Patterns of behavioral adjustment and maladjustment in mental retardation: comparison of children with and without ADHD.

A variety of behavioral and emotional problems have been associated with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD) in children of average intellect. In contrast, little is known about concomitant behavioral and emotional problems in children with ADHD and mental retardation. In this study, we used the Personality Inventory for Children-Revised to assess the behavioral adjustment of 48 children with mental retardation and ADHD compared to that of 47 children with mental retardation without ADHD. The ADHD group had significantly more symptoms of depression, family conflict, noncompliance, anxiety, hyperactivity, inadequate social skills, and academic problems. Results are strongly suggestive of significant behavioral and emotional problems in children with ADHD and mental retardation, thus mirroring the pattern associated with ADHD in the general school-age population.

Dementia in adults with Down syndrome: diagnostic challenges.

Although dementia associated with Down syndrome is often presumed to be progressive and irreversible, variations in disease course have been described. In addition, prevalence rates have varied widely among studies. This interim report is a description of the status of 70 adults with Down syndrome who are being followed for signs of dementia. Of the 70, 12 met all criteria for dementia, 40 met subsets of criteria, and 18 met no criteria. Information is provided on instruments used, rationale for choice and revision of instruments as well as criteria used to identify dementia and changes in the status of the participants. The results suggest that extreme care is needed when diagnosing dementia in adults with Down syndrome, for both clinical and research purposes.

Surrounded by ocean, a world apart ... the experience of elder women living alone.

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to discover, describe, and understand the lived experience of some of Maine's most isolated elder women, those living alone on islands off the coast. Nine women, age 80 and older, were interviewed. Three dominant themes essential to this rural island lifeway emerged: no one is an island, no one lives alone; securely anchored in safe harbor; and weathering the storms. Results were that these women remain actively engaged in life, feeling valued and connected, safe and secure; they are resourceful, resilient, and determined.

The kidney in progressive systemic sclerosis: immunohistochemical and antibody elution studies.

Immunologic studies were performed on 11 renal specimens from seven patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Two patients had the chronic renal lesions of PSS and five had acute PSS renal disease. One of the latter patients underwent renal transplantation after developing acute renal failure with recurrence of lesions in the allograft. The lesions in the allograft were morphologically indistinguishable from the renal lesions of acute PSS. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed vascular localization of IgM along with early and late acting complement components C1Q, C4, and C3 in all specimens including the allograft. Fibrinogen localization was observed in the vasculature of patients with the acute form of the disease. Antiglobulin, detected by fluorescein-labeled, heat-aggregated gamma-globulin, was also present in vascular lesions from two of the specimens; Eluates of four of the kidneys including the allograft contained antinuclear antibodies. In addition, antiglobulin activity was present in eluates from three of the four kidneys, The findings suggest that (1) renal vascular lesions in PSS may result from injury via immune complexes composed of nuclear antigens and antibody, (2) the predominance of IgM in the vascular lesions may reflect the presence of rheumatoid factor in the immune complexes, and (3) a similar pathogenetic mechanism may have resulted in allograft failure following renal transplantation of a patient with PSS.