from the notion that consciousness is a general concept. We specify a number of different subconcepts present in the literature on consciousness, and outline how each of them may be seen as either graded, all-or-none, or both. We argue that such specifications are necessary to lead to a detailed and integrated understanding of how consciousness should be conceived of as graded and all-or-none.


Assuntos
Estado de Consciência , Percepção Visual , Humanos , Teoria Psicológica , Psicofísica
13.
Conscious Cogn ; 33: 226-36, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25655206

RESUMO

Humans regularly feel a sense of agency (SoA) over events where the causal link between action and outcome is extremely indirect. We have investigated how intermediate (here, a robotic hand) events that intervene between action and outcome may alter SoA, using intentional binding measures. The robotic hand either performed the same movement as the participant (active congruent), or performed a similar movement with another finger (active incongruent). Binding was significantly reduced in the active incongruent relative to the active congruent condition, suggesting that altered embodiment influences SoA. However, binding effects were comparable between a condition where the robot hand made a congruent movement, and conditions where no robot hand was involved, suggesting that intermediate and embodied events do not reduce SoA. We suggest that human sense of agency involves both statistical associations between intentions and arbitrary outcomes, and an effector-specific matching of sensorimotor means used to achieve the outcome.


Assuntos
Propriocepção , Autoimagem , Autocontrole , Feminino , Mãos , Humanos , Julgamento , Masculino , Robótica , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
14.
Conscious Cogn ; 36: 1-11, 2015 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26057402

RESUMO

Recently, Windey, Gevers, and Cleeremans (2013) proposed a level of processing (LoP) hypothesis claiming that the transition from unconscious to conscious perception is influenced by the level of processing imposed by task requirements. Here, we carried out two experiments to test the LoP hypothesis. In both, participants were asked to classify briefly presented pairs of letters as same or different, based either on the letters' physical features (a low-level task), or on a semantic rule (a high-level task). Stimulus awareness was measured by means of the four-point Perceptual Awareness Scale (PAS). The results showed that low or moderate stimulus visibility was reported more frequently in the low-level task than in the high-level task, suggesting that the transition from unconscious to conscious perception is more gradual in the former than in the latter. Therefore, although alternative interpretations remain possible, the results of the present study fully support the LoP hypothesis.


Assuntos
Conscientização/fisiologia , Estado de Consciência/fisiologia , Inconsciente Psicológico , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos , Semântica , Adulto Jovem
15.
Psychol Res ; 79(5): 813-28, 2015 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25257260

RESUMO

In masked priming tasks, participants typically respond faster to compatible than to incompatible primes, an effect that has been dubbed as the positive compatibility effect (PCE). However, when the interval between the prime and the mask is relatively long, responses are faster to incompatible than to compatible primes. This inversion is called the negative compatibility effect (NCE). Two main origins of the NCE have been proposed. The object-updating theory holds that when the masks share stimulus features with the primes, both perceptual and motor processes generate an NCE. As an example, for masks composed of overlaid left and right prime arrows, the NCE is thought to be positive priming induced by the arrow of the mask pointing in the opposite direction of the prime. In contrast, the motor inhibition theories hold that the origin of the NCE is purely motor and can be demonstrated when masks do not share features with primes. To test both hypotheses, the present study aims at delineating the respective contributions of perceptual and motor components of the NCE in the context of different types of masks. Consistent with the object-updating hypothesis, we found both perceptual and motor NCEs at the long SOA with metacontrast masks (with internal contours corresponding to left and right overlaid arrows). Consistent with the motor inhibition hypothesis, we found motor NCE but no perceptual NCE at the long SOA with random-line masks (containing no prime features). The study thus suggests that the origin of the NCE depends on the type of mask.


Assuntos
Inibição Psicológica , Mascaramento Perceptivo/fisiologia , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estimulação Luminosa , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem
16.
Behav Res Methods ; 47(4): 1393-1403, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25515838

RESUMO

Statistical learning can be used to extract the words from continuous speech. Gómez, Bion, and Mehler (Language and Cognitive Processes, 26, 212-223, 2011) proposed an online measure of statistical learning: They superimposed auditory clicks on a continuous artificial speech stream made up of a random succession of trisyllabic nonwords. Participants were instructed to detect these clicks, which could be located either within or between words. The results showed that, over the length of exposure, reaction times (RTs) increased more for within-word than for between-word clicks. This result has been accounted for by means of statistical learning of the between-word boundaries. However, even though statistical learning occurs without an intention to learn, it nevertheless requires attentional resources. Therefore, this process could be affected by a concurrent task such as click detection. In the present study, we evaluated the extent to which the click detection task indeed reflects successful statistical learning. Our results suggest that the emergence of RT differences between within- and between-word click detection is neither systematic nor related to the successful segmentation of the artificial language. Therefore, instead of being an online measure of learning, the click detection task seems to interfere with the extraction of statistical regularities.


Assuntos
Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Estimulação Acústica , Auxiliares de Comunicação para Pessoas com Deficiência , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Feminino , Humanos , Idioma , Masculino , Sistemas On-Line , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Percepção da Fala , Adulto Jovem
17.
Behav Res Methods ; 47(3): 744-55, 2015 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24942249

RESUMO

The rubber hand illusion is an experimental paradigm in which participants consider a fake hand to be part of their body. This paradigm has been used in many domains of psychology (i.e., research on pain, body ownership, agency) and is of clinical importance. The classic rubber hand paradigm nevertheless suffers from limitations, such as the absence of active motion or the reliance on approximate measurements, which makes strict experimental conditions difficult to obtain. Here, we report on the development of a novel technology-a robotic, user- and computer-controllable hand-that addresses many of the limitations associated with the classic rubber hand paradigm. Because participants can actively control the robotic hand, the device affords higher realism and authenticity. Our robotic hand has a comparatively low cost and opens up novel and innovative methods. In order to validate the robotic hand, we have carried out three experiments. The first two studies were based on previous research using the rubber hand, while the third was specific to the robotic hand. We measured both sense of agency and ownership. Overall, results show that participants experienced a "robotic hand illusion" in the baseline conditions. Furthermore, we also replicated previous results about agency and ownership.


Assuntos
Imagem Corporal/psicologia , Mãos , Ilusões/psicologia , Robótica/instrumentação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Movimento , Adulto Jovem
18.
Psychol Sci ; 25(1): 113-9, 2014 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24186918

RESUMO

Can people learn complex information without conscious awareness? Implicit learning-learning without awareness of what has been learned-has been the focus of intense investigation over the last 50 years. However, it remains controversial whether complex knowledge can be learned implicitly. In the research reported here, we addressed this challenge by asking participants to differentiate between sequences of symbols they could not perceive consciously. Using an operant-conditioning task, we showed that participants learned to associate distinct sequences of crowded (nondiscriminable) symbols with their respective monetary outcomes (reward or punishment). Overall, our study demonstrates that sensitivity to sequential regularities can arise through the nonconscious temporal integration of perceptual information.


Assuntos
Conscientização/fisiologia , Estado de Consciência/fisiologia , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Condicionamento Operante/fisiologia , Humanos , Estimulação Subliminar , Adulto Jovem
19.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res ; 38(7): 1924-31, 2014 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24948198

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Alcohol dependence is associated with poor decision-making under ambiguity, that is, when decisions are to be made in the absence of known probabilities of reward and loss. However, little is known regarding decisions made by individuals with alcohol dependence in the context of known probabilities (decision under risk). In this study, we investigated the relative contribution of these distinct aspects of decision-making to alcohol dependence. METHODS: Thirty recently detoxified and sober asymptomatic alcohol-dependent individuals and 30 healthy control participants were tested for decision-making under ambiguity (using the Iowa Gambling Task[IGT]) and decision-making under risk (using the Cups Task and Coin Flipping Task). We also tested their capacities for working memory storage (digit span forward) and dual tasking (operation span task). RESULTS: Compared to healthy control participants, alcohol-dependent individuals made disadvantageous decisions on the IGT, reflecting poor decisions under ambiguity. They also made more risky choices on the Cups and Coin Flipping Tasks reflecting poor decision-making under risk. In addition, alcohol-dependent participants showed some working memory impairments, as measured by the dual tasking, and the degree of this impairment correlated with high-risk decision-making, thus suggesting a relationship between processes subserving working memory and risky decisions. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that alcohol-dependent individuals are impaired in their ability to decide optimally in multiple facets of uncertainty (i.e., both risk and ambiguity) and that at least some aspects of these deficits are linked to poor working memory processes.


Assuntos
Alcoolismo/psicologia , Tomada de Decisões , Assunção de Riscos , Incerteza , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Memória de Curto Prazo , Desempenho Psicomotor , Adulto Jovem
20.
Conscious Cogn ; 27: 109-20, 2014 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24842312

RESUMO

We compare four subjective awareness measures in the context of a visual identification task and investigate quantitative differences in terms of scale use and correlation with task performance. We also analyse the effect of identification task decisions on subsequent subjective reports. Results show that awareness ratings strongly predict accuracy for all scale types, although the type of awareness measure may influence the reported level of perceptual awareness. Surprisingly, the overall relationship between awareness ratings and performance was weaker when participants rated their awareness before providing identification responses. Furthermore, the Perceptual Awareness Scale was most exhaustive only when used after the identification task, whereas confidence ratings were most exhaustive when used before the identification task. We conclude that the type of subjective measure applied may influence the reports on visual awareness. We also propose that identification task decisions may affect subsequent awareness ratings.


Assuntos
Conscientização/fisiologia , Estado de Consciência/fisiologia , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
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